Committee on Cattle and Bison - USAHA
Committee on Cattle and BisonChair: Dale Grotelueschen, NEVice Chair: Dustin Oedekoven, SDHelen Acland, PA; Bruce Addison, MO; Bruce Akey, TX; Michelle Albin, CA; Paul Anderson, MN; Chris Ashworth, AR; James Averill, MI; Bill Barton, ID; Randall Berrier, CO; Danelle Bickett-Weddle, IA; Brian Bohl, TX; Tom Bragg, NE; Richard Breitmeyer, CA; Becky Brewer-Walker, AR; Gary Brickler, CA; Charlie Broaddus, VA; Charles Brown, WI; Nancy Brown, KS; William Brown, KS; Mark Camacho, NC; Beth Carlson, ND; Michael Carter, MD; John Clifford, DC; Robert Cobb, GA; Michael Coe, KS; Michael Collins, WI; Kathleen Connell, WA; Karen Conyngham, TX; Walter Cook, TX; Joseph Corn, GA; Stephen Crawford, NH; Wendy Cuevas-Espelid, GA; Donald Davis, TX; Jacques deMoss, MO; Grant Dewell, IA; Jere Dick, MD; Bud Dinges, TX; Leah Dorman, OH; Brandon Doss, AR; Mark Drew, ID; Edward Dubovi, NY; Roger Dudley, NE; Anita Edmondson, CA; Hank Edwards, WY; Dee Ellis, TX; Philip Elzer, LA; James England, ID; Donald Evans, KS; James Evermann, WA; William Fales, MO; Kathy Finnerty, NY; John Fischer, GA; Keith Forbes, NV; Larry Forgey, MO; Kent Fowler, CA; Nancy Frank, MI; Kendra Frasier, KS; Tony Frazier, AL; Francis Galey, WY; Tam Garland, TX; Donna Gatewood, IA; Robert Gerlach, AK; Michael Gilsdorf, MD; Linda Glaser, MN; Timothy Goldsmith, MN; Chelsea Good, MO; Michael Greenlee, WA; Dale Grotelueschen, NE; Keith Haffer, SD; Thomas Hairgrove, TX; Rod Hall, OK; Timothy Hanosh, NM; Noel Harrington, ON; Percy Hawkes, UT; Greg Hawkins, TX; Burke Healey, CO; Carl Heckendorf, CO; Kristi Henderson, IL; Linda Hickam, MO; Bob Hillman, ID; Siddra Hines, WA; Bruce Hoar, WY; Donald Hoenig, ME; Dennis Hughes, NE; Noah Hull, WY; David Hunter, MT; John Huntley, AZ; Carla Huston, MS; Annette Jones, CA; Paul Jones, AL; Jamie Jonker, VA; Anne Justice-Allen, AZ; Susan Keller, ND; Bruce King, UT; Diane Kitchen, FL; Terry Klick, OH; T.R. Lansford, TX; John Lawrence, ME; James Leafstedt, SD; Brad LeaMaster, OR; Gregory Ledbetter, CA; Molly Jean Lee, IA; Scott Leibsle, ID; Donald Lein, NY; Rick Linscott, ME; Mary Lis, CT; Eric Liska, MT; Coleman Locke, TX; Jim Logan, WY; Gene Lollis, FL; Pat Long, NE; Travis Lowe, MN; Mark Luedtke, MN; Bret Marsh, IN; Barbara Martin, IA; Beatriz Martinez Lopez, CA; Chuck Massengill, MO; Jay Mattison, WI; Patrick McDonough, NY; Paul McGraw, WI; Sara McReynolds, KS; Shelley Mehlenbacher, VT; Bob Meyer, CO; Antone Mickelson, WA; Andrea Mikolon, CA; Mendel Miller, SD; Michele Miller, WI; Richard Mock, NC; Eric Mohlman, NE; Igor Morozov, KS; Peter Mundschenk, AZ; Sherrie Nash, MT; Alecia Naugle, MD; Cheryl Nelson, KY; Jeffrey Nelson, IA; Dustin Oedekoven, SD; Steve Olsen, IA; Gary Olson, MN; Kenneth Olson, IL; Kathleen Orloski, CO; Lanny Pace, MS; Mitchell Palmer, IA; Elizabeth Parker, TX; Chris Parmer, AL; Boyd Parr, SC; Elisabeth Patton, WI; Janet Payeur, IA; William Pittenger, MO; Valerie Ragan, VA; Jennifer Ramsey, MT; Jeanne Rankin, MT; Grant Rezabek, OK; Jack Rhyan, CO; Tim Richards, HI; M. Gatz Riddell, AL; Julia Ridpath, IA; Suelee Robbe-Austerman, IA; Jonathan Roberts, LA; Paul Rodgers, WV; Keith Roehr, CO; Susan Rollo, TX; Allen Roussel, TX; Mark Ruder, GA; Mo Salman, CO; Michael Sanderson, KS; Bill Sauble, NM; Shawn Schafer, OH; Patty Scharko, SC; Dennis Schmitt, MO; David Schmitt, IA; Krysten Schuler, NY; Brant Schumaker, WY; Stacey Schwabenlander, MN; Andy Schwartz, TX; Charly Seale, TX; Laurie Seale, WI; Kathryn Simmons, DC; Daryl Simon, MN; Shri Singh, KY; Justin Smith, KS; David Smith, NY; Julie Smith, VT; Rebecca Smith, IL; Diane Stacy, LA; Iga Stasiak, KY; Susan Stehman, PA; Robert Stout, KY; Kelly Straka, MI; Nick Striegel, CO; Scott Stuart, CO; Diane Sutton, MD; Tahnee Szymanski, MT; Manoel Tamassia, NJ; Patrick Tarlton, TX; Robert Temple, OH; Tyler Thacker, IA; Lee Ann Thomas, MD; Beth Thompson, MN; Tracy Tomascik, TX; Michael VanderKlok, MI; Ray Waters, IA; Jessica Watson, DC; James Watson, MS; Scott Wells, MN; Margaret Wild, CO; Richard Willer, HI; Brad Williams, TX; William Wilson, KS; Kyle Wilson, TN; Ross Wilson, TX; Josh Winegarner, TX; Thach Winslow, WY; David Winters, TX; Cindy Wolf, MN; Peregrine Wolff, NV; Mary Wood, WY; Marty Zaluski, MT; Glen Zebarth, MN; Ralph Zimmerman, NM.The Committee met on Tuesday, October 17, 2017, at the Town and Country Hotel in San Diego, California from 1:00 to 4:06 p.m. There were 55 members and 39 guests present. Chairman Dr. Dale Grotelueschen welcomed the committee and reviewed the mission of the committee. Reports of the following subcommittees were presented:Brucellosis Subcommittee – Eric Liska, Montana Department of LivestockBovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Subcommittee – Shollie Falkenberg, National Animal Disease Center (NADC), USDA-APHISJohne’s Disease Subcommittee – David Smith, New York Department of AgricultureTrichomoniasis Subcommittee – Carl Heckendorf, Colorado Department of AgricultureTuberculosis Subcommittee – Beth Thompson, Minnesota Board of Animal HealthBovine Leukemia Virus in the U.S.: Impact and Options for ControlPaul Bartlett, Michigan State UniversityThe complete text of this presentation is included at the end of this report.Overview of the Upcoming NAHMS 2017 Beef Cow-calf StudyChuck Fossler, National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS)The complete text of this presentation is included at the end of this mittee Business:A resolution was presented from the Brucellosis Subcommittee: “Permitted Research on Brucella abortus as a Select Agent.” The resolution was amended and passed unanimously.A resolution was presented for consideration from the floor: “Adequate Funding for Prevention, Diagnosis, and Response for Foreign Animal Disease Outbreaks.” The motion passed unanimously.REPORT OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON brucellosisChair: Eric Liska, MTThe Subcommittee met on October 16, 2017 at the Town and Country Hotel in San Diego, California from 1:00 until 6:00 p.m. There were 51 members and 36 guests present. After a call-to-order, speakers for the session were introduced. Previous resolutions were discussed during the business portion of the meeting.Revisiting Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA)Dustin Oedekoven, South Dakota Animal Industry BoardNational Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2017. Revisiting Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. elk now viewed as the primary source for new cases of brucellosis in cattle and domestic bison, the committee concludes that brucellosis control efforts in the GYA will need to sharply focus on approaches that reduce transmission from elk to cattle and domestic bison (Conclusion 1).Recommendation 1: To address brucellosis in the GYA, federal and state agencies should prioritize efforts on preventing B. abortus transmission by elk. Modeling should be used to characterize and quantify the risk of disease transmission and spread from and among elk, which requires an understanding of the spatial and temporal processes involved in the epidemiology of the disease and economic impacts across the GYA. Models should include modern, statistically rigorous estimates of uncertainty.Recommendation 2: In making timely and data-based decisions for reducing the risk of B. abortus transmission from elk, federal and state agencies should use an active adaptive management approach that would include iterative hypothesis testing and mandated periodic scientific assessments. Management actions should include multiple, complementary strategies over a long period of time, and should set goals demonstrating incremental progress toward reducing the risk of transmission from and among elk.Recommendation 3: Use of supplemental feedgrounds should be gradually reduced. A strategic, stepwise, and science-based approach should be undertaken by state and federal land managers to ensure that robust experimental and control data are generated to analyze and evaluate the impacts of feedground reductions and incremental closure on elk health and populations, risk of transmission to cattle, and brucellosis prevalence.Recommendation 4: Agencies involved in implementing the Interagency Bison Management Plan (IBMP) should continue to maintain a separation of bison from cattle when bison are outside Yellowstone National Park (YNP) boundaries.Recommendation 5: In response to an increased risk of brucellosis transmission and spread beyond the GYA, USDA-APHIS should take the following measures:5A: Work with appropriate wildlife agencies to establish an elk wildlife surveillance program that uses a modeling framework to optimize sampling effort and incorporates multiple sources of uncertainty in observation and biological processes.5B: Establish uniform, risk-based standards for expanding the designated surveillance areas (DSA) boundaries in response to finding seropositive wildlife. The use of multiple concentric DSA zones with, for example, different surveillance, herd management, biosecurity, testing, and/or movement requirements should be considered based on differing levels of risk, similar to current disease outbreak response approaches.5C: Revise the national brucellosis surveillance plan to include and focus on slaughter and market surveillance streams for cattle in and around the GYA.Recommendation 6: All federal, state, and tribal agencies with jurisdiction in wildlife management and in cattle and domestic bison disease control should work in a coordinated, transparent manner to address brucellosis in multiple areas and across multiple jurisdictions. Effectiveness is dependent on political will, a respected leader who can guide the process with goals, timelines, measured outcomes, and a sufficient budget for quantifiable success. Therefore, participation of leadership at the highest federal (Secretary) and state (Governor) levels for initiating and coordinating agency and stakeholder discussions and actions, and in sharing information is critical.Recommendation 7: The research community should address the knowledge and data gaps that impede progress in managing or reducing risk of B. abortus transmission to cattle and domestic bison from wildlife.7A: Top priority should be placed on research to better understand brucellosis disease ecology and epidemiology in elk and bison, as such information would be vital in informing management decisions.7B: To inform elk management decisions, high priority should be given to studies that would provide a better understanding of economic risks and benefits.7C: Studies and assessments should be conducted to better understand the drivers of land use change and their effects on B. abortus transmission risk.7D: Priority should be given to developing assays for more accurate detection of B. abortus infected elk, optimally in a format capable of being performed “pen-side” to provide reliable rapid results in the field.7E: Research should be conducted to better understand the infection biology of B. abortus.7F: To aid in the development of an efficacious vaccine for elk, studies should be conducted to understand elk functional genomics regulating immunity to B. abortus.7G: The research community should (1) develop an improved brucellosis vaccine for cattle and bison to protect against infection as well as abortion, and (2) develop a vaccine and vaccine delivery system for elk.CONCLUDING REMARKSEven over the course of the committee’s 16-month review, there were rapid changes in management practices and new cases of brucellosis in cattle and domestic bison, which reemphasizes the difficulty in handling this complex and expanding problem. Brucellosis was eliminated from cattle in the United States after nearly a century of dedicated funding and resources from USDA, states, and livestock producers. With increasing incidence of brucellosis in cattle and domestic bison herds in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) in the past few decades due to transmission from elk, significant resources are needed to address a problem that is expanding in scale and scope; without the changes and investments necessary to aggressively address this problem in a coordinated and cost-effective manner, brucellosis may spread beyond the GYA into other parts of the United States resulting in serious economic and potential public health consequences. Efforts to reduce brucellosis in the GYA will depend on significant cooperation among federal, state, and tribal entities and private stakeholders as they determine priorities and next steps in moving forward. The report’s intent is to be useful for decision makers and stakeholders as they address the challenging matter of brucellosis in the GYA.Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) Update: IdahoBill Barton, Idaho State Department of AgricultureIn 2016, 9,789 head of cattle were tested to meet designated surveillance areas (DSA) testing requirements. This number does not include cattle in other areas of the state outside of the DSA that were tested to meet other states import requirements. The Idaho State Department of Agriculture (ISDA) continues its ongoing review of all brucellosis individual herd plans for producers within our DSA and updating when appropriate. There are no herds currently under quarantine due to brucellosis in Idaho. One whole herd test was conducted as a result of a Market Cattle Identification (MCI) traceback during the past year. That whole herd test was negative. The Idaho Department of Fish and Game (IDF&G) continues conducting wild elk surveillance around the outside borders of Idaho’s DSA. This year surveillance will focus on the western and southern edge of our DSA. The Idaho Brucellosis Coordination Team consisting of ISDA, IDF&G and Idaho VS personnel continues to meet annually to discuss surveillance and mitigation strategies and make improvements when necessary. The ISDA and Idaho’s cattle producers remain committed to managing appropriately to prevent the risk of transmission of brucellosis from wildlife to cattle. Industry support and assistance with enforcement of Idaho’s brucellosis testing requirements for cattle leaving our DSA are paramount to our success. In Spring of 2017, CS Beef Packers completed construction on a 400,000-sq. ft. slaughter facility near Kuna, Idaho and commenced operations on the most modern, state of the art, green-field beef plant built to date. Brucellosis slaughter surveillance is being conducted on 100% of all intact adult cattle slaughtered in Idaho including CS Beef Packers. Testing is conducted at the USDA Idaho Brucellosis Laboratory located in the ISDA Animal Health Laboratory. Our close proximity to the CS plant allows for excellent sample quality arriving at the laboratory daily and immediate follow up on non-negative results. To maintain the highest level of testing efficiency and disease surveillance, the ISDA and Idaho’s cattle industry are in total agreement that all brucellosis testing services must remain at the Idaho state laboratory, rather than being redirected to Kentucky.Since CS processing began in June 2017, 66,394 head of cattle have been tested at the plant with 19 of those samples being non-negative (as of 10/11/17). Non-negative samples were submitted to National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) for confirmation and traces were sent to six states. Five of those 19 traces were to Idaho herds resulting in one whole beef herd test (all negative). The other four Idaho traces were dairy herds which, based on confirmatory testing at NVSL, were classified as negative. All four of those dairies have had negative quarterly brucellosis ring tests (BRTs) for many years.Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) Update: WyomingJim Logan, Wyoming Livestock Board Mary Wood, Wyoming State Game and Fish Veterinarian Wyoming had one cattle herd under quarantine during the past year in north-western Wyoming. This herd was found by routine, required testing in Wyoming in late October 2015. The herd is located in the Wyoming Brucellosis Designated Surveillance Area (DSA) in Sublette County (60 miles south of Yellowstone National Park [YNP]). The herd had been exposed to Brucellosis infected elk and genomic testing verified elk as the source of infection. The herd was released from quarantine on June 1, 2017 and will have an assurance test this fall. There were seven contact/commingled herds associated with this affected herd. All contact herds had an assurance test the fall of 2016 following summer grazing and all animals were test negative.We are privileged to have the valued assistance of the Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory (WSVL) in the diagnostic work on all Wyoming brucellosis cases. We have also been fortunate to have the good cooperation of USDA-APHIS in dealing with the epidemiology and regulation of these cases.Due to findings of brucellosis in free-ranging elk in the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming during the fall of 2012 (since 2012 there have been a total of 11 Brucellosis seropositive elk found on hunter killed surveillance), the Wyoming Livestock Board (WLSB) initiated voluntary brucellosis testing of test-eligible, adult cattle originating from Big Horn and Sheridan counties. Approximately 18,000 head of cattle have been tested since initiation of the surveillance program in both Sheridan and Big Horn counties with no suspect or reactor cattle found. The Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD) increased surveillance for Brucellosis in elk herds that reside in the Bighorn Mountains through hunter kill surveillance and also through a radio collar movement study. Although the number of elk that have been found seropositive is relatively small, both the WLSB and WGFD remain concerned and vigilant of the threat of disease transmission from elk to cattle.Forty veterinarians conducted testing for brucellosis on cattle from the Designated Surveillance Area (DSA) and the Brucellosis Area of Concern during the past year from September 1, 2016 to September 7, 2017. 35,886 cattle/bison were tested on Wyoming ranches and at livestock markets and 3,103 cattle were sampled at Wyoming slaughter plants to comply with WLSB Chapter 2 Brucellosis rules.The WLSB Brucellosis Chapter 2 rule was recently revised to clarify brucellosis testing requirements. The board voted on September 15 to require testing on all sexually intact females 12 months of age and over that leave or are sold from within the DSA. The WLSB declined to impose mandatory test requirements in Big Horn County until further information on elk surveillance testing and the WGFD’s elk radio collar study are available. The board is depending on voluntary testing of cattle sold from Big Horn and Sheridan counties to provide adequate surveillance for Brucellosis from the Brucellosis Area of Concern.National Surveillance and VaccinationSara Ahola, USDA-APHIS-VS In Fiscal Year 2017, USDA-APHIS-VS sampled 1.92 million and tested 1.85 million adult cows at slaughter for brucellosis. From that, no herds were determined to be affected by brucellosis. In addition, 275,720 animals were tested from the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) states of Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming where a wildlife reservoir of brucellosis exists. Two newly affected herds were detected in Montana as part of Designated Surveillance Testing and are currently undergoing a test and remove protocol. A third herd in Montana previously detected remains on a test and remove protocol. 2017 U.S. Brucellosis Herd Prevalence = 0.0002% or 2.2 per 1 million herds.National Surveillance Summary Map: GYA Update and USDA/Wyoming Brucellosis Management Plan Review Sara Ahola, USDA-APHIS-VSAn in-person review was conducted on Wyoming’s Brucellosis Management Plan in June 2017. The review was conducted by USDA-APHIS-VS with these objectives: 1) review the adequacy of Wyoming’s brucellosis rules to prevent the spread of brucellosis beyond the Designated Surveillance Area (DSA); 2) assess the enforcement of those rules; 3) assess the diagnostics, risk mitigations, and education in place to support the program; 4) assess wildlife surveillance and risk mitigation activities, and 5) evaluate if the DSA boundary is appropriate. Overall observed strengths: 1) Solid regulatory rules with a common sense approach; 2) both live-animal and slaughter surveillance on animals in or leaving the Wyoming DSA; 3) WY cooperates closely with markets serving the DSA to test all test-eligible animals as well as voluntarily testing many animals leaving the Area of Concern; 4) Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory provides a strong diagnostic system with rapid reporting; 5) recent affected herds have been detected early based on low intra-herd prevalence and therefore Wyoming has been successful at early detection; and 6) effective and capable Wyoming Game and Fish Department (WGFD). Overall weaknesses: 1) surveillance is based on individual animal testing versus a whole herd test approach; 2) there is no written rule or policy establishing specific criteria or threshold for re-evaluating the DSA boundary; 3) Wyoming reports monthly the number of animals tested across the state (DSA and non-DSA but lacks measurable metrics to monitor compliance and enforce the rules with respect to testing of animals when required; 4) herd plans are voluntary within the DSA with less than 30 percent of eligible herds participating, yet Wyoming focuses on herds with known risks; and 5) lack of adequate information to fully assess the current risk of brucellosis wildlife-livestock transmission in the Bighorn Mountains. Key Recommendations: Develop written guidelines or policy based on specific criteria for defining the boundary of Wyoming’s DSA. Base the area on: Elk range/location, changes in observed elk seroprevalence or culture positive elk, elk-livestock interface, or other risk factors such as amount or frequency of live animals exported beyond the DSA.Establish criteria that would trigger a change in the DSA based on these risk factors.Develop a method to report the testing of animals leaving the DSA to ensure compliance with rules and regulations, including the number tested on a herd-level basis. Reporting should be annually at a minimum. Establish a minimum annual target for percentage of animals tested from each DSA herd. This target can be based on expected cull and replacement rates within the average herd.Classify DSA-herds into high-, medium-, or low-risk categories. Continue reimbursement for pre-movement testing for all test-eligible animals moving out of the DSA as well as supporting the laboratory testing.Work with WGFD to maintain or increase elk surveillance, especially in the Bighorn Mountains.Implement wildlife management strategies to decrease prevalence when necessary.Require testing at change of ownership for eligible animals in Big Horn County and continue voluntary testing in Sheridan County.Maintain funding for Wyoming’s brucellosis management program. A decrease in funding may put any portion of activities at risk and therefore the effectiveness of this program at risk.Research Update: Brucellosis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), B. suis/B. abortus differentiationNoah Hull, University of Wyoming Bovine brucellosis (B. abortus) remains a persistent disease that plagues animal and human health practitioners. Current diagnostics are not ideal for the identification of infected animals. Currently, serology is the only ante-mortem diagnostic assay to identify an animal as exposed. The current gold-standard test, bacterial culture, maintains perfect specificity, but is imperfectly sensitive. In fact, 30-50% of sero-positive animals will produce a culture, thus leaving 50-70% of those sero-positive animals as an indeterminate overall status. First protocols were developed to identify ideal commercial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction kits for B. abortus. Secondly, the laboratory wanted to validate a DNA concentration technique to increase the available DNA for a real-time qPCR assay. Using spiked blood and tissues (spiked with S19 vaccine strain) tissues were extracted with varying extraction kits. Based on cycles of quantification, the IBI Genomic Mini Prep kit was ideal for blood products and the Omega Bio-tek EZNA was optimal for tissue extractions. Using a Zymo DNA Clean and Concentrator kit, we were able to obtain a 10x concentration while purifying the sample. The second step of the project was utilizing 103 whole genome sequences for the identification of novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) for a novel real-time qPCR assay. Of the 103, 88 were field isolates from the United States that date back to 1989. These sequences were assembled and aligned. Candidate sequences were obtained and after testing a final set of primers and/or probes were selected for validation. No one SNP was able to differentiate between B. abortus and vaccines strains for bovine brucellosis. Testing against 42 sero and culture-positive animals (cattle and bison) and 127 sero and culture-negative animals, the point estimate for sensitivity and specificity were 100%. This assay was ultimately used to elucidate the apparent prevalence of brucellosis in the Yellowstone National Park (YNP) bison herd. One-hundred-and-fifty-nine bison were sampled in the winter of 2017. This novel assay demonstrated four times the apparent prevalence compared to the gold-standard of culture. Interestingly, a high proportion of calves (~70%) were PCR positive indicating a potential driving factor for infection. Apparent prevalence across all age groups was estimated to be 66%. The continuation of this project will be following this validation and primer/probe target to field validate a novel real-time qPCR assay for the detection of swine brucellosis (B. suis). Sampling on this project will begin October of 2017. We hope these two sets of primers/probes can be multiplex and used to identify infected animals more accurately. Additionally, we are working towards the sampling of live-infected animals to determine the potential ante-mortem possibilities of this assay. Select Agent Status of Brucella abortus/suis: Overview of the process of recommendations by the Federal Experts Security Advisory Panel (FESAP)Mark Davidson, USDA-APHIS, Veterinary Services (VS)In January 2017, APHIS published a Final Rule to amend the select agent regulations but deferred a decision on changes to the list of select agents and toxins after considering input from Federal experts, public comment, and recommendations from federal advisory groups.This presentation provides an overview of APHIS’ last biennial review of the list of select agents and toxins, including proposed Brucella de-listing and the outcome of interdepartmental review of proposed changes through FESAP.RB51 Exposure: A Human Case of RB51 Brucellosis from Drinking Raw Milk in TexasSusan Rollo, Texas Animal Health Commission In late July, the Department of State Health Services (DSHS) notified Texas Animal Health Commission (TAHC) of a human case of brucellosis in Texas. The case patient reportedly drank raw milk in June from a permitted raw milk jersey dairy of about 43-47 head in the milking string in Wise County. The sale of raw milk is allowable by Texas law if sold at the farm of origin. TAHC assisted DSHS with the on-farm investigation by collecting samples for submission to NVSL. DSHS utilized state public health control orders to stop the sale of milk at the dairy and initiated an investigation with the assistance of a Centers of Disease Control (CDC) to identify and assess additional persons that consumed the raw milk between June 1-August 7. According to a CDC press release, about 800 households were identified from the dairy records to potentially have consumed raw milk during the time period and could be exposed to this vaccine strain of brucella. Previously, the bulk milk from this dairy was routinely tested with the Brucellosis ring test biannually with negative results, the last test in May. After the DSHS notification, the accredited veterinarian on July 27 and TAHC later in August conducted a whole herd serological test and all results were negative on both occasions. Additionally, bulk milk samples were taken on July 30 and August 18 each test yielded negative results. Individual cow milk samples were collected on August 10 and 23 and sent to NVSL. The first round confirmed two culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive cows with RB51 brucella. All other cows were negative for culture and PCR on both whole herd tests. The DSHS Milk and Dairy Group sampled bottled milk from the dairy and successfully cultured RB51 brucella. Whole genome sequencing conducted at NVSL demonstrated correlation between the case patient’s blood culture and the two positive cows’ milk cultures. The two positive cows (#120 and #124) were removed from the herd on September 11 and the dairy was allowed to resume sale on October 11, 2017 after completing a specified series of tests required by DSHS. Both positive cows were born on the dairy in September and November 2014 and vaccinated with RB51 between 7-8 months of age. Both cows were on their second calving (#124 in June and #120 in August). At slaughter, cow #120 did not have any gross lesions and RB51 brucella was confirmed in the mandibular, prescapular, and the internal iliac lymph nodes. Cow #124 was grossly infected with a diffuse micropustular lesions throughout