Syllabus for Korea’s Cultural History



Syllabus for “Korean History & Culture”Hanyang University International Winter School Dec 26th 2016 ~ Jan 5th 2017 9am-3pmProf. David A. MasonTourism Department, Sejong University, Seoulmtnwolf@ 010-9734-9753 san-Course Objectives The objective of this course will be to make beginning-level students become familiar with the general themes and most interesting aspects of Korea's cultural history, from its origins until the present day. Emphasis will be placed on the cultural arts and customs that are most visible and fascinating to foreign visitors, and most useful to know. The lectures will be practical and vivid, and therefore memorable for the students. Textbook InformationProfessor’s Handouts will be the main text used. A few relevant academic articles and Professor’s Handouts will be the main texts used, as posted on the website, and exams will be slightly based on them (but mainly the lectures). Students have the option of reading “Korea: a Religious History” by Dr. James Huntley Grayson, Korean Buddhism by the Jogye Order, the Samguk-yusa in translation, or others. Students should read the assigned handout material before the lecture, and come prepared to ask questions and engage in active discussion. Assessment CriteriaThis course will be graded based on:90% all Exams 10% Attendance Record and Professor’s assessment of student participationExams will include both factual knowledge and short essay questions. They are not cumulative. The professor will present much information during his lectures that is not covered in the reading, and this material will be included on the exam – therefore, students should take careful notes during the lectures, and ask for clarification of anything not understood. Topics of Each Lecture:01 Mon 12/26 Introductions, and Opening Themes of Korea’s Cultural History Origins of Korean Culture in Myths, Legends and History02 Tues 12/26 Early Korean Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms First “Golden Age” of Korean Culture in Late 3 Kingdoms03 Wed 12/26 First “Golden Age” of Korean Culture under Unified Shilla04 Thurs 12/26 The Long Decline of Shilla, and Introduction of Seon05 Fri 12/26 The Rise of Goryeo’s Buddhist Culture – the Cheongja Era The Tragic Goryeo Decline 06 Mon 1/02 The Rise of the New Joseon Order – Neo-Confucianism 07 Tues 1/03 The Peak of the New Joseon Order – Third Golden Age Middle of Joseon Dynasty – Philosophical Responses to Wars08 Wed 1/04 The Late Joseon Dynasty, and its Tragic End09 Thurs 1/05 Korea's Cultural Changes in the 20th Century10 Fri 12/26 Final Discussion of Korea in the Early 21st Century, and Final Exam 01 Mon 12/26 Introductions, and Opening Themes of Korea’s Cultural History Origins of Korean Culture in Myths, Legends and HistoryIntroductions of Students and ProfessorHistorical and Religious Themes of Korea, and Scholarship of its HistoryGeographical setting of Korea and its influence on cultureRomanization of Han-geulBasic points of Bronze-Age ShamanismBasic points of Chinese Confucianism and DaoismBasic points of Buddhism India China; Bronze-Age Pre-History (Manchuria and Peninsula); formation of identity and ShamanismKing Dan-gun and Foundation Myths of the Three Kingdoms; Samguk-yusaThe continuing influence of this story on contemporary Korean cultureSanshin Mountain-spiritsContinuation of Shamanism02 Tues 12/26 Early Korean Buddhism in the Three Kingdoms First “Golden Age” of Korean Culture in Late 3 KingdomsFormation of the Sam-han, and Lolang Commandery 108 BC under Emperor Han Wu-ti.Introduction of Chinese Iron-Age Culture, Kingship and Buddhism by missionaries and trade; Mason’s “one package theory”4th Cen Chinese Buddhism – its state-oriented and protective-guardian character – Hoguk Bulgyo Inwang-gyeong “Benevolent King Sutra”The Three Kingdoms ???? 