Social, Ethical, Legal, and Human Issues



Social, Ethical, Legal, and Human Issues

Scavenger Hunt

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In groups complete the following scavenger hunt. Each student should submit all answers to the assignment section of WebCT. Answer all questions in RED. On campus students will work in groups and present a PowerPoint on their section.

Section 1: Copyright and Fair Use

1. What protection does the U.S. Copyright Law give authors related to multimedia presentations and information appearing on the web?

The US Copyright law applies to materials on the Internet in the same way it applies to materials in more traditional forms of communication. Copyright law applies not only to textual materials but also to photographs, art, cartoons, music, movie clips, etc. Owning a copy of a something does not authorize you to make it available on the web. For example, owning a photograph does not give you the right to place it on your web site without permission. Extreme caution is advised when using copyrighted materials on your web site without permission.

For Multimedia presentations and information appearing on the Web, the following apply:

• Educators and students must credit sources, giving full bibliographic information when available.

• Educators and students must display the copyright notice and copyright ownership information if this is shown in the original source.

• Copyright information for images may be shown in a separate bibliographic section unless the presentation is being used for distance learning. In this case, the information must be incorporated within the image itself (i.e. it must appear on the screen when the image is viewed).

• Internet resources often combine both copyrighted and public domain sites; therefore care should be used in downloading any sites for use in multimedia presentations.

• Until further clarification, educators and students are advised to write for permission to use Internet resources and to be mindful of the copyright ramifications of including embedded additional links to that particular site.



2. What is fair Use and how does it apply to teachers?

Fair use provisions of the copyright law allow for limited copying or distribution of published works without the author's permission in some cases. Fair use permits the reproduction of copies for purpose of criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship and research. Fair use or fair practice is utilization of a portion of a copyrighted work "as is" for purposes of parody, news reporting, research and education about such copyrighted work without the permission of the author.



Give specific examples

A teacher may make copies of an article, brochure, etc. and use it once in her classroom, but cannot use it year after year, without permission from the owner.

3. Are the following allowed?

a. Copying a graphic from a page on the web to your web page: No, not without permission of the owner…. that is, if the graphic is copyrighted.

Educators and students must display the copyright notice and copyright ownership information if this is shown in the original source.

b. Linking to another person’s webpage: Allowed

c. Borrowing the source code to design your own web page: Not without permission.

d. Downloading music files and linking to your webpage: Must obtain permission

e. Posting student work to your website: Allowed, but I would obtain permission prior to posting it.

4. What guidelines should you give your students regarding what is legal in designing multimedia presentations and websites?

a. Educators and students must credit sources, giving full bibliographic information when available.

b. Educators and students must display the copyright notice and copyright ownership information if this is shown in the original source.

c. Copyright information for images may be shown in a separate bibliographic section unless the presentation is being used for distance learning. In this case, the information must be incorporated within the image itself (i.e. it must appear on the screen when the image is viewed).

d. Internet resources often combine both copyrighted and public domain sites; therefore care should be used in downloading any sites for use in multimedia presentations.

e. Until further clarification, educators and students are advised to write for permission to use Internet resources and to be mindful of the copyright ramifications of including embedded additional links to that particular site.



Section 2: Plagiarism

5. What is plagiarism?

The act of plagiarizing, which is: To use and pass off (the ideas or writings of another) as one's own

6. How can teachers detect plagiarism?

Project refers to an instructor that is not related to class or school, If students have copied from an Internet source it will sometimes have a reference to that site that students miss, Project is not adequate to the students work ability, Project doesn’t tie together with what you are looking for, Project if off topic, Project is in a poor layout, Project has been printed from an from the internet with the website showing at the bottom, The book references are unavailable at local libraries, Notice jargon or advanced vocabulary, and Read quotations carefully.

7. What guidelines should you give your students to help them distinguish between appropriate use of another’s work and plagiarism? Are there any appropriate websites you could give them?

Provide an explicit definition for them. Discuss and make sure they are aware of the difference between appropriate, referenced use of ideas or quotations and inappropriate use. Give them examples of a permissible paraphrase (with citation), and then an impermissible paraphrase (containing some paraphrasing and some copying), and discuss the difference. Discussing with students why plagiarism is wrong may be helpful also.

These are great websites to help with APA formatting (Thanks Debby)

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

8. As a teacher, will you use any of the digital plagiarism detectors? Why or why not? What are your choices?

As a teacher I do not believe that I will use the digital plagiarism detectors. When we get to the point of writing a major research paper or have a major project due, I believe that I will have the student prepared enough that he/she will feel they don’t need to plagiarize and would do a better job on their own. I also would like to think that I can trust my students to do their own work. One of the most common detectors used by many professionals is .