the udder. In addition, RB51 brucella was cultured from multiple tissues including all four mammary glands, the uterus, spleen, kidney, and eight different lymph nodes. Since this particular case was highly unusual, other compromising conditions are being investigated including the potential of increased susceptibility due to genetics, vaccine lot issues (to date, does not appear to be a factor), administration issues, or immunosuppression of the cattle including other complicating diseases like bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) or bovine leukosis. This is the first case of a human infected with RB51 brucellosis from drinking raw milk in the U.S. according to CDC. Previous cases RB51 brucellosis in humans have been occupational in nature, that is, exposed to the vaccine via a needle stick or exposure to aborted infected calves or placentas. Risk factors that may have contributed to this perfect storm include the breed of cow, an unidentified immunocompromised condition of the cows, human consumption of raw milk, and the immunocompromised condition of the patient. The risk of getting sick from drinking raw milk is greater for infants and young children, the elderly, pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems. Any symptomatic person that consumes raw milk should seek medical care and ask for a blood culture since this is the required test for confirmation. Consumers that drink unpasteurized milk compared with consumers of pasteurized dairy products are much more likely to experience an illness and to be hospitalized. The majority of illnesses are from salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis, but brucellosis is also a very important risk.Evaluation of the Brucellosis Milk Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Validation as an Additional Test for Brucellosis in Bulk MilkSuelee Robbe-Austerman, National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) Introduction: The bulk tank ring test (BRT) is the only approved brucellosis milk test in the USA. The objective of this study was to evaluate commercial ELISA kits that are available in Europe and compare their performance to the BRT, with the focus on larger >1000 cow dairies. NVSL evaluated three commercial ELISA platforms on ten cows.Materials and Methods: Based on data generated from the study in 2015, the top three performing ELISA kits of that study, IDVET, IDEXX, and Prionics, were compared using milk from ten brucellosis positive cows. Four of these were mid-lactation beef cows submitted to NVSL from the University of Wyoming and confirmed infected with Brucella abortus by tissue culture. Five were dairy cows provided by Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA) as part of a collaboration from a known infected herd in Mexico and the last cow was a Florida dairy cow confirmed infected with Brucella suis. Milk was diluted with non-infected bulk tank milk from a local dairy. The 4 mL BRT test was performed according to the Uniform Methods and Rules using the following dilutions, 1: 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1000, 1250, 1500, 1750, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 6000. These dilutions were also used in the three ELISA platforms, tested in triplicate with each replicate on a different day.Results and Discussion: The beef cows had fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPA) results that were between 20-54, and the dairy cows had FPA responses between 40-240. In general, the stronger the FPA response, the higher the milk dilutions were detected by both the BRT and ELISA. The beef cows had a stronger antibody response in the milk than the dairy cows. The ELISA was significantly more sensitive (ave 3.4 X) than the BRT in five of the ten cows and three of those had detectable antibody at the maximum dilution of 1:6000. However, the BRT performed similarly or slightly better in five cows. This variation in sensitivity between the two methods may be caused by the type of antibody detected. The BRT is able to detect IgM and IgA, and the ELISA only recognizes IgG. Conclusion: All three commercial ELISA kits evaluated in this study appeared to have similar sensitivity. The ELISA was able to detect 50% of the positive cows with a dilution of 1,250 or lower. In contrast, the BRT was only able to detect 50% of the animals at a dilution of 400 or lower. Further work is needed to evaluate the specificity of these ELISA kits within the North American dairy population. Subcommittee Business:Old business:The subcommittee reviewed USDA-APHIS-VS responses to two resolutions from the 2016 USAHA meeting.Resolution 19: Review of State Brucellosis Management PlansUSDA has started the review process with the review of Wyoming’s BMP in 2017Resolution 20: Brucellosis Milk Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay Validation as an Additional Test for Brucellosis in Bulk MilkSuelee Robbe-Austerman presented on this evaluation. USDA intends to continue to evaluate milk bulk tank brucellosis surveillance test methods.New Business:Marty Zaluski sponsored a resolution for “Permitted Research on Brucella abortus as a Select Agent”The subcommittee moved and seconded the resolution and during discussion, two changes were made and accepted. The resolution passed unanimously to be considered by the Committee on Cattle and Bison. Travis Lowe brought a resolution “Brucellosis Testing in Farmed Cervidae” The subcommittee moved and seconded the resolution and during discussion, one change was made and accepted. The resolution passed unanimously for consideration by the Farmed Cervidae Committee.REPORT OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON Bovine viral diarRhea virus (BVDV)Chair: Shollie Falkenberg, IAVice Chair: Jamie Henningson, KSThe Subcommittee met on Sunday October 15, 2017 at the Town and Country Hotel in San Diego, California at 5:30 p.m. There were approximately 20 participants present. Changes in the committee structure were defined stating the Subcommittee on BVDV will reside within the Committee on Cattle and Bison, and the subcommittee report is to be forwarded to that committee.The following questions were proposed within the committee and further discussion was offered.Should a BVDV subcommittee be formed and on the USAHA schedule? Yes, we should form a subcommittee. Dr. Falkenberg will work with Drs. Grotelueschen and Oedekoven, Chair and Vice-Chair, respectively, to be on the official schedule for USAHA in 2018. Consideration for making the Subcommittee on BVDV a joint subcommittee with AAVLD. Drs. Falkenberg and Henningson would continue in the Chair/Vice Chair role. The recommendation was moved and passed.What’s the subcommittees objective and content? The Chair/Vice Chair will work with committee members throughout the year to determine the agenda in subsequent years. Science can help drive policy recommendations. Possible mission statement for the subcommittee: goal to control/reduction of BVDV for the cattle industry; eradication of persistently infected (PI) not BVDV.Discussion topics to help control BVDV and support the subcommittee objective:Develop guidelines/best practices for the control of BVDV.Should this be a joint effort with other bovine organizations? Keep BVDV awareness high and push awareness. Marketing. Value added for PI testing, gold level calves. Maybe, focus on individual markets.Tiers of recognition program for herds, model after the Johne’s program. Can BVDV vaccines be updated?Vaccine is not a BVDV control program. Do we need to revise the control program? Do we make recommendations of what goes into a program and talk to the industries? Should we require a BVDV test to move animals? Overview of BVDV subcommittee report presentationPestivirus taxonomy Short communication in Journal of General Virology to rename the Pestivirus genus reflect Pestivirus A, B, etc. rather than using the nomenclature Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Classical Swine Fever Virus, etc.Serosurvey for ruminant pestiviruses using cattle seraApproximately 2,000 samples collecting from 2014 to 2015 U.S. Brucellosis Testing Program were evaluated. Type 1 BVDV is the predominant titer and data would suggest 1 in 10 animals reach breeding age with no protection against BVDV.Serosurvey for ruminant pestiviruses using sheep seraApproximately 500 samples from domestic sheep were evaluated and similar to the samples collected as part of the Brucellosis Testing program and found BVDV type 1 titers predominated.Protection needed to prevent fetal infectionsTiters greater than 1:256 are generally thought to be protective titers to protect against fetal protection. Recent data from Auburn University (Walz et al., 2017; Vaccine 35 (2017) 1046–1054) reported geometric mean titers greater than 1000 in the modified-live treatment group and BVDV virus was detected, suggesting titers may not be the best or only indicator of protection. Further data reported from NADC (Bauermann et al., 2017; Transboundary and Emerging Diseases) suggests that fetal protection was not achieved against HoBi-like virus in cows that previously gave birth to BVDV PIs and had greater than 1000 titers to BVDV and half of the animals had titers greater than 256.Is vaccination enough? Vaccination in the presence of PIs.Two case reports from dairy operations reported well-vaccinated herds in the absence of BVDV testing to observe ill-thrift calves and upon testing for BVDV found BVDV 1b persistently infected (PI) calves. Further, in one of the dairies vaccine virus was detected in multiple affected animals as well as in PI animals when vaccination occurred in the presence of PI animals. Diagnostic submissionsApproximately ten years of diagnostic submission data from Kansas State University has reported 22% BVDV in tissues and 6% in nasal swabs. While a greater percent of BVDV PI’s are 1b, a greater number of positive samples are 2a in diagnostic samples. 65-75% of clinical cases that are 1a positive are 1a vaccine virus (Singer, NADL and C24V) and of those samples positive for 1a vaccine virus greater than 75% are Singer strain.How effective are our current BVDV vaccines?Due to the diversity of BVDV and continued prevalence of BVDV 1b PIs, it is being further investigated if more contemporary isolates should be included in BVDV vaccines to help provide cattle producers with the best tools to control BVDV.REPORT OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON JOHNE’S DISEASE Chair: David Smith, NYVice Chair: Elisabeth Patton, WIThe Subcommittee met on October 16, 2017 at the Town and Country Hotel in San Diego, California from 1:00 to 5:30 p.m. There were 20 members and 11 guests present. There were no new resolutions or old business to discuss. The fact that the committee had been converted to a subcommittee under Committee on Cattle and Bison was briefly discussed. We reviewed the basic housekeeping procedures for conducting the subcommittee meeting.Presentations Update from the National Cattlemen's Beef AssociationKathy Simmons, National Cattlemen's Beef AssociationThis presentation is available on the committee web page at .MAP Early Diagnostics ProjectVivek Kapur, Penn State UniversityDr. Kapur described a novel multiplex approach to early detection of M. avium paratuberculosis. This presentation is available on the committee web page at .Global Coordination of Animal Health ResearchAlex Morrow, Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA)Dr. Morrow described opportunities for worldwide coordination of research efforts. This presentation is available on the committee web page at .Update on New Johne’s Diagnostics Kits from ZoetisStephane Guillosou, ZoetisDr. Guillosou covered advances in Johne’s Diagnostics at Zoetis.Use of Phage – Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to Detect M. avium paratuberculosis in Blood and Milk SamplesCatherine E. D. Rees, University of Nottingham, PBD Biotech LtdThis paper is included immediately following this report.Johne’s Proficiency Testing UpdateKevin Stokes, National Veterinary Services Laboratory This presentation is available on the committee web page at .Subcommittee Business:There was one question put forth to the committee during this meeting. The issue was whether the committee chair should write a letter to STAR-IDAZ recommending that Johne's disease should be added to the list of diseases for international coordination by that body.Update on use of the Phage Assay for diagnosing Tuberculosis (TB) in cattle and Other SpeciesCath Rees, Benjamin Swift, University of Nottingham, U.K.Bacteriophage are viruses that infect bacteria. We have been exploiting a broad host range phage (D29) that specifically infects Mycobacteria to detect the presence of viable bacteria, and have combined this with molecular methods to identify the pathogen detected (phage-PCR; Stanley et al., 2007 Appl. Environ. Micro, 73:1851). We have used this method to show that low levels of?M. bovis?are present within white blood cells in the circulating blood of SICCT-positive animals that were on annual screening program (Swift et al., 2016 Virulence, 7:779). Since our results indicate that only low numbers of cells are present in these samples, any deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) amplification method used needs a limit of detection of less than ten cells. This method took two days, the use of agar plates to detect the infection event and manual extraction of DNA from the agar plates and therefore is not ideal for high throughput testing of large numbers of samples. We have now developed a new phage-based method that takes only six hours and removes the need for agar plates. Using this method, we have been studying a herd in the U.K. that has had a chronic bTB infection for over ten years and has allowed us to compare our test results with other markers of infection. First, parallel culture and direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of blood samples was performed and showed that while?M. bovis?could be cultured from phage-PCR samples, no Mycobacteria were detected using a direct PCR method, demonstrating that phage-PCR is more sensitive than PCR alone. We have also found that more than 50% of animals giving a positive single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test (SICCT) test result based on a super-severe interpretation have very low levels of mycobacteria in their circulating blood. It is notable that none of these animals – or any of the others culled on this farm over this 10-year period - have ever been found to have visible lesions at slaughter. Some animals showed fluctuating results on consecutive 60-day tests, and some of these eventually progressed to a SCCIT-positive result on the standard interpretation and were