三國時代 early conditions and cultural formation of Goguryeo ??? 高句麗 (north) Baekje ??百濟 (SW) Shilla ?? 新羅 (SE)Stele of Goguryeo King Gwanggaeto was erected near his tomb in 414 by his son King Jangsu, in what is today the city of Ji'an along the Yalu River. Granite, ~7 meters tall, ~4 meters wide, 1802 Classical Chinese characters. Major primary source extant for the history of Goguryeo.magic, healing, faith & rituals Missionaries – Ado HwasangResistance / acceptance issues – story of King Beobheung and Yi Cha-donGrey unglazed stoneware pottery remains as Shilla’s shamanist ceramic style.Korean monks went to north China and India to study under the greatest MastersGreat Master-Monk Won-gwang 圓光法士 (to Ch 589, return 599, traveled through Sui) 5 Principles of Hwarang-do: (demonstrates “one package” theory)Loyalty to king, parents & friends; fight w/o retreat; kill only when necessary and then with compassionHwangryong-sa built by King Jinpyeong in 558 palace temple for WongwangKoreanization of Buddhism; Daoism, Confucianism and Shamanism blended inEarly transmission of culture to Japan – royalty, Hyecho tutors crown prince @600Sui attack Goguryeo 612-16, repulsed by General Eulji Mundeok ???? 乙支文德Queens Seondeok (r.632-47) and Jindeok (r.647-54) poem-letter to Tang EmpGreat Master-Monk Jajang-yulsa (?? ?? 慈藏律師 590-658) young genius, but rejected office. went to China 636, returned 643established Vinaya / yul – rules of Monastic Orderestablished Royal Office of Buddhism, registration of Monks and TemplesWutai-san – met Munsu-bosal – relics – Odae-san – Korea as Holy-Land relics in Diamond Altar at Tongdo-sa and four other temples in north-east SKgave Buddhist names to mountains along East Coast built Jeokmyeol-bogung temples and other templessaid he found “Mother of Munsu-bosal” on Munsu-bong Peak of holy Taebaek-sanadvised building of great 71-meter Pagoda at Hwangryong-sa ??? 皇龍寺“Unification of Korea” 663~677 created by General Kim Yu-shin ??? 金庾信 under Great Kings Taejong Muryeol ?? ??? 太宗 武烈王 (r.654-61) and Munmu ???? 文武大王 (r.661-681)China & Shilla defeat Goguryeo & Baekje in 680s, Chinese occupy Baekje but are driven outcalled the Unified Shilla Dynasty Tong-il Shilla ?? ?? 統一新羅 (668 CE - 935 CE)the Balhae Kingdom in former Goguryeo territory lasts 699-926.03 Wed 12/26 First “Golden Age” of Korean Culture under Unified ShillaMaster-Monk Uisang-josa (?? 義湘 625-702) introduces the Hwa-eom-jong (華嚴; Huáyán; Jp: Kegon; Skt:Avatamsaka, Flower Garland Sutra, centered on Biro-bul) after study with Huayan master Zhiyan 智儼, friends with Fazang 法藏). He wrote the mandala-like Haein-do (Ocean Seal diagram'), and founded up to 70 great temples.Story of Myo-hwa Dragon-Girl and building of Buseok-sa (Floating-Rock Temple)Master-Monk Wonhyo-daesa (?? 元曉 617-686) self-enlightened, independentGenius scholar, wrote Sastras, founded Haedong Sect, Harmonization of Sutras, shared love of Hwaeom with his doban Uisang; contributed to Seon/Zen theory.Spread Amita-bul cult (Pure Land Buddhism) to common people; UnorthodoxSex-scandal with princess Seol Chong?? 