9. What are the ways your student may try to cheat in your class?

A student may try to cheat the good ol’ fashion way by looking on another student’s paper, but one of the more recent cheating strategies I learned about was students using their camera phones. The student will take pictures of tests and then view the answers. Students will also download papers off the internet as their own, as well as pay for certain essays that have already been written. Students have been known to write answers up their arms, or if they are allowed to have scratch paper, then mix an answer sheet in with those papers. Students are very creative when it comes to cheating.

Section 3: Filtering

10. What are the risks of allowing your students to access the Internet?

They could access adult sites that have inappropriate material or could give their personal information to someone that could cause them harm.

11. What choices do you have as an educator to protect your students from pornography, abuse, harassment, etc. on the Internet? Be specific.

The teacher should install a filtering device that bans students from certain sites. The teacher should also warn students of problems they may face on the Internet and how to handle the situation. Students should not be allowed to enter any personal information on the Internet except for their first name and they should never share any account or password information.

12. How will you supervise students’ use of the Internet?

I would constantly monitor students while they are on the Internet to make sure they are not looking at inappropriate content and I will also install a filtering device so that students can’t look at certain content.

13. What are the various types of filtering software? Advantages and disadvantages? CyberSitter – it offers extremely tight security but it is difficult to use. Net Nanny – it is very easy to customize and use but lets through a good bit of naughty language and websites. Censorware – it has good security but still lets through some bad sites and language.

Section 4: Computers and Software (Do you agree…Why/WhyNot)

14. A student snaps in half a CD-ROM the teacher really needed for her next class. The teacher decides to make a back-up copy of all her crucial disks so it never happens again. This is permissible.

I agree that this is okay because the teacher is not making copies to distribute to others, she is only going to use it as a backup copy if needed. In many cases, making copies is okay if another copy is unavailable or very expensive.

15. A technology coordinator installs the one copy of Photoshop the school owns on a central server so students are able to access it from their classroom workstations. This is a violation of copyright law.

I do not agree with this statement because it is not against the copyright law as long as the copy is not being used simultaneously.

16. A school has a site license for version 3.3 of a multimedia program. A teacher buys five copies of version 4.0, which is more powerful, and installs them on five workstations in the computer lab. But now when students at these workstations create a project and bring it back to their classrooms, the computers (running 3.3) won't read the work! To end the chaos, it's permissible to install 4.0 on all machines. Since the school has a site license for version 3.3 then the 4.0 version should not be installed on any of the old computers. The teacher should either prohibit students from using the new machines with the 4.0 version to save information of uninstall the 4.0 version and install the 3.3 on them.

17. The state mandates technology proficiency for all high school students but adds no money to schools' software budgets. To ensure equity, public schools are allowed to buy what software they can afford and copy the rest.

Public schools are not allowed to copy software even though they cannot afford multiple copies.

18. A geography teacher has more students and computers than software. He uses a CD burner to make several copies of a copyright interactive CD-ROM so each student can use an individual copy in class. This is fair use.

The teacher can make multiple copies of the software but only one student at a time can use the software. The amount of students working on the software must be equal to the number of software owned by the school

From

Section 5: The Internet (Do you agree…Why/WhyNot)

19. A middle school science class studying ocean ecosystems must gather material for multimedia projects. The teacher downloads pictures and information on marine life from various commercial and noncommercial sites to store in a folder for students to access. This is fair use.

I would say this is not fair use because some of the sites he got pictures from are commercial sites, and that is against the fair use doctrine.

20. An elementary school designs a password-protected Web site for families and faculty only. It's OK for teachers to post student work there, even when it uses copyright material without permission.

Yes I think that this is ok simply because it is password protected meaning that not just anyone can go to the site and steal the information listed. Only families and faculty can access the material on the site.

21. A student film buff downloads a new release from a Taiwanese Web site to use for a humanities project. As long as the student gives credit to the sites from which he's downloaded material, this is covered under fair use.

No this site is not covered under the fair use. Educators may use sites to share with the class, but this does not give the students the right.

22. A technology coordinator downloads audio clips from to integrate into a curriculum project. This is fair use.

Yes pays for its files, therefore you can truthfully acquired.

23. A teacher gets clip art and music from popular file-sharing sites, then creates a lesson plan and posts it on the school Web site to share with other teachers. This is permissible.