then culled from the herd. Other animals tested consistently gave a phage-PCR positive but did not progress to be SICCT-positive and remained in the herd as potential sources of further infection. Since this method directly detects?M. bovis, we have recently applied the method to detect infection in other species, including alpacas, llamas and badgers suspected to have disease. In all cases phage-PCR positive samples were detected and we are currently carrying out other tests to independently verify these results.REPORT OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON Bovine viral diarRhea virus (BVDV)Chair: Shollie Falkenberg, IAVice Chair: Jamie Henningson, KSThe Subcommittee met on Sunday October 15, 2017 at the Town and Country Hotel in San Diego, California at 5:30 p.m. There were approximately 20 participants present. Changes in the committee structure were defined stating the Subcommittee on BVDV will reside within the Committee on Cattle and Bison, and the subcommittee report is to be forwarded to that committee.The following questions were proposed within the committee and further discussion was offered.Should a BVDV subcommittee be formed and on the USAHA schedule? Yes, we should form a subcommittee. Dr. Falkenberg will work with Drs. Grotelueschen and Oedekoven, Chair and Vice-Chair, respectively, to be on the official schedule for USAHA in 2018. Consideration for making the Subcommittee on BVDV a joint subcommittee with AAVLD. Drs. Falkenberg and Henningson would continue in the Chair/Vice Chair role. The recommendation was moved and passed.What’s the subcommittees objective and content? The Chair/Vice Chair will work with committee members throughout the year to determine the agenda in subsequent years. Science can help drive policy recommendations. Possible mission statement for the subcommittee: goal to control/reduction of BVDV for the cattle industry; eradication of persistently infected (PI) not BVDV.Discussion topics to help control BVDV and support the subcommittee objective:Develop guidelines/best practices for the control of BVDV.Should this be a joint effort with other bovine organizations? Keep BVDV awareness high and push awareness. Marketing. Value added for PI testing, gold level calves. Maybe, focus on individual markets.Tiers of recognition program for herds, model after the Johne’s program. Can BVDV vaccines be updated?Vaccine is not a BVDV control program. Do we need to revise the control program? Do we make recommendations of what goes into a program and talk to the industries? Should we require a BVDV test to move animals? Overview of BVDV subcommittee report presentationPestivirus taxonomy Short communication in Journal of General Virology to rename the Pestivirus genus reflect Pestivirus A, B, etc. rather than using the nomenclature Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), Classical Swine Fever Virus, etc.Serosurvey for ruminant pestiviruses using cattle seraApproximately 2,000 samples collecting from 2014 to 2015 U.S. Brucellosis Testing Program were evaluated. Type 1 BVDV is the predominant titer and data would suggest 1 in 10 animals reach breeding age with no protection against BVDV.Serosurvey for ruminant pestiviruses using sheep seraApproximately 500 samples from domestic sheep were evaluated and similar to the samples collected as part of the Brucellosis Testing program and found BVDV type 1 titers predominated.Protection needed to prevent fetal infectionsTiters greater than 1:256 are generally thought to be protective titers to protect against fetal protection. Recent data from Auburn University (Walz et al., 2017; Vaccine 35 (2017) 1046–1054) reported geometric mean titers greater than 1000 in the modified-live treatment group and BVDV virus was detected, suggesting titers may not be the best or only indicator of protection. Further data reported from NADC (Bauermann et al., 2017; Transboundary and Emerging Diseases) suggests that fetal protection was not achieved against HoBi-like virus in cows that previously gave birth to BVDV PIs and had greater than 1000 titers to BVDV and half of the animals had titers greater than 256.Is vaccination enough? Vaccination in the presence of PIs.Two case reports from dairy operations reported well-vaccinated herds in the absence of BVDV testing to observe ill-thrift calves and upon testing for BVDV found BVDV 1b persistently infected (PI) calves. Further, in one of the dairies vaccine virus was detected in multiple affected animals as well as in PI animals when vaccination occurred in the presence of PI animals. Diagnostic submissionsApproximately ten years of diagnostic submission data from Kansas State University has reported 22% BVDV in tissues and 6% in nasal swabs. While a greater percent of BVDV PI’s are 1b, a greater number of positive samples are 2a in diagnostic samples. 65-75% of clinical cases that are 1a positive are 1a vaccine virus (Singer, NADL and C24V) and of those samples positive for 1a vaccine virus greater than 75% are Singer strain.How effective are our current BVDV vaccines?Due to the diversity of BVDV and continued prevalence of BVDV 1b PIs, it is being further investigated if more contemporary isolates should be included in BVDV vaccines to help provide cattle producers with the best tools to control BVDV.REPORT OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON TrichomoniasisChair: Carl Heckendorf, COVice Chair: Bud Dinges, TXThe Subcommittee met on October 17, 2017 at the Town and Country Hotel in San Diego, California from 8:00-10:00 a.m. There were 24 members and 11 guests present. No presentations or reports were given.Subcommittee Business:Laboratory validation was discussed. It was recommended that a survey of the committee members be conducted to establish how to complete a third inter-laboratory comparison. It was also discussed how the laboratories and the State Animal Health Officials (SAHOs) can communicate more effectively. Several of the SAHOs felt that the laboratories have been functioning very well. The survey that is to be sent out will also try to address any gaps that exist in the Trichomoniasis program and how to communicate more effectively between laboratories and between laboratories and SAHOs. A brief discussion occurred on the female issue with regard to Trichomoniasis. There was not consensus on this topic. REPORT OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON tuberculosisChair: Beth Thompson, MNVice Chair: Michael VanderKlok, MIThe Subcommittee met on Sunday October 15, 2017 at the Town and Country Hotel in San Diego, California from 1:00 to 5:30 p.m. There were 60 members and 36 guests present. Dr. Thompson welcomed committee members and guests, introduced Dr. Michael VanderKlok as Vice Chair, and determined there was quorum for the committee to meet and vote on resolutions. Dr. Thompson provided a review of the agenda and the mission and operating procedure for the Subcommittee on Tuberculosis, as well as the process for recommendations and resolutions.Presentations and Reports USAHA Tuberculosis (TB) Scientific Advisory Working Group ReportTyler Thacker, USDA-ARS-NADCDr. Thacker provided a report on the TB Scientific Advisory Working Group which met earlier in the day. A motion was made and seconded, and the subcommittee voted to accept the report of the TB Scientific Advisory Working Group. The complete text of the working group report is included at the end of this report.?Tuberculosis (TB) Test PerformanceMark Schoenbaum, USDA-APHIS-VSDr. Schoenbaum provided information regarding the performance of the Caudal fold, Comparative Cervical, and IDEXX ELISA tests in a TB infected dairy herd in Texas and a TB infected beef herd in South Dakota.Update on Tuberculosis (TB) in South DakotaDustin Oedekoven, South Dakota Animal Industry BoardDr. Oedekoven provided an update on TB infected beef herds found in Northwestern South Dakota in 2017. On February 7, 2017 South Dakota was notified by the USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) that a slaughter surveillance sample from an adult beef cow had been diagnosed as TB compatible. Within a week, two additional adult cows were also determined to be TB compatible. All three of these animals traced to a 650 head beef herd in northwestern South Dakota. Official identification devices and documents aided in the successful trace. The cows had been sold through two South Dakota auction markets in November 2016 and were fed for approximately 90 days at feedlots in Nebraska and South Dakota before being sent to slaughter at two different Nebraska packers. Initial testing of the index herd identified 78 CFT responders. Forty-four cows from this herd were ultimately determined to have the disease. The index herd was depopulated with federal indemnity. A majority of the herd was slaughtered, and the last animals were euthanized on April 18, 2017. During the course of the response, 20 adjacent herds were tested including nearly 11,000 cattle. Testing of trace out animals and herds revealed two additional South Dakota herds each with a single TB infected animal that had been purchased from the index herd. These animals were removed, and those two herds remain under quarantine as they complete test and remove plans. Both herds have had two negative whole herd tests and are scheduled for verification herd testing in the fall of 2017. Epidemiologic tracing of animals from the affected herds involved primary movements to 12 states and over 100 other South Dakota herds.Whole genome sequencing from the infected animals has identified this isolate as being very similar to an isolate identified in a dairy animal in Queretaro, Mexico in 1997. This isolate is new to the U.S., and its pathway of introduction into South Dakota is as of yet unknown.Uruguay/U.S. Tuberculosis (TB) Targeted Surveillance StudyScott Wells, University of MinnesotaDr. Wells provided an update on the ongoing research project comparing the cost and effectiveness of different strategies for conducting TB surveillance in cattle in Uruguay.Bi-National Tuberculosis (TB) Committee UpdateAndrea Mikolon, California Department of Food and AgricultureDr. Mikolon provided an update on the tuberculosis-related activities of the United States/Mexico binational committee on Brucellosis and Tuberculosis.Update on Tuberculosis (TB) in the Texas PanhandleAndy Schwartz, Texas Animal Health CommissionDr. Schwartz provided a summary and update on a TB infected dairy herd identified in Texas in 2015. An organic dairy complex in the Texas panhandle consisting of two dairies and a heifer feed yard, with a total of approximately 11,000 head, was quarantined in April 2015 as the result of a slaughter trace back. Trace outs were conducted on thousands of animals removed in the past five years, but no additional affected animals have been identified. The source of TB for this herd has not been identified to date. The initial herd plan called for a 60-day testing schedule, with removal of all caudal fold test (CFT) positive animals. An initial assessment test plus seven removal tests have been completed. The dairy complex remains under quarantine. To date, a total of 1,294 CFT responders have been necropsied, with lesions from 50 animals confirmed histocompatible. Stochastic modeling performed by USDA-APHIS-VS indicates 12 additional removal tests will be necessary to achieve 95% confidence of disease freedom at 1% prevalence. Federal indemnity was offered in 2017, but the herd owner declined. Regular removal tests continue. No histocompatible animals were identified on the seventh removal test. Only one histocompatible animal was found on the sixth and fifth removal tests, with one being from each of the two dairies. No histocompatible animals have been found in the heifer feed yard on the three most recent tests. ? Analysis of Surveillance data for bTB in Captive Cervids RequestAlecia Naugle, USDA-APHIS-VSDr. Naugle provided a proposed approach and timeline to respond to the Tuberculosis subcommittee’s request for an analysis of?surveillance for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in farmed cervids in the United States. Subcommittee members provided input to clarify and refine the proposal and data requests.? USDA UpdateMark Schoenbaum, USDA-APHIS-VS?Dr. Schoenbaum provided an update on the status of the Gamma interferon test for use in cattle, the status of Dual-Path Platform DPP? test in cervidae, and a summary of the tuberculosis (TB) Summit held by USDA in July 2017. Dr. Schoenbaum also provided an update on occurrences of bovine tuberculosis identified in the United States in Fiscal Year 2017. This presentation is available on the committee web page at .Dr. Michael Carter, USDA-APHIS-VS, provided an update on the status of the proposed Brucellosis/Tuberculosis Federal Rule from the floor.Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations of Cervid Tuberculosis (TB) working groupBeth Thompson, Minnesota Board of Animal HealthDr. Thompson provided a summary of the findings, conclusions, and recommendations from the Cervid TB working group which was formed at the request of the chairman of the former Committee on Tuberculosis. This presentation is available on the committee web page at .Subcommittee Business:Dr. Thompson provided the responses from USDA-APHIS-VS to the three resolutions related to the former USAHA Committee on TB passed at the 2016 meeting. The resolutions are as follows:Resolution Number 22 and 37 combined: Cervid Import from ManitobaResolution Number 31 and 39 Combined: National Cervid Tuberculosis Herd Accreditation ProgramResolution Number 38: Optimization and Standardization of Purified Protein Derivative Tuberculin Application for Interferon-gamma Release AssaysDr. Thompson then opened the floor for receipt of recommendations of resolutions regarding tuberculosis to be considered for discussion and approval and forwarding to the USAHA Committee on Cattle and Bison, Committee on Farmed Cervid, or Committee on Wildlife and Captive Wildlife.One proposed resolution titled Cervid TB Herd Certification Testing Intervals was received from the floor and discussed by committee members and guests. The proposed resolution received slight wording changes for clarity from the chair, and a motion was made and seconded to approve the resolution for forwarding to the USAHA Committee on Farmed Cervidae. The proposed resolution was passed on a voice vote by the committee. A second proposed resolution titled Tuberculosis Testing Protocol for Farmed Cervidae was introduced from the floor and received discussion by the committee members and guests. A motion to table the proposed resolution was made and seconded by committee members, and the motion was passed on a voice vote by the committee. It was noted that discussion included a recommendation that the issue addressed by this resolution would be served by a scientific evaluation and the USAHA Tuberculosis Scientific Advisory Working Group may be an appropriate avenue for continuing such an evaluation. There was no additional new business. A motion to adjourn was made and seconded. The meeting concluded at 5:30 p.m.REPORT OF CERVID TUBERCULOSIS (TB) WORKING GROUPOctober 15, 2017Working Group (WG) members: Beth Thompson, Bob Meyer, Boyd Parr, Chuck Massengill, Tony Forshey, Kathy Orloski, Laurie Seale, Suelee Robbe-Austerman, Travis Lowe, Scott Wells, and Shawn Schafer.The Cervid TB WG was formed at the direction of Dustin Oedekoven, chair of the USAHA Committee on TB. The charge of the WG was to review and discuss the potential for reducing the cost of TB testing to the cervid industry.?The WG addressed:The potential to advance state status in an effort to recognize minimal risk for transmission of TB by farmed cervids in interstate movement.The potential to reduce the frequency of official herd testing intervals for TB-Accredited herds.The WG met via conference calls. The following analysis of state data from four states, (Colorado, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Wisconsin) was completed by Drs. Wells and Orloski, and will be presented at the Subcommittee on TB meeting:TB testing information from accredited herds was analyzed, the herd data was summarized for two 3-year testing cycles, 2011-2013 and 2014-2016. About 30% of farmed cervid herds and 50% of farmed cervids have been represented in each 3-year cycle of M. bovis testing in the four states that provided testing data.During 2014-2016, there were 13,302 TB tests performed from 325 TB-accredited herds in the four states.The estimated true prevalence upper bound is 0.03% (95% confidence interval) using 2014-2016 test data*.