薛聰 and Idu writing, Shilla ConfucianismAttributed with founding 66 temples that still exist.Goguryeo Master Bodeok studied Daoism, rejected, fled to Baekje due to its riseGyeongju at its peak, flowering of all arts. Nam-san and other sites.Sinification, but Bone-Rank castes -- no social mobility, belief in bloodlinesBulguk-sa??? 佛國寺 and Seokgur-am??? 石窟庵 750-775built by poor boy Prime Minister Kim Dae-seong ??? 金大城 700-774Emille Bell story 04 Thurs 12/26 The Long Decline of Shilla, and Introduction of SeonIntroduction of Seon (Ch’an or Chán 禪 or 禅or Zen) Buddhism in China by Bodhidharma 菩提達摩, Pútídámó or Dámó. K: Dalma-josa FL. 520 CE (early 6th Cen)at Solim-sa or Shaolin Monastery 少林寺 Shàolínsì at Sōng Shān 嵩山 in Henan 4776th Patriarch Dajian Huineng (慧能 Huìnéng 638–713) Korean: Yukjo Hyeneung -seonsaPlatform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch (六祖壇經) Southern Chan Sect (頓教) Sudden EnlightenmentLegend says that his skull was buried under Main Hall of Ssanggye-sa by founders; now in stone pagodaBeomnang studied under 4th Patriarch, in 640 under Queen Seondeok Shinheung-sa 新興寺 was founded as “first meditation temple” in 652 by Jajang-yulsa800s Seon gets rooted in Korea – the 9 Mountain sects: Gusan-Seonmun 九山禅門Spontaneity, individualism, instant / complete enlightenment, meditation instead of doctrine/scriptures/statues.Tea茶 cha / da Korean tea grown 828 at Jiri-san Ssanggye-sa ??? ??? 智異山 雙磎寺Late Shilla Confucianism develops institutions – Gukhak and Mun-myoChoi Chi-won ??? 崔致遠 (857-?) Pen-name Go-un??孤雲 or Hae-un ?? 海雲genius, official career in China, returned to save his nation Shilla, in 894 submitted his "Ten Urgent Points of Reform" simu sipyeojo (????? 時務十餘條) to Queen Jinseong (887-897), but his advice ignored. Wandered as Daoist to Jiri-san, Busan, etc, wrote histories for temples, architect, named Haeun-dae Beach; became Shinseon at peak of Gaya-san above Haein-sa.Rebellions by aristocrats, then farmers, then Later Baekje and Later Goguryeo05 Fri 12/26 The Rise of Goryeo’s Buddhist Culture – the Cheongja Era The Tragic Goryeo Decline Taejo Wang Geon (b.877, r.918-43) and his relation to Haein-sa & other TemplesDoseon-guksa ( 827-98) Korea’s Pungsu-jiri Geomancy (Feng Shui / fēngshuǐ 風水)and first concept of Baekdu-daegan theory, left advice for Goryeo Dynasty, Taejo WG followed.Gaeseong capital City, flowering of State-led Buddhist Culture, Guksa?? 國師 & WangsaCheongja blue-green Celadon pottery, giant paintings; stone mireuk statuesPalgwan-hoe Festivals huge wealthy temples, ceremonies, golden buddhasTiantai (天台宗 T'ien T'ai) Cheontae in Korea Tendai in Japan. Great Chinese Bud Sect that systematizes all of the Sutras under Lotus Sutra 妙法蓮華經 Korean: Myobeom-nyeonhwa-gyeongFounder: Zhiyi (智顗, Chih-I, 538–597) in the late 500s, at Tiantai-shan 天台山in Zhejiang Province. Korean monk Payak had studied Tiantai under its greatest master in 600sChegwan-daesa (d.970) bought Tiantai or Cheontae Buddhism back to ChinaUnification of Korean Buddhism was attempted using Cheontae by Uicheon Daegak-guksa (?? 義天 ???? 大覺國師 1055-1101) Prince toured China collecting books, built royal libraryUnification of Korean Buddhism was accomplished by Jinul Bojo-guksa (1158-1210) created Jogye Order???at Songgwang-sa??? 松廣寺 which is at Korea’s Jogye-san (named after China’s Caoqi-shan / Caoxi-shan 曹溪山, Huineng’s mtn). It is mainly Seon, but includes others.Mongol conquest (1231-59) and rule (1260-1350)Korea’s worldly but enslaved condition; royalty slowly becomes mongolMongols attacked Japan with Korean labor and wood-shipbuilding from Jeju Nov 1274 and Aug 1281 (kamikaze, 4000 ships lost)population reduction, debauchery of everythingwood & metal printing innovations. Buncheong-ware pottery.Tripitaka Koreana / Palman-daejang-gyeong ???? ??? 