Step One—Read the Chapter and Take Notes As You Go



Step One—Read the Chapter and Take Notes As You Go This outline reflects the major headings and subheadings in this chapter of your textbook. Use it to take notes as you read each section of the chapter. In your notes, try to restate the main idea of each section.Chapter 2: First Civilizations: Cities, States, and Unequal Societies (3500 b.c.e.–500 b.c.e.)I. Something New: The Emergence of CivilizationsA. Introducing the First Civilizations1. Sumer, Egypt, & Nubia, 3500–3000 b.c.e.2. Norte Chico, 3000–1800 b.c.e.3. Indus Valley and Oxus, 2200 B.C.E–1700 b.c.e.4. Xia, Shang, & Zhou, 2200–771 b.c.e.5. Olmec, 1200 b.c.e.B. The Question of Origins1. Roots in Agricultural Revolution2. Growing population density, competition, and subordinationC. An Urban Revolution1. Uruk, Mohenjo Daro, Harappa, & Teotihuacán2. Centers of politics, administration, culture, and economics3. Impersonal and unequalII. The Erosion of EqualityA. Hierarchies of Class1. Inequalities of wealth, status, & power2. Impact of urbanization3. Elite privileges4. Wealth producers5. SlavesB. Hierarchies of Gender1. Sex versus gender2. Patriarchal ideal versus reality3. Farm labor, warfare, and propertyC. Patriarchy in Practice1. Law and female sexuality2. Respectable and non-respectable women3. Decline of the goddessesIII. The Rise of the StateA. Coercion and Consent1. The need for organization2. Monopoly on the legitimate use of violence3. Religion and political powerB. Writing and Accounting1. Literacy and social status2. Tracking wealth and propertyC. The Grandeur of Kings1. Lifestyles of the rich and famous2. Death styles of the eliteIV. Comparing Mesopotamia and Egypt A. Environment and Culture1. Different rivers2. Pessimistic Mesopotamia & Optimistic Egypt3. Soil healthB. Cities and States1. Violent and unstable city-states2. Security, stability, and political longevityC. Interaction and Exchange1. Long-distance trade2. Cultural influences3. Migrations, rivalries, and diplomacyV. Reflections: “Civilization”: What’s in a Word?A. Debate on terminologyB. Ambiguous views of civilizationC. Are civilizations solid? ................
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