*This estimate represents the tested farmed cervid population (TB-accredited herds) and should not be extrapolated to untested populations.Additionally, a request to USDA-APHIS was made for information and analysis; this ongoing information sharing is being directed and coordinated by Dr. Alecia Naugle. Information sharing from states will be part of the ongoing analysis. The WG members collaborated on a Resolution addressing #2 above. The majority of WG members support said Resolution, which will be presented for consideration to the Subcommittee by Travis Lowe. REPORT OF THE tuberculosis Scientific Advisory Working GroupChair: Tyler Thacker, IAIdentification of Novel Antigens Recognized in Bovine Tuberculosis (TB) for Development of Improved Serodiagnostic TestsKonstantin Lyashchenko, Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Inc.Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis remains an important zoonotic disease posing a serious threat to livestock and wildlife. The current TB tests relying on cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in cattle have performance limitations. To identify new serodiagnostic markers of bovine tuberculosis, we screened a panel of 101 recombinant proteins, including ten polyepitope fusions, by multi-antigen print immunoassay with well-characterized serum samples serially collected from cattle with experimental or naturally acquired M. bovis infection. A novel set of 12 seroreactive antigens was established. Evaluation of selected proteins in Dual-Path Platform (DPP?) assay showed that the highest diagnostic accuracy (~95%) was achieved with a cocktail of five best-performing antigens, thus demonstrating the potential for improved and more practical serodiagnostic tests for bovine TB. Development of novel polyepitope fusion proteins including sequences of predominantly recognized antigens identified in this study is in progress. Update on Use of the Phage Assay for Diagnosing Tuberculosis (TB) in Cattle and Other SpeciesCath Rees, Benjamin Swift, University of Nottingham, U.K.This paper can be found in the Report of the Subcommittee on Johne’s Disease.Use of the Qiagen Quantiferon-Plus In-Tube System for Detection of Tuberculosis (TB) in Experimentally and Naturally Infected Cattle in the U.S.Tyler C. Thacker, W. Ray Waters, and Mitchell V. Palmer; USDA-ARS, National Animal Disease CenterDetection of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) infected cattle using interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) currently requires collecting blood at the farm, then transporting it, usually, by commercial carrier to an approved laboratory where it is stimulated with antigens for 24 hours followed by detection of interferon-gamma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Success of the assay depends on the cells being viable upon arriving at the laboratory. Adverse events during shipment can affect cell viability. Qiagen has developed an in-tube stimulation system that could reduce/eliminate the uncertainty involved in transporting samples to the laboratory. To test the utility of the QuantiFERON? TB Gold In-Tube System (QFT), blood was collected from experimentally infected cattle housed at the National Animal Disease Center. The QFT detected 14 of 17 infected animals at four weeks post infection, the earliest time point assayed, and remained positive during the remainder of the study. Uninfected controls were repeatedly tested throughout the study. Of the 72 QFT assays performed on samples from controls, only one false positive occurred and that was at the 4-week time point. To analyze the potential for use of the QFT in naturally infected animals, blood was collected from 73 animals that were caudal fold test (CFT) positive. Of these, 38 animals were comparative cervical test (CCT) negative and had no-visible-lesions (NVL); six of these 38 were positive using QFT. Thirteen of the CFT positive animals had histocompatible visible-lesions (VL) and were positive using QFT. Eleven of the twelve animals were CCT suspect/reactive but NVL were also positive on QFT. Four animals had lesions that were not compatible with TB but were CCT suspect/reactive. One of these was positive on QFT.Use of the Qiagen Quantiferon Tuberculosis (TB) Gold In-Tube System for Detection of Mycobacterium Bovis Infection in WildlifeMichele A. Miller, Stellenbosch University, South AfricaDetection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in wildlife is complicated by the logistical constraints associated with access and handling of wild animals, lack of species-specific diagnostic tests, and knowledge gaps in understanding the disease in different species. Blood-based assays provide a convenient sample that can be obtained. Although the Bovigam assay has been OIE-approved for use in African buffalo, it can be difficult to perform under field conditions. The Qiagen QuantiFERON TB Gold In-Tube (QFT) system provides ease of use with pre-prepared tubes containing antigens and positive and negative controls. The other advantage is that the stimulated sample can be used for multiple assays, including detection of interferon-gamma, other cytokines (e.g. IP-10), and cytokine gene expression assays. Pilot studies performed in African buffalo also suggest that use of mycobacterial peptides instead of purified protein derivatives increase specificity of the assay. Current studies have demonstrated the value of the QFT platform for measuring M. bovis-specific immune responses in lions, warthogs, African wild dogs, white rhinoceros, and African buffaloes. Future research will focus on optimizing diagnostic assays using QFT samples for multiple wildlife species.USDA-APHIS-VS Annual Update for the State and Federal CooperativeBovine Tuberculosis (TB) Eradication ProgramFiscal Year (FY) 2017Bovine State StatusAs of September 30, 2017, 49 States, two Territories (Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands), and one zone (Michigan) were TB accredited-free. California advanced from modified accredited advanced (MAA) status in July 2016. Michigan has an accredited-free and a modified accredited (MA) zone.Captive Cervid State Status All States and territories have MA status.TB Program ReviewsNo formal program reviews were conducted in FY2017. TB-Affected Herds Identified in FY2017 Ten TB-affected cattle herds were identified during FY2017 including three Michigan beef herds in the MA zone, one small Michigan beef herd in the accredited free (AF) zone, a small Indiana beef herd, three South Dakota beef herds, and two New Mexico dairies. A Texas dairy found in FY2015 remains under quarantine and a testing program. The beef herd in Michigan’s AF zone and the index South Dakota beef herd were depopulated with federal funding. Other South Dakota and Michigan herds were under test-and-removal plans. The management plans for Indiana and New Mexico herds were still being determined.National TB Surveillance Granuloma Submissions: For FY2017, 5,182 granulomas from 114 federally inspected establishments were identified through three quarters of the Fiscal Year. Overall, 2.28 granulomas were submitted per 2,000 adult cattle (culled dairy and beef cows and bulls) slaughtered, a slight decrease from last year. The granuloma submission rate was 2.6 in FY2016. For FY2016, 6,389 granulomas were identified. TB slaughter surveillance during FY2014-17 has experienced lower submission rates than FY2006-13. During FY2006-13, the submission rate ranged from 2.9-3.5 per 2,000 culled adult cattle slaughtered. The minimum standard for slaughter surveillance is one granuloma submitted per 2,000 adult cattle slaughtered annually. Thirty-three of the 40 highest volume adult cattle slaughter establishments met or exceeded the submission standard in FY2017, compared to 33 in FY2016. These 40 highest volume establishments slaughter approximately 95 percent of adult cattle processed with federal inspection in the United States.Slaughter Cases: During FY2017, a total of 15 granuloma submissions had histology compatible with mycobacteriosis, out of a projected 6,909 granuloma submissions (0.22 percent). Of these, TB was confirmed in 13 (88 percent) cases. TB is confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of formalin-fixed and direct PCR and culture of fresh tissue. Of the remaining two cases, other Mycobacterium species were identified.Five of the 13 confirmed cases occurred in adult cows. Three of the five cases lead to one TB-affected beef herd in South Dakota, one lead to a TB-affected dairy in New Mexico, and the last lead to a California dairy that is under quarantine and awaiting testing in October 2017. Of the eight fed cattle cases, five occurred in Mexican-origin cattle and three were in domestic origin steers. Two of the three were feedlots in Michigan with whole genome sequence of isolates matching Michigan. The final fed case was a roping steer in Arizona still under investigation. Whole genome sequence of this isolate matches cases current and past from Indiana.Mexican-Origin Slaughter Cases: A total of five TB-infected animals identified through slaughter surveillance were determined to be of Mexican-origin. The official Mexican ear tags collected at slaughter indicated origin from the State of Nuevo Leon (one case), Yucatan (one case), and Baja California (one case). Two cases were from Mexico, though the state of origin could not be determined. Animal Identification Collection for Slaughter Cases: During October 1, 2015 thru September 30, 2016 (Fiscal Year 2016), 3,122 of 5,964 (52.3 percent) submissions had official animal identification collected at the time of slaughter (2,371 with attached tissue), 1,375 submissions (23.1 percent) had unofficial identification (268 with attached tissue) and 1,467 (24.6 percent) had no identification collected. During October 1, 2016 thru September 30, 2017, 3,793 of 6,887 (55.1 percent) submissions had official animal identification collected at the time of slaughter (2,780 with attached tissue), 1,777 submissions (25.8 percent) had unofficial identification (457 with attached tissue) and 1,317 (19.1 percent) had no identification collected.Live Animal Testing, Cattle: Tuberculin skin testing in live animals is another component of national TB surveillance in cattle and bison. During October 1, 2016 through August 31, 2017, a total of 779,035 caudal fold tuberculin skin tests (CFT) of cattle and bison were reported, with 11,228 responders (1.4 percent, 44 states reporting, data not available for Alabama, Florida, Nevada, New York, Tennessee, and West Virginia). During FY2016, 665,224 CFT tests of cattle and bison were reported, with 10,574 responders (1.6 percent, 48 States and 1 Territory reporting). The gamma interferon test was approved for use in cattle only as an official supplemental test in the TB program since 2003. Laboratories in seven States (California, Colorado, Michigan, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Washington) and the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) in Iowa were approved to conduct gamma interferon testing. These laboratories completed approximately 2,894 tests for cattle residing in eight states during FY2017 (data incomplete for some laboratories). On May 13, 2017 APHIS suspended use of gamma interferon test, except for unusual circumstances with only official testing done at NVSL. Evidence was found that sensitivity of the test (with NVSL purified protein derivative [PPD] since September 2016) was significantly less than comparative cervical tuberculin (CCT) based on parallel applications of the tests in a couple TB-affected herds. Work has been ongoing by NVSL, Cattle Health, and State gamma laboratories to return use of this test to the U.S. TB program. Efforts have been directed at standardizing stimulating PPD and gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection portions of the test. Sensitivity, specificity, and cutoff points continue being evaluated into FY2018 with targeted return to use of gamma interferon testing sometime in FY2018.Live Animal Testing, Cervids: The Cervid TB Stat-Pak? and Dual Path Platform? (DPP) tests were approved for program use in elk, red deer, white-tailed deer, fallow deer, and reindeer. Official program testing began on February 2013. During FY2017, a total of 12,588 cervid serological TB tests were completed. These samples were submitted from 9,578 white-tailed deer (76 percent), 2,630 elk (21 percent), 197 fallow deer (1.5 percent), 109 red deer (0.9 percent), and 74 reindeer (0.6 percent). Of 20 suspects in FY2017, nine retested with final results negative. Two suspects are pending retest. The remaining nine animals were examined postmortem without evidence of tuberculosis. Four of these tested positive a second time and were considered reactors; cultures are pending. The remaining five suspects were culture negative.Single cervical tuberculin tests were