Material acquired accurately can be distributed, but no teacher can redistribute such material over the Net or any other medium. You can use it, but you can't spread it around.

From:

Section 6: Video (Do you agree…Why/WhyNot)

24. A teacher videotapes a rerun of Frontier House, the PBS reality show that profiles three modern families living as homesteaders from the 1880s did. In class, students edit themselves "into" the frontier and make fun of the spoiled family from California. This is fair use.

Correct, video can be put into this type of project.

25. A student tries to digitize the shower scene from a rented copy of Psycho into a "History of Horror" report. Her computer won't do it. The movie happens to be on an NBC station that week, so the teacher tapes it and then digitizes it on the computer for her. This is fair use.

Correct, the way she did it is considered fair use. If she had done it by using the rented versions she would have violated copyright laws, but in the last case she hasn’t.

26. A history class videotapes a Holocaust survivor who lives in the community. The students digitally compress the interview, and, with the interviewee's permission, post it on the Web. Another school discovers the interview online and uses it in their History Day project. This is fair use.

True. That's the other side of fair use. Just as you can use other people's intellectual property for educational purposes without permission, so can your own be used

27. On Back-to-School night, an elementary school offers child care for students' younger siblings. They put the kids in the library and show them Disney VHS tapes bought by the PTA. This is permissible.

No it is not, this would be used for entertainment value and that is not covered under fair use.

28. A teacher makes a compilation of movie clips from various VHS tapes to use in his classroom as lesson starters. This is covered under fair use.

No, you can’t compile video clips as per the guidelines of the fair use act.

From:

Section 7 : Multimedia (Do you agree…Why/WhyNot)

29. At a local electronics show, a teacher buys a machine that defeats the copy protection on DVDs, CD-ROMs, and just about everything else. She lets her students use it so they can incorporate clips from rented DVDs into their film genre projects. This is fair use.

This is fair use because a teacher has the authority to use material that is technologically blocked, but it should only be used to unlock content for students and never for personal use.

30. A number of students take digital pictures of local streets and businesses for their Web projects. These are permissible to post online.

Yes, it is permissible to post images of sites and people in public places on the web. If the picture is copyrighted material then you may be asked to remove it

31. A student wants to play a clip of ethnic music to represent her family's country of origin. Her teacher has a CD that meets her needs. It is fair use for the student to copy and use the music in her project.

It is okay for the student to use a copy of the CD for her project as long as it does not exceed the length limitation. To be extra careful, the user should look for CD’s that are created royalty-free

32. A high school video class produces a DVD yearbook that includes the year's top ten music hits as background music. This is fair use.

This is not fair use because the yearbook is intended for instructional use. It is also prohibited to use entire songs, but it would be okay to use small blips of the songs in the yearbook.

33. Last year, a school's science fair multimedia CD-ROM was so popular everyone wanted a copy of it. Everything in it was copied under fair use guidelines. It's permissible for the school to sell copies to recover the costs of reproduction.

It is permissible to copy the CD-ROM for educational purposes but the copy cannot be distributed for a price for use outside of school.



Section 8: Cases

34. You recently purchased a DK Multimedia CD using your own funds for use on computer equipment in your classroom. Another teacher likes the software and borrows your CD so she can evaluate it for use in her classroom. A few weeks later, you find out that numerous other teachers in your school have a copy of the DK Multimedia CD. You ask the teacher about this and she says, “Oh, this is so cool. I have a CD-RW on my home computer and it is so easy to copy CDs. I am so proud of myself! I made one for everyone!” You know this breaks copyright laws, could get the school fined, and that it also is morally and ethically wrong. What to do! Should you tell your principal or technology facilitator?

This is real sticky. I do not think that I would run and tell the principal or technology facilitator right away. I would first give the people who pirated the software the chance to “uninstall” it from their computers and destroy the illegal copies of the software. Shortly thereafter, I would check to make sure that this was accomplished. If the software was not removed from all the computers and the illegal copies destroyed, then I would seek guidance from the principal and technology facilitator.

Could you be liable since you loaned her the original CD? Yes, since the original owner is the only person with the license to install the software on a computer, he/she should not have loaned out the software, as long as it was installed on another computer.

How will you solve this dilemma?

Unless there enough licenses for the software, all that innocent copying is completely illegal.

35. Software manufacturers are watching school districts closely for evidences of illegal use of software. Recently, a major school district was fined $300,000 for having multiple copies of non-licensed software installed on classroom computers. Teachers often illegally install multiple copies of single-user programs on their classroom computers. What are some of the ethical issues regarding software piracy?