高麗八萬大藏經carved on Ganghwa-do 1236-51 (moved to Haein-sa 1399) 81,000 blocks! 52mil words! The 3 Jewels Temples: Tongdo-sa (B), Haein-sa (D), Songgwang-sa (S) only in Korea!Sambo-Sachal06 Mon 1/02 The Rise of the New Joseon Order – Neo-Confucianism Han Yu 韓愈 around 800 in Tang, makes protest against Buddhism. Suppression of Buddhism in 845 Chu Hsi (Zhū Xī 朱熹1130-1200) created Neo-Confucianism 理學 Lǐxué / 道學 Dàoxué from the Four Classic Books and the teachings of the Five Sages of the 1000-1100s.Four Books: 四書 Sì Shū: Great Learning大學 Dàxué, Doctrine of the Mean中庸 Zhōngyōng, Analects of Confucius論語 or 论语 Lúnyǔ, and Mencius孟子 Mèngzǐ Introduction to K of Seong-i-hak Neo-Confucianism by An Hyang (1243-1306) Established the Seonggyun-gwan Univ. The Sosu-seowon was built for him by ToegyeTaejo ??太祖Yi Seong-gye ???李成桂(1335-1408) coup, Ming Relations, meaning of JoseonJeong Mong-ju (1337-92), Jeong Do-jeon (1342-98) were leading Neo-Confucianistsand Geomancer-Monk Jacho Muhak-daesa (1327-1405); Hanyang (Seoul) becomes capital.Early Joseon (1390–1591) society and politics, the rise of the Yangban clans; Neo-Confucian doctrine & Culture established with radical social changes (strict patriarchy, clan-lineages, primogeniture and etc); King Taejong (r.1400-1418) oppressed the seoja and Buddhism07 Tues 1/03 The Peak of the New Joseon Order – Third Golden Age Middle of Joseon Dynasty – Philosophical Responses to WarsKing Sejong –daewang???? 世宗大王 (r.1418-50) – Han-geul, science, good-GovKing Sejo (r.1455-68) / (killed Danjong) – became devout Buddhist, made system of LawsKing constrained by advisors – Wangdo ideals – Sarim-pa radicals got influence, but then were purged – Jo Gwang-jo (1482-1519). Factionalism!Toegye Yi Hwang?? 退溪 (1501-70) Korea’s greatest philosopherOrthodox, followed Chu Hsi exactly. Made 10 Diagrams of Sage Learningrival with Yulgok Yi I ???? 栗谷李珥 (1536-84) – his mother Shin Saimdang ???? 申師任堂 (1504-1551) artist, Eojin Eomeoni "Wise Mother"Baekja white w/blue porcelain pottery, Chinese-style paintings & arts by Yangban aristocratsHanok Hanbok HanshikHeo Jun (??, 許浚, 1546 – 1615) Doctor who adapted Chinese herbal & etc medicine to Korean plants & conditions, wrote Dongui bogam the key text of Traditional Korean medicine.Influence spread to China and Japan as one of the classics of Oriental medicine, still today.Worked for royal family but also treated common people, used han-geul. Exiled to southwest.1592–1630: invasions by Japan & Manchus, destruction & theft of Arts.Imjin War ???? 壬辰倭亂 suddenly invasion by Hideyoshi, lasts 1592-98.defence by local groups & Buddhist monks; Masters Seosan 西山大師 & Samyeong-dang 四溟堂 leads to Namhan-Sanseong 9 templesNaval victories by Chungmu-gong Yi Sun-shin ??? 忠武公 Martial Loyalty Lord ??? 李舜臣 Non-gae ?? 論介 and the Cult of Loyalty. She killed a famous Japanese General (but who?) in 1593 at the Uiam ?? 義巖, "righteousness rock" of Jinju. Family rewarded and Shrines built.Assistance from Ming China 1593 and 1598. Gratitude for that. But then submission to the Manchus by 1630.1630–1850: conservative “hermit kingdom” under philosophy of U-am Song Shi-yeol ????? 尤庵 宋時烈 (1607–1689) – strict Neo-Confucianism enforced, devotion to the MingOppression and Decline, but Endurance, of both Shamanism and BuddhismExile / Gosan Yun Seon-do孤山尹善道 (1587-1671) lived on Bogil-do. Sijo Poetry ( haiku)08 Wed 1/04 The Late Joseon Dynasty, and its Tragic EndChunhyang 春香 Story, mother was gisaeng; romance with Yi Mong-ryong, Amhaeng-eosa暗行御史Shilhak – Practical Learning – “Dasan” Jeong Yak-yong ?? 