reported by fiscal year: 2017, 4,427 with 40 responders; 2016, 2,086 with 19 responders; 2015, 6,121 with 43 responders; 2014, 6,049 with 71 responders; and 2013, 9,229 with 160 responders. Collaborations with Mexico: In FY2017, APHIS teams conducted reviews in Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon, and Coahuila. In addition, APHIS and International Services staff assisted Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food (SAGARPA) in conducting pre-certification reviews in Coahuila, the Isthmus Region (Chiapas, Veracruz, Tabasco, and Oaxaca), the Coast of Guerrero, and Guanajuato. TB Serum Bank: APHIS continues to maintain a serum bank of well-characterized serum samples for both uninfected and infected animals. The serum bank contains 5,340 serum samples from cattle, of which 524 are from TB-infected animals, and 3,737 samples from cervids, of which 92 are from confirmed TB-infected animals. Serum bank samples continue to be available to researchers and diagnostic companies for serologic test development. The serum bank has a sufficient amount of samples from uninfected animals, but states are encouraged to submit blood and tissue samples from potentially infected cattle and captive cervids.IDEXX? M. bovis Antibody Test Kit: The IDEXX? M. bovis Antibody Test Kit was approved for official TB program use in TB-affected cattle herds in FY2013. Guidance for the use of the test can be found in VS Guidance 6702.1 - The IDEXX Antibody (Ab) Test Serological Test for Diagnosing Bovine Tuberculosis (TB) in TB-Affected Cattle Herds. The serology test continues to be evaluated in affected herds, to determine if its use in conjunction with skin testing will reduce the risk of not detecting truly infected animals that are skin test negative. The test was used in TB affected herds in FY2015, as part of the test and remove herd management plan. As part of evaluations of the test, cattle were tested during depopulation of two TB-affected herds in FY2017; evaluation of results of this testing is pending.Gamma Interferon Testing for Bovine Tuberculosis: testing was suspended for general use in May 2017 due to noted overall inconsistency and low sensitivity in infected herds. There had been changes in stimulating PPDs in each of the previous two years, attempting to correct issues with test irregularities. The NVSL and Agricultural Research Service (ARS) researchers have been studying at two aspects of the test, the stimulating PPDs, and the ELISA gamma interferon detection systems. Four different PPDs are being evaluated for incorporation into a gamma test of the future. Different ELISA detection systems for gamma interferon have been and continue to be evaluated. Once these initial evaluations are complete, targeted for end of October 2017, focus will be on determining the best cutoff points for field use and relationship with sensitivity and specificity. In the past year and ongoing, U.S. infected dairies have been gamma interferon tested with different stimulating PPDs – and compared to comparative cervical test results. These field results will assist with cutoff determination on the sensitivity side. A field study of specificity will also be necessary, looking at TB-free herds to assure that the false positive rate of the gamma interferon test will be manageable for producers and regulatory officials. APHIS targets evaluations to be completed by end of year 2017, or early 2018. Then, NVSL will coordinate purchasing and distribution of gamma test components and will performance test outside laboratories. Target for return of the test for general use is March 2018. It is important for APHIS to release a test that will be reliable and consistent for years into the future.Selected State Updates:California: A TB-confirmed cow was slaughtered on June 28, 2017 at a California slaughter plant. DNA on the brucellosis vaccination tag matched the lesioned tissue. The entire group of cattle in the lot came from one dairy of approximately 4,200 milking cows. The herd was quarantined with permitting and surveillance of cull cows. Testing is planned in mid-October 2017 due to extreme heat in this desert area of California.New Mexico: A TB-confirmed cow was slaughtered on December 6, 2016 from a New Mexico dairy of about 5,000 milking cows. TB test in late January, early February 2017 disclosed 16 additional infected cows. A sister dairy of 4,500 milking cows was test negative. On second test in May 2017, 12 additional infected cows were found, and 44 infected calves. In the sister dairy, 58 infected calves were detected. There was evidence for transmission of infection to the sister via waste milk from the index dairy that was fed to calves from both dairies, before confirmation in the index dairy. Additional testing in the dairies is planned in fiscal year 2018 along with continuation of quarantines.South Dakota: There were three slaughter-cow cases from two plants in Nebraska in early February 2017. The whole genome sequence of the isolates were unique among genomic library at NVSL. These cows were traced back to two different feedlots and ultimately to one 640 head cow-calf operation in Northwest South Dakota. These cows had entered the feedlots in fall 2016. Source herd was depopulated in March and April 2017. Traces in FY2017 of exposed cattle from this herd involved 465 animals, 71 herds, 13 states (Arkansas, Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, New Mexico, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Wyoming), and about $455,000. Two additional infected cows were found in two different trace herds in South Dakota. These additional herds are under TB-affected test and removal plans.Indiana: One new infected beef herd in Franklin County of about 50 cattle was identified in December 2016 based on testing a ten-mile surveillance from an affected herd disclosed in 2015. Whole genome sequence of isolates were related to cervid TB from 2009. This latest herd is on a test and removal plan. A trace from this herd through an Indiana trader of roping cattle lead to finding an infected animal in a Michigan herd in March 2017. On May 9, 2017, a TB slaughter case in a Texas plant was found with a closely matching sequence. This case lead to a group of roping cattle in Arizona. Connection of roping cattle in Arizona with infection in Indiana is still under investigation.Michigan: Four new affected herds were identified in FY2017 described by the summary table listed below: StateCountyHerd TypeSizeDisclosed ByHerd PlanMIMontmorencyBeef175Annual testTest & removeMIAlpenaDairy300Annual testTest & removeMILakeBeef10Trace/epiDepopulationMIAlcona/AlpenaBeef40Annual testTest & removeBovine Leukemia Virus in the U.S.: Impact and Options for ControlPaul C. Bartlett, Vickie Ruggiero, Rebecca LaDronka, Oscar Benitex-Rojas, and Holden Hutchinson; Michigan State UniversityBovine Leukosis or Enzootic bovine leukemia is a disease of cattle caused by the retrovirus bovine leukemia virus (BLV). The (ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus invades blood lymphocytes and integrates into the DNA as a provirus. Most transmission is thought to occur from the integrated provirus inside B lymphocytes. Free RNA virus is fragile and probably does not last long in the environment.Newly infected cattle develop enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) antibodies within a few weeks, at which time internal spread via the free RNA virus seems to end and further proliferation is by the provirus as the lymphocytes multiply by mitosis. Older cattle are more likely to be positive because they have had a longer time to become exposed. About two-thirds of ELISA-positive cattle maintain low concentrations of lymphocytes and provirus in their blood. The other one-third of ELISA-positive cattle develop persistent lymphocytosis due to an accumulation of B lymphocytes, typically with a high proviral load (concentration of provirus per unit of blood or other fluid) and increasing immune disruption (Bartlett, 2015). Mammary epithelial cells, T-cells lymphocytes and maybe other types of cells may also be infected, but their importance in transmission is unknown.BLV prevalence: Cow-specific prevalence in U.S. dairy herds was herds < 10% in the 1970s and has since increased dramatically (Bartlett, 2015). The prevalence of BLV in the U.S. has now surpassed 40% of dairy cattle PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CYXJ0bGV0dDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTQ8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Ott, 2003). Our most recent national analysis of 40 cows in each of 103 dairy herds in 11 states is finding overall 42% BLV prevalence ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>LaDronka</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>78</RecNum><DisplayText>(LaDronka, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>78</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sxpr0f50s5r9t9eww9epw5d2xpzwawev9ad5">78</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Conference Proceedings">10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>LaDronka, Rebecca</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Impact of bovine leukemia virus on herd level production indicators on U.S. dairy farms.</title><secondary-title>97th Annual Meeting of the Conference of Research Workers in Animal Diseases</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2016</year></dates><pub-location>Chicago, IL</pub-location><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(LaDronka, 2016). In contrast to the U.S., at least 21 countries have eradicated BLV from all their cattle and more nations have national programs to control the disease. This was accomplished by testing for BLV antibodies and culling the antibody positive animals. Sometimes they separated (segregated) the positives as a temporary measure until culling was more economically feasible. Most countries began their control programs when their overall BLV prevalence was < 5% (CABI, 2017).Immunology: Recent research has shown that cattle infected with BLV have altered immune systems which probably accounts for their reduced milk production, shortened cow longevity and lymphoma (Frie, 2015 and 2016). An increase in lymphocytes is the most easily measured immunological impact of BLV and is often used as a marker of disease progression. Lymphocytosis (high blood lymphocyte counts) results from an accumulation of B cells in blood and lymphoid tissue PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5EZWJhY3E8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDAyPC9ZZWFyPjxS
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Cantor et al., 2001; Dequiedt et al., 1999; Florins et al., 2008). Advanced BLV infection has been characterized with significant decrease in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Tb3JkaWxsbzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjE5OTQ8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Sordillo, 1994), decreased proinflammatory cytokine secretion ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pyeon</Author><Year>1996</Year><RecNum>49</RecNum><DisplayText>(Pyeon et al., 1996)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>49</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sxpr0f50s5r9t9eww9epw5d2xpzwawev9ad5">49</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pyeon, D.</author><author>O'Reilly, K. L.</author><author>Splitter, G. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Animal Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Increased interleukin-10 mRNA expression in tumor-bearing or persistently lymphocytotic animals infected with bovine leukemia virus</title><secondary-title>J Virol</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of virology</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Virol</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of virology</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>J Virol</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of virology</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>5706-10</pages><volume>70</volume><number>8</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cattle</keyword><keyword>Enzootic Bovine Leukosis/blood/*immunology</keyword><keyword>Interleukin-10/*biosynthesis</keyword><keyword>*Leukemia Virus, Bovine</keyword><keyword>Leukocytes, Mononuclear/*immunology</keyword><keyword>RNA, Messenger/*biosynthesis</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1996</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0022-538X (Print)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Erskine, 2011a; Erskine, 2011b). We recently published descriptions of the impact of BLV infection on humoral and cell-mediated immunity PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GcmllPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNTwvWWVhcj48UmVj