Software piracy is the illegal reproduction and distribution of software applications, whether for business or personal use. Ownership of such property is controlled by license agreements. If the school does not have a license agreement that is for multiple users, then software piracy has taken place. The type of piracy described above would be considered to be end-user piracy.

Furthermore, how can we tell students that it is unethical to cheat or to plagiarize when we adults readily use illegal software to run our computers? What are we really teaching them by stealing software? It's the same as telling them it is all right to cheat on our taxes. I say, we must practice what we preach!



Why is illegally installing software so prevalent in K–12 schools?

Many times money does not exist to purchase multiple user licenses. Also, ignorance plays a big part… because teachers, administrators, and others are not educated in copyright and fair use laws.

How does the software industry deal with violators of software copyright law?

The Business Software Alliance could fine the school heavily for using pirated software. The BSA is notorious for conducting audits of organizations to make examples of them in order to deter software piracy in the larger community.



Describe several ways in which school districts can prevent illegal software from being installed on school computers.

Educate, educate, and educate some more. Make sure teachers, administrators, and anyone who might deal with IT are aware of and know the laws regarding software piracy.

No one except authorized individuals should be allowed to download, or upload, any software onto the school’s computers.

On the Web page, “Four Ways to Keep Your Software Legal,” the following ways in which school district can prevent illegal software from being installed on school computers are:

Four Steps You Can Take

What steps can you take to ensure that your school is using legally licensed software?

• Conduct your own audit of all the software your school uses.

• Keep the license numbers on file.

• Install monitoring software which lets you know when you have too many users for the number of licenses you have bought.

• Create and enforce a policy which makes it a serious offence to install pirated software on your school's computers.



Section 9: Laws

36. What is the Children’s Internet Protection Act?

The Children’s Internet Protection Act is a federal law enacted in 2000 which address concerns about access in schools and libraries to the Internet and other information. The act requires that schools and libraries install and use filtering or blocking materials on computers with Internet access if they are to receive or retain universal service assistance or discounts for Internet access or for internal connections.

37. What is the Digital Millennium Copyright Act?

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a controversial United States copyright law. The act criminalizes production and dissemination of technology that can circumvent measures taken to protect copyright, not merely infringement of copyright itself, and heightens the penalties for copyright infringement on the Internet. Passed on May 14, 1998 by a unanimous vote in the United States Senate and signed into law by President Bill Clinton on October 28, 1998, the DMCA amended title 17 of the US Code to extend the reach of copyright, while limiting the liability of Online Providers from copyright infringement by their users. There are five titles that follow this Act: DMCA Title I: WIPO Copyright and Performances and Phonograms Treaties Implementation Act, Title II: Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act, Title III: Computer Maintenance Competition Assurance Act, Title IV: Miscellaneous Provisions, Title V: Vessel Hull Design Protection Act

38. What is the Teach Act of 2002?

The Technology, Education and Copyright Harmonization (TEACH) Act of 2002 updates copyright law to broaden instructors' legal use of copyrighted materials in online instruction at accredited nonprofit educational institutions. Copyrighted materials affected by this law include, but are not limited to, print, still images, audio recordings, video recordings, diagrams, charts, and graphs.

• The law permits instructors to use certain copyrighted materials during online instruction without obtaining permission from or paying royalties to the copyright owners.

• The law requires instructors to comply with specific and rigorous limitations when displaying or performing copyrighted works during online instruction.

39. What is the Child Online Protection Act (COPA and COPPA?

The Child Online Protection Act restricts minors (those under 17) from accessing commercial Internet sites containing "harmful material." It also applies to the online collection of personal information from children under 13. The new rules spell out what a Web site operator must include in a privacy policy, when and how to seek verifiable consent from a parent and what responsibilities an operator has to protect children's privacy and safety online. To determine whether a Web site is directed to children, the FTC considers several factors, including the subject matter; visual or audio content; the age of models on the site; language; whether advertising on the Web site is directed to children; information regarding the age of the actual or intended audience; and whether a site uses animated characters or other child-oriented features.

40. What is the Copyright and Fair Use Law?

The fair use doctrine is an aspect of United States copyright law that provides for the licit, non-licensed citation or incorporation of copyrighted material in another author's work under a four-factor balancing test. The term "fair use" is unique to the United States; a similar principle, fair dealing, exists in some other common law jurisdictions. U.S. trademark law also incorporates a "fair use" defense. While the names are the same, the doctrines are quite different.

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