茶山 ??? 丁若鏞 (1762-1836)progress of arts; Construction of Suwon Hwaseong Castle by King Jeongjo / Dasan 1794-6Choui-seonsa revived Han-guk Chado tradition, wrote book, friends with him and ChusaCatholicism intro and Persecutions late 1700s through 1800s. Great killing 1866, French1850–1910: first Western contacts, introduction of Protestant ChristianityAll nations struggle for Korea; King Gojong and Queen Min / Minbi / MyeongseongAttempted reforms fail. the Donghak Rebellion fails 1894, leading to Cheondo-gyo ???Japan defeats China in 1895, and Queen Min was MurderedChristian Missionaries try to assist and inspire – but mostly in futilityJapan defeats Russia in 1905. USA just stands by.the “Great Revival” starts in Pyeongyang 1907, spreads nationwide“Independence” & “Empire” declared 1897, then Japanese Colonial Occupation from 191009 Thurs 1/05 Korea's Cultural Changes in the 20th CenturyJapanese Colonial Occupation from 1910 to 1945early modern nationalism led by American Christian influence, Cheondo-gyo and BuddhistsReactions to loss of sovereignty varied. Some cooperate, collaborate, others resistAftermath of WW-I (USpresident Wilson) & Gojong’s funeral ==> 1919 March First Movement (Sam-il-jeol)the 1920s Cultural Nationalism under Japanese Colonial Occupation. Japanese-style ‘householder’ Buddhism imposed, but rejected after the 1950sSteady growth of Protestant Christianity. Repression in the 1930s, then WW-II.Cultural effects of Liberation and Division 1945-49, RoK established 1948 by the UN,and then the Korean War 1950-53.Great Masters of 20th-Century Korean Buddhism:Gyeong-heo and his disciple MangongBeophuiMan-hae Han Yong-eunHyo-bongGu-sanCheong-damSeong-cheol Seung-sahn all of them revived traditions of Korean Buddhism, or modernized it, and/or internationalized it – creating foreign centers and monks for the first timeTemple-Stay Program created 2002 for the World CupSeoul vs. Pyeongyang; North Korea’s pseudo-communist cultish dictatorship;Kim Il-sung’s Juche ideology and destruction of traditional culture in the North American-style culture influences the SouthRadical social changes and the cultural changes that have accompanied them; ROK military dictatorship and resistance to itrelations with America, Japan & the world. Vietnam War sparks Industrialization.South Korea's new generations and social changesthe strong growth of Protestant Christianitythe revival of Korean Buddhismthe endurance of Korean Confucianism and Shamanism – and the New Cultsthe 1988 Seoul OlympicsNorth Korea fails at attempts to open up under Kim Jong-il, despite pressures, leading to ongoing famine and nuclear weapons crisisSK splitting away from the USA and the new cultural nationalism; the 2002 World CupRevived relationships with China and JapanCultural aspects of Kim & Roh’s Sunshine Policy towards North KoreaRevival of Conservatives, even as society keeps becoming more LiberalImportant ROK Presidents:1948-1960 Syngman Rhee / Yi / I / Lee Seung-man1961-1979 Park Chung Hee / Bak Jeong-hui1980-1987 Chun Doo Hwan / Jeon Duhwan1988-1992 Roh Tae Woo / No Tae-u1993-1997 Kim Young Sam / Gim Yeong-sam1998-2002 Kim Dae Jung / Gim Dae-jung2003-2007 Roh Moo Hyun / No Mu-hyeon 2008-2012 Lee Myung Bak / I Myeong-bak2013-2017 Park Geun Hye / Bak Geun-hye10 Fri 12/26 Final Discussion of Korea in the Early 21st Century, and Final ExamProspects of Korea’s cultural futureGaecheon-jeol [Opening Heaven Day], Gojoseon [Ancient Joseon Kingdom] and Dan-gun [Altar King] the “Founder of Korea”The Korean Myth of National Origin, First Story in the Samguk-YusaHwanin ?? 