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Frie and Coussens, 2015; Frie, 2016).Economic Impact: BLV costs are from tumors, lost milk production, shortened cow longevity, regulatory burdens and restrictions, loss of breeding stock and any costs spent for prevention and control. Animal welfare issues and public health concerns are also gaining attention and could negatively impact the industry. Lymphoma: USDA data indicates that malignant lymphoma accounts for 13.5% of beef cattle condemnations and 26.9% of dairy cattle condemnations at U.S. slaughter plants, making BLV the most common reason for condemnation in the U.S. (USDA-APHIS, 1999; White and Moore, 2009). left9525Figure 1. Association between herd prevalence of bovine leukemia virus and rolling herd average milk production (NAHMS USDA, 1997; Ott, 2003; Erskine, 2012; LaDronka, 2017)00Figure 1. Association between herd prevalence of bovine leukemia virus and rolling herd average milk production (NAHMS USDA, 1997; Ott, 2003; Erskine, 2012; LaDronka, 2017)49117251195265O.DNeg LowMedHigh00O.DNeg LowMedHigh176516210160Days post BLV ELISA testing00Days post BLV ELISA testingleft25731Figure 2: Days survival 3,849 dairy cattle in their herds (n=104) following BLV ELISA testing. Optical density was ≤ 0.25 (low), > 0.25 & ≤ 0.50 (med) and > 0.50 (high). Cows sold for dairy purposes were excluded.00Figure 2: Days survival 3,849 dairy cattle in their herds (n=104) following BLV ELISA testing. Optical density was ≤ 0.25 (low), > 0.25 & ≤ 0.50 (med) and > 0.50 (high). Cows sold for dairy purposes were excluded.Decreased Milk Production: The USDA’s National Animal Health Monitoring System ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>NAHMS</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>75</RecNum><DisplayText>(NAHMS, 1997)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>75</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sxpr0f50s5r9t9eww9epw5d2xpzwawev9ad5">75</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>USDA NAHMS </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>High Prevalence of Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV) in U.S. Dairy Herds</title><secondary-title>Veternary Services Info sheet</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Veternary Services Info sheet</full-title></periodical><dates><year>1997</year><pub-dates><date>January 1997</date></pub-dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(NAHMS, 1997) determined that 95 kg (209 lbs) of milk (per cow/year) were lost for each ten percent increase in BLV-infected cows within a herd ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ott</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>18</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ott et al., 2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>18</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sxpr0f50s5r9t9eww9epw5d2xpzwawev9ad5">18</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ott, S. L.</author><author>Johnson, R.</author><author>Wells, S. J.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>USDA, Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, Mail Stop 2E5, Fort Collins, CO 80526-8117, USA. stephen.l.ott@aphis.</auth-address><titles><title>Association between bovine-leukosis virus seroprevalence and herd-level productivity on US dairy farms</title><secondary-title>Prev Vet Med</secondary-title><alt-title>Preventive veterinary medicine</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Prev Vet Med</full-title><abbr-1>Preventive veterinary medicine</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Prev Vet Med</full-title><abbr-1>Preventive veterinary medicine</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>249-62</pages><volume>61</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Antibodies, Viral/analysis/blood</keyword><keyword>Cattle</keyword><keyword>Dairying/economics</keyword><keyword>Enzootic Bovine Leukosis/blood/*economics/*epidemiology/physiopathology/virology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Immunodiffusion/veterinary</keyword><keyword>Leukemia Virus, Bovine/*immunology/isolation & purification</keyword><keyword>Milk/*physiology</keyword><keyword>Seroepidemiologic Studies</keyword><keyword>United States/epidemiology</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><date>Dec 12</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0167-5877 (Print)
0167-5877 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>14623410</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Ott, 2003). Our study of Michigan dairy herds found nearly identical herd-level production losses ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Erskine</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>19</RecNum><DisplayText>(Erskine et al., 2012c)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>19</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sxpr0f50s5r9t9eww9epw5d2xpzwawev9ad5">19</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Erskine, R. J.</author><author>Bartlett, P. C.</author><author>Byrem, T. M.</author><author>Render, C. L.</author><author>Febvay, C.</author><author>Houseman, J. T.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Using a herd profile to determine age-specific prevalence of bovine leukemia virus in michigan dairy herds</title><secondary-title>Vet Med Int</secondary-title><alt-title>Veterinary medicine international</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Vet Med Int</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary medicine international</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Vet Med Int</full-title><abbr-1>Veterinary medicine international</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>350374</pages><volume>2012</volume><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>2042-0048 (Electronic)
2042-0048 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>22577607</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Erskine, 2012c) (Figure 1). Most recently our national study of 103 herds in 11 states found a 245 Kg (540 lb) loss in rolling herd average milk with each 10% increase in BLV prevalence (LaDronka, 2017).Using a two-level hierarchical model with lactation number included, and herd as a random effect, we showed that BLV-status of individual cows was significantly negatively associated with milk production PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ob3JieTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Erskine, 2012a, b, c; Pollari, 1992). To further complicate the issue, cattle with BLV may produce as much or more milk than their uninfected herd mates until the lactation in which their immune system is substantially altered, at which point they are quickly culled before their 305-day mature equivalent milk production is severely affected PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5FcnNraW5lPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMjwvWWVhcj48
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Erskine, 2012c; Pollari, 1992). Wu (1989) showed that BLV-infected cows with persistent lymphocytosis did not produce milk or fat according to predicted genetic values ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wu</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>26</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wu et al., 1989)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>26</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sxpr0f50s5r9t9eww9epw5d2xpzwawev9ad5">26</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wu, M. C.</author><author>Shanks, R. D.</author><author>Lewin, H. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.</auth-address><titles><title>Milk and fat production in dairy cattle influenced by advanced subclinical bovine leukemia virus infection</title><secondary-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</secondary-title><alt-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</full-title><abbr-1>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</full-title><abbr-1>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>993-6</pages><volume>86</volume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cattle</keyword><keyword>Cattle Diseases/*genetics/microbiology/physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Lactation</keyword><keyword>Leukemia/genetics/microbiology/physiopathology/*veterinary</keyword><keyword>Leukemia Virus, Bovine</keyword><keyword>Lipids/*biosynthesis</keyword><keyword>Milk/*secretion</keyword><keyword>Pregnancy</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1989</year><pub-dates><date>Feb</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0027-8424 (Print)
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Da, 1993; Pollari, 1993; Pollari, 1992; Thurmond, 1985; Trainin, 1996). Other impacts: We are currently collecting data in a prospective study (n=248 cows) to monitor disease rates in cows with persistent lymphocytosis and therefore presumed high PVL. The mastitis incidence was 27.3% in PL cows and 4.6% and 1.0% in BLV negative and BLV positive cows with normal lymphocyte counts, respectively PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Ob3JieTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Norby, 2016). Thus, the cows with persistent lymphocytosis were five times (RR=5.01; p=0.007) more likely to develop mastitis as compared to the other two groups. Although not significant (p=0.18), lameness was 2.6 times more likely to occur in cows with persistent lymphocytosis as compared to the other two groups. BLV has been unrecognized for a long time as a risk factor for poor cow longevity and low milk production. Until recently, there was no way to identify the most immune disrupted animals. There is strong confounding with age, and it appears that neither the milk production effects nor the cow longevity effects occur until the second or greater lactation. Like its related retrovirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/ acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) of humans and many other retroviral diseases, BLV’s impact likely occurs indirectly through a predisposition to many common diseases and conditions. Important genetic factors of resistance and susceptibility further confound the association between BLV infection and economic loss.Public Health: We are unaware of any epidemiologic evidence regarding adverse human health effects of BLV. Antibodies to BLV proteins are relatively common in people and BLV can be grown in human tissue culture cells (Buehring, 2014 and 2015). Two research teams have found conflicting evidence regarding whether genes of BLV origin are more often found in malignant or non-malignant human mammary cells obtained at biopsy (Buehring, 2014 and 2015; Giovanna, 2013). Clearly, further work is needed. Consumer perception of BLV infection is difficult to access because perception of a health issue can be quite separated from reality. Consumer reaction to BLV could seriously damage the sustainability of the U.S. dairy industry in a global market where many other nations have made BLV control a priority. Total Economic Impact: Our studies between 2009 and 2015 were used to estimate the total economic impact of BLV for one of our study herds with a BLV prevalence of 62%. We estimated a loss of about $380 per milking cow per year, largely from decreased milk production and reduced cow longevity. The analysis spreadsheet and discussion are available on our BLV website on the right sidebar section called “Impact of BLV”. Controlling BLV: The 21 nations that have eradicated BLV did so by culling infected cattle as evidenced by BLV antibodies. This approach is not economically possible for many U.S. herds where prevalence is high. We recently completed a field trial in three herds with prevalence < 5% in which all milking cows were tested with milk ELISA so that ELISA-positive cattle could be culled. We were able to eradicate the disease from the milking herd after two consecutive whole-herd tests. However, eventually incoming the infected young stock re-introduced the virus. A third herd on the trial never eradicated the disease from their milking herd because their heifers, raised out-of-state, entered the milking herd with a very high level of BLV infection. The lessons learned are that a fully closed herd is necessary, and that BLV must also be eradicated from the young stock. Nevertheless, culling the antibody positive animals has been successful in many other nations and there is reason to believe that this method of control would be successful in the U.S. if the prevalence can be reduced to a level at which culling the antibody positive cattle is economically feasible.Proviral Load (PVL) and Infectivity: PVL is a measure of the number of copies of provirus, typically reported per unit of blood, nasal secretion, semen, smegma, milk or other body fluid PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5KYXdvcnNraTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Jaworski, 2016; Yuan, 2015). In collaboration with our Japanese colleagues, we now routinely perform the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) CoCoMo PVL assay for several of our research projects PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5KaW1iYTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTA8L1llYXI+PFJl
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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Lairmore, 2014; Lee et al., 2004; Li et al., 2016). Field data supports the idea that most natural BLV transmission is from high PVL cattle. Juliarena (2016) found no transmission in the subsequent 20 months after 20 low PVL cows were introduced into a herd of 105 BLV ELISA-negative cattle. The same paper also notes that the minimum BLV infective dose from low PVL cattle would require the transfer of such a large volume of blood between animals that this would rarely happen. Tracking genetically distinct proviral clones based on genomic insertion sites, Mekata (2015) reported that low PVL cattle rarely transmit BLV. They reported that cattle infected with less than three copies /100 cells (i.e. low PVL) did not transmit BLV to other cattle for more than 30 months, and that all observed transmission was from cattle with high PVL. This laboratory and field evidence strongly supports our working hypothesis that PVL is positively associated with infectiousness. Advanced Animal Diagnostics is the maker of the QScout? system for on-farm determination of differential blood counts (ADD, 2017). The $18,000 portable machine provides a differential blood count for ~$5 per blood sample. It takes about 1.5 minutes to run each blood sample. We have found that blood lymphocyte count and PVL are correlated at r=0.77 (Figure 3) and our industry collaborators report a correlation of r = 0.88 (Takeshima, 2016). In the presence of a positive ELISA result and the absence of an infection that might be responsible for an elevated lymphocyte count, the lymphocyte count by itself without the PVL test might be a sufficient basis for a control program. However, less expensive scalable tests for infectiousness and/or PVL are being developed that could replace the laborious PVL test which we are now using for our research studies. Control of BLV through identification and removal of Super-shedders: It has been suggested that the ~ 1/3 of ELISA positives with high lymphocyte counts and high PVL (super-shedders) should be prioritized for culling or segregation in order to reduce within-herd transmission (Alvarez, 2013; Gutiérrez, 2015). This disease control strategy has been yielding promising results in our ongoing field trial. For this intervention study, all milking cows in three herds are being milk tested by BLV ELISA every six months, and then all ELISA-positive cows are blood tested for lymphocyte count and PVL. Animals with the highest lymphocyte count (LC) and PVL are prioritized for culling or temporary segregation until their culling is more economically feasible.The term Super Shedder is applied to animals that are at high risk of transmitting the virus to herd mates, but this term can be relative to the distribution of PVL values within a herd. For example, on our three pilot farms, every six months we provide producers with a list sorted in descending order of PVL combined with each cow’s lymphocyte count and ELISA OD. The producers then prioritize the cows at the top of the list for culling or at least segregation. At each semi-annual visit, the cattle at the top of the list had progressively lower values for LC and PVL. Therefore, in application, the term “super-shedder” is defined as the cows with the highest PVL and LC relative to herd mates. It appears that the presence in the herd of super-shedders may be the best critical control point for the many and varied routes of transmission.The results so far are shown in figure 4. Herd J that most aggressively culled high proviral load cows saw a reduction in prevalence from 64% to 30% within the first 1.5 year. Herd K reduced prevalence from 58% to 44%. Herd H is small (~16% of the cows in the study) with no ability to segregate infected cattle. There were only a few new cases in herd H’s milking herd, but an influx of infected heifers has prevented the overall herd prevalence from decreasing. The decrease in prevalence in the three herds together was significant at p < .0000001 by the extended Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test for trend. The final analysis will also evaluate the impact on the rate of new infections and will adjust for herd and lactation effects.Vaccination: The search for a BLV vaccine has been long and heretofore unsuccessful ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gutierrz</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>80</RecNum><DisplayText>(Gutierrz, 2015)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>80</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sxpr0f50s5r9t9eww9epw5d2xpzwawev9ad5">80</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Conference Paper">47</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gutierrz, G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An efficient vaccine against bovine leukemia virus</title><secondary-title>17th International Conference on Human Retroviruses: HTLV and Related Viruses</secondary-title></titles><volume>Volume 12 Supplement 1</volume><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>2015</date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location>Trois-Ilets, Martinique</pub-location><publisher>Retrovirology </publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Gutierrz, 2015). 