桓因, the King of Heaven or Jeseok, was asked by Hwanung, one of his younger sons or a son by a secondary wife (a junior Prince), to send him down to earth to govern his own land. Hwanin surveyed the mountains of the earth and chose Mount Taebaek-san ??? 太伯山as the best site, Opened Heaven (gaecheon) and sent down his son To Benefit Humanity (hongik-ingan). Hwanung descended with three heavenly seals or treasures and 3000 followers, to a sacred sandalwood tree on the peak of Taebaek-san. Here he established a sacred city (Shinshi ?? 神市 spirit-city). He marshaled the noble spirits of Wind, Rain and Clouds as his Ministers. A government was established with 360 departments to rule with laws and moral codes about agriculture, grain-storage, hunting, fishing, sickness and medicine, education, the arts, family-life, determination of good and evil, and etc.A bear and a tiger both came to Holy Hwanung and prayed (begged) to become human beings. The Heavenly Prince decided to give them a chance, and gave them a bundle of mugwort and twenty bulbs of garlic and told them that if they ate only these sacred food and stayed in the cave (out of the sunlight) for one hundred days that they would become human. The tiger shortly gave up in impatient hunger and left the cave. The bear remained and after 21 days was transformed into a woman.The bear-woman (Ungnyeo; ??; 熊女) was very grateful and made offerings to Hwanung at the stone altar by the sacred tree on the peak. She had no husband, however, and prayed for a son. Hwanung was moved by her prayers to transform himself as a human man, and mated with her. Nine months later she gave birth to a son, who was named Dan-gun Wanggeom ?? ?? 檀君王儉. (the original character 壇 “altar” changed to the similar 檀 “sandalwood” with same pronunciation dan, more Buddhist meaning)Dan-gun founded the first Korean kingdom, with its capital at what is now Pyeongyang and then moved to Asadal, probably at Mt. Guwol-san in Hwanghae Province, and named it Joseon (Choson) “Human-Land” “Morning Fresh” – in the 50th year of the reign of the Emperor Yao (China’s mythical sage-emperor ). We now call this legendary kingdom “Gojoseon” – go- means “old”, “ancient” or “former”.1,500 years later, in the year 1122 BCE, Founding-King Wu / Wen of the Zhou Dynasty (Zhōu Cháo Wuwang 周朝武王) enfeoffed Jizi* to Joseon (bringing iron-age culture). King Dangun moved his capital again, but then returned to Asadal and abdicated his throne, hiding himself in the mountains, becoming an immortal San-shin (Mountain-spirit) at the age of 1,908.*Jizi (箕子 ji1 zi3, Gija ?? in Korean, “Viscount of Ji”, was a semi-legendary Chinese sage who is said to have ruled Korea in the 12th century BC. His family name was Zi (子) and given name was Xuyu (胥餘). Since the title of Viscount of Ji was bestowed on him, he is usually called Jizi. He may have been a prince or noble of the corrupt Shang Dynasty, who helped King Wu overthrow it. Wu then sent him to conquer Korea?Buddhas and Bodhisattvas in Korean BuddhismFive Great Buddhas:Sanskrit(English)Korean(romanized)ChineseIdentityFunctionSectSakyamuniSeokka-bul orSeokkamoni-bul喬達摩 悉達多, or 瞿曇 悉達多Original,Historical(5th Cen BCE)All,espSeonAmithabha, AmitaAmita-bul阿彌陀佛, ?mítuó FóCompassion,Western Paradise,or “the Pure Land”Pure LandVairocanaBiro-bul orBirojana-bul毘盧遮那佛 Dàrì Rúlái or PiluzhenafoUniversal BuddhaInfinite Cosmic LightSource of BuddhahoodHwaeom(Huayen)Bhaisajya-guruYaksa-yeoraeor Yaksa-bul藥師佛Yàoshīfó“Master of Healing” or Medicine Buddhageneral(folk)MaitreyaMireuk-bulMireuk-bosal彌勒菩薩 Mílè PúsaBuddha of Future Salvation (in this world). Actually a bodhisattva who will be next Buddha, bring PlentyFamous for BenevolenceMireukCults(folk)Four Principal Bodhisattvas: (K: bosal Ch: 菩萨 or 菩薩 púsà)Sanskrit(English)Korean(romanized)ChineseChineseHomeKoreanHomeIdentityFunctionManjusriMunsu-bosal文殊Wen ShuWǔtái-shān五台山(in Shānxī)Odae-san???五台山+ Jiri-san,GeumgangWisdom keen awarenessDiamond SutraSamanta-bhadra Bohyeon-bosal普賢Pu Xian?méi Shān峨眉山(in Sìchuān)Myohyang-san (NK)???benevolent actionpractice of meditationAvalokitesvara Gwanse-eum-bosalor Gwaneum?????觀音GuanYinblended with Ma-tzuPǔtuó Shān 普陀山(island off Zhèjiāng)33 on coastsNaksanBori-amBusanGanghwaCompassion "Hearer of Cries"shown with bottle, feminine / beautiful108 vows, 108 arms, 11 headsassociated with Yong-wang Dragon-Kingspecial devotion by women and fishersrocky coastal areasKsitigarbha Jijang-bosal????地藏Di ZangJiǔhuá-shān九華山九华山(in ?nhuī)in mostTemplesJeon-nam Daewon-saSalvation / relief from suffering in Hellmain figure of funeral servicessmooth green “hair”, staff with ringsspecial “Judgment Hall” in every temple, with Ten Kings of HellArhant(16 of them)Nahan ?? or Arahan ???Related toShin-seon羅漢 Luóhànor 阿羅漢 āluóhàn or 真人 zhēnrén (Daoist Immortal)Disciple of Sakyamuni Buddhaspiritual practitioner who hasattained full enlightenment,has magical & spiritual powersGeneral Eulji Mundeok destroys Sui Army and retains Korea’s IndependenceThis is a poem originally written by General Eulji Mundeok ???? of the Goguryeo Kingdom to an Army Commander of China's Sui Dynasty in 612. The Sui Emperor Yangdi (son of Sui Wen-ti the Great) had invaded Goguryeo with an army over a million members strong, maybe the largest in history by that point. After defending fortresses against the Sui army and navy for several months, Gen. Eulji misled the Sui's army across the Yalu River with guerilla tactics, even to chase them across the Salsu River (in North Korea), too far from their supply centers.After Sui's soldiers crossed the river, Gen. Eulji moved all soldiers, food and crops into the Pyeongyang Fortress and poisoned all wells outside the fortress. When Sui's army was running out of food and water, and many soldiers were falling sick, General Eulji sent this poem to Sui's general Yu Zhongwen, calling for him to retreat. The poem reads as follows: Hangul Hanja English ????? 神策究天文 Your divine plans have plumbed the heavens; ????? 妙算窮地理 Your subtle reckoning has spanned the earth; ????? 戰勝功旣高 You win every battle, your military merit is great;????? 知足願云止 Why then not stop the war and be content…?Or:Heaven knows how marvelous you are in your strategy,Earth knows how shrewd you are in your calculation,Your fame already knows no bounds in this war,Isn’t it time to know satisfaction in your efforts…?While belatedly retreating back across the Salsu, Sui's troops were greeted by an ambush (flooded river) and suffered massive casualties, which led to an overall campaign loss of all but 2,700 out of the remaining 305,000 Sui soldiers. Only they made it back to the Great Wall.Goguryeo forces, although outnumbered, overwhelmed the Sui troops and emerged victorious. Mighty Sui collapsed in bankruptcy in 617. ................
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