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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA Miyasaka, 2013; Takeshima, 2007). However, some of these alleles appear to be associated with both susceptibility to persistent lymphocytosis and with high milk production potential (Da, 1993).Medical hygiene: Management interventions to control BLV may not always be successful due to the multiple routes of direct and indirect transmission. The role of hypodermic needles and obstetrical sleeves in transmission is being investigated. Pre-trial anecdotal evidence was not encouraging in that several herds reported no reduced BLV prevalence after adopting single-use needles and sleeves. For our trial, ELISA-negative cows in three herds were randomly assigned to a control group (n=244) to share needles and sleeves with their ELISA-positive herdmates, or they were clearly tagged as members of the intervention group (n=262) to always receive single-use needles and sleeves. The rate of new infections was slightly higher in the intervention group, although the results were not statistically significant ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ruggiero</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>73</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ruggiero, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>73</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sxpr0f50s5r9t9eww9epw5d2xpzwawev9ad5">73</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Conference Proceedings">10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ruggiero, Vickie</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Paul Bartlett</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Bovine Leukemia Virus in Dairy Cattle: Dairy Field Trials and Test Correlations. </title><secondary-title>MSU Annual BLV Research Meeting</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 19, 2016</date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location>Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI.</pub-location><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ruggiero, 2017). We concluded that other routes of transmission must be more common on these particular farms. Nevertheless, medical hygiene is still important as veterinarians need to be “above reproach” to assure that they are not responsible for any disease transmission. In addition, our two extension participatory field trials of 77 herds found no management interventions to be statistically significant in reducing BLV prevalence after one year ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Durst</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>74</RecNum><DisplayText>(Durst, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>74</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="sxpr0f50s5r9t9eww9epw5d2xpzwawev9ad5">74</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Conference Proceedings">10</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Durst, Phil</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Paul Bartlett</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Bovine Leukemia Virus Extension Projects 2015 & 201</title><secondary-title>MSU Annual BLV Research Meeting</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2016</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 19, 2016</date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location>Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI.</pub-location><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Durst, 2016). While extension agents, educators and dairy specialists are educating producers about the recently realized economic impact of BLV in reducing milk production and cow longevity, they currently have little to recommend when the herd’s prevalence is so high that culling all antibody-positive cattle would be economically impossible.-1752603227705Figure 3: The correlation between proviral load and blood lymphocyte count was 0.77. , Takeshima (2016) showed a correlation of 0.88 based on 610 samples.00Figure 3: The correlation between proviral load and blood lymphocyte count was 0.77. , Takeshima (2016) showed a correlation of 0.88 based on 610 samples.left26035Figure 4: Pilot test of BLV intervention study to reduce BLV prevalence through culling and segregating ELISA-positive cattle with the highest lymphocyte counts and high proviral loads. 00Figure 4: Pilot test of BLV intervention study to reduce BLV prevalence through culling and segregating ELISA-positive cattle with the highest lymphocyte counts and high proviral loads. The BLV Herd Profile: Producers should consider conducting a BLV Herd Profile as a first step to determine their BLV status. A milk or serum BLV Herd Profile tests the ten most recently calved cows from each of four lactation groups (1, 2, 3 and ≥4). The BLV Profile is independent of the age distribution of the herd, so comparisons can be fairly made among herds and over time within the same herd. The BLV Herd Profile is almost perfectly correlated (r=.99) with the prevalence you would obtain by testing every cow in the herd (Erskine, 2012). The ten most recently-fresh first lactation cows usually represent transmission that occurred before entering the milking herd and can help focus management interventions accordingly. See for more information.Beef Cattle: Other than causing lymphoma tumors, it is unknown what other economic impacts may occur in beef cattle. We have tested 3,325 blood samples from cows on 28 beef cow-calf herds in Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa and Montana. Forty percent were BLV ELISA positive. In 2018 we will do a survival analysis to measure any association between ELISA results and survival in the breeding cow-calf herds (Benitez-Rojas, 2017). During beef bull breeding soundness examinations, we ran the BLV-ELISA test on 121 bulls from 39 herds and found that 45% of the bulls were ELISA positive. Proviral DNA was identified in the smegma of 7.4% (4/54) of the BLV ELISA-seropositive bulls (Benitez-Rojas, 2017). What should USAHA do about BLV? Recent recognition of the multiple and previously hidden economic impacts of BLV warrants a reconsideration of our dairy industry’s decision from the 1960’s that BLV did not need to be controlled. However, a U.S. national control program for BLV seems unlikely at this time. In our 2016 survey of 103 producers, only ten percent thought that BLV was a significant problem (LaDronka, unpublished data). USDA is unlikely to undertake a national control program without significant industry support. Our high U.S. prevalence makes the culling of ELISA positives too costly of an undertaking for herds with high prevalence. Nations that eradicated BLV were generally started when their prevalence was low (CABI, 2017). Three large studies found that BLV-negative dairy herds exist in areas where most neighboring herds are infected (NAHMS USDA, 1997; Ott, 2003; Erskine, 2012; LaDronka, 2017). Therefore, it appears that closed herds that have eradicated BLV should be able to remain free of the disease if they practice reasonable biosecurity measures. Perhaps the best role for the USAHA at this time would be to help certify BLV-free herds as a way of encouraging individual producers to eradicate this disease from their herds.Most BLV certification programs have used periodic antibody testing to show that BLV has been eradicated, and thereafter require periodic re-testing to document that BLV has not been reintroduced. Bulk tank ELISA testing has been useful in this regard. A USAHA BLV-free certification program was described in "Standards for Certification of Cattle Herds as Bovine Leukosis Virus Free" published by the Bovine Retrovirus Committee of the United States Animal Health Association (Miller and Lyle, 1998). This was a voluntary certification program that required producers to use an accredited veterinarian to collect and submit laboratory specimens for analysis at a laboratory approved by USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). 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Veterinary microbiology 83, 235-248.USDA-APHIS (1999). Bovine Leukosis Virus (BLV) in U.S. Beef Cattle. Veteranry Services Info Sheet.White, T.L., and Moore, D.A. (2009). Reasons for whole carcass condemnations of cattle in the United States and implications for producer education and veterinary intervention. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 235, 937-941.Wu, M.C., Shanks, R.D., and Lewin, H.A. (1989). Milk and fat production in dairy cattle influenced by advanced subclinical bovine leukemia virus infection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 86, 993-996.Yang, Y., Fan, W., Mao, Y., Yang, Z., Lu, G., Zhang, R., Zhang, H., Szeto, C., and Wang, C. (2016a). Bovine leukemia virus infection in cattle of China: Association with reduced milk production and increased somatic cell score. Journal of dairy science 99, 3688-3697.Yuan, Y., Kitamura-Muramatsu, Y., Saito, S., Ishizaki, H., Nakano, M., Haga, S., Matoba, K., Ohno, A., Murakami, H., Takeshima, S.N., et al. (2015). Detection of the BLV provirus from nasal secretion and saliva samples using BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR-2: Comparison with blood samples from the same cattle. Virus research 210, 248-254.Overview of the Upcoming NAHMS 2017 Beef Cow-calf StudyChuck Fossler, USDA-APHIS-VS-CEAHThe USDA’s National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) launched its Beef Cow-Calf 2017 study in early October 2017. This will be the fourth national study of U.S. beef cow-calf operations. This study will take an in-depth look at U.S. beef cow-calf operations and provide new and valuable information regarding animal health and management practices in the U.S. beef cow-calf industry. Approximately 4,000 beef cow-calf producers from 24 States will be asked to participate in the study, which will take an in-depth look at priority issues facing U.S. beef cow-calf operations. The Beef Cow-Calf study is designed to provide individual participants and stakeholders with valuable information on this segment of the U.S. beef industry. The objectives of the study are as follows:Describe trends in beef cow–calf health and management practices regarding cow health and longevity, calf health, reproductive efficiency, selection methods for herd improvement, and biosecurity practices.Describe management practices and producer beliefs related to animal welfare, emergency preparedness, environmental stewardship, record-keeping, and animal identification practices.Describe antimicrobial-use practices (stewardship) and determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of potential food-safety pathogens such as Salmonella.Participation in all NAHMS studies is voluntary. If producers are selected to participate in Beef Cow-Calf 2017 and decide to do so, representatives from USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) will administer an in-person questionnaire. If producers are eligible and choose to continue in the study, USDA veterinarians or animal health technicians (AHTs) will administer another in-person questionnaire and offer additional testing. NASS will administer questionnaires from October through November 2017, and USDA veterinarians or AHTs will administer questionnaires and collect biologic samples from January through April 2018.For producers who complete both questionnaires, incentives include free nutrient analysis of a forage sample as well as free testing of their entire spring calf crop for persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus.NAHMS was established to collect accurate and valuable information on animal health and management in the United States. Since its creation, NAHMS has developed national estimates on disease prevalence and other factors related to the health of U.S. dairy cattle, swine, beef cattle, equids, bison, captive cervids, goats, poultry, and aquaculture. The science-based results produced by NAHMS have proven to be of considerable value to U.S. livestock, poultry, and aquaculture industries, as well as other animal health stakeholders. NAHMS studies are national in scope, science based, statistically valid, collaborative, voluntary, and anonymous.Because NAHMS studies rely on voluntary participation, the privacy of every participant is protected. Only those collecting the data know the identity of respondents. No name or contact information will be associated with individual data, and no data will be reported in a way that could reveal the identity of a participant. Data are presented only in an aggregate manner. ................
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