Political Science 120



Political Science 120 Pt. IV

Ball, pgs. 206-215

Tannenbaum, pgs. 264-270, PT19-15

FASCISM IN ITALY

True or False Questions

1. Benito Mussolini was an opportunist with no coherent ideological position. True or False

2. Mussolini, initially a socialist, eventually concluded that Marx was wrong when the latter argued that socialists have no fatherland, that people identify more strongly with classes and not the nation in which they live. True or False

3. After World War I, the fascists felt slighted arguing that Italy had not received its fair share of the spoils, playing on the resentments of a country that had been newly formed for about half a century. True or False

4. For the fascist, Mussolini proclaimed, everything is in the State, and nothing human or spiritual exists, much less has value, outside the State. True or False

5. Freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, freedom to live as one chooses, these are all worthwhile liberties, according to the fascists. True or False

6. The fascists believed that the masses must be indoctrinated through a variety of demonstrations and displays with the understanding that leaders are not necessary since the people are one. True or False

7. When Germany surrendered at the end of World War I, many Germans erroneously believed that it was traitorous politicians who had betrayed the nation. True or False

8. Neither Hitler nor Mussolini had much interest in economic matters just as long as each thought that their country was producing enough weapons and other war materials. True or False

9. Hitler was indeed a socialist, believing that property belonged and must be owned by the state. True or False

10. During the Nazi era, ownership of Germany’s largest corporations remained in private hands. True or False

11. The Nazi government outlawed abortion for Aryan women, making it a crime punishable by death. True or False

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What was the most important source of power for Mussolini? a) economic power, b) military power, c) political power, d) will power,

2. What caused Mussolini to break with socialism during World War I? a) The Socialist Party of Italy stopped funding the newspaper where he worked, b) Italian socialist members had kidnapped and brutally beat him for one of his articles, c) Mussolini supported entering the war against the wishes of the local socialists creating a rift, d) He was accused of being a spy for the local authorities and was blacklisted.

3. The Fascist Party that Mussolini helped create always espoused a program of: a) nationalism, b) revolution, c) conservatism, d) socialism.

4. The word fascism derives from the Italian fasciare, which means: a) to organize and mobilize, b) to fasten or bind, c) to evoke the gods of the past, d) to awaken or to stimulate.

5. Il Duce refers to: a) the leader, b) the traitor, c) the mechanic, d) the uniter.

6. How did Mussolini come to power in 1922? a) he received the majority of the votes in a national election, b) he initiated a violent coup to unseat the previously elected government, c) the Italian king invited Mussolini to a form a government as the new prime minister, d) he bribed his way to the top by giving large sums of money to both political opponents and supporters.

7. According to the Italian fascist, how was the glory of the state to be achieved? a) by providing support to the less fortunate to assure a stronger bound, b) through spiritual reawakening and isolation, c) through military conquest, d) through group identity.

8. In the fascist state, corporativism refers to: a) only the leader has the right to direct the people and no one else, b) property was to remain in private hands even as it was put to public use, c) property was to be publicly owned and controlled by the government, d) the major media outlets would serve the interests of the party.

9. Lebensraum refers to: a) organized religion, b) social integration, c) cooptation, d) living space.

10. Who were the two groups that Hitler most despised and cited in Mein Kampf ? a) Jews and Communists, b) shopkeepers and derelicts, c) homosexuals and Catholics, d) government leaders and newspapers editors.

11. What is the key distinction between Nazism and Fascism? a) state run capitalism, b) hostility toward Communists, c) hatred of the Church, d) racism.

Fill-in Questions

1. Once in office, Mussolini moved to entrench himself and his Fascist Party in power by doing the following:

a) he ignored the Italian ___________,

b) _________ all parties but the Fascist Party,

c) struck a compromise with the _________ _______,

d) gained control of the _____ ______, and stifled freedom of _______.

e) he also set out to make Italy a _________ and industrial power so that it would again be the center of a great empire.

2. What are the similarities between Italian fascism and German Nazism?

a) There was the same hatred of ___________ and communism;

b) the same attitude toward the _______,

c) who were to be molded to the will of the great _______ through propaganda and indoctrination;

d) the same reliance on an ________ conception of society;

e) the same appeal to _________ might and the need for discipline and sacrifice;

the same stress on manliness and masculinity;

f) the same emphasis on ____________; and the same totalitarian spirit.

Method: From Hegel to Marx

Tannenbaum, pgs. 264-270

True/False Questions

1. The reason for the individual obeying the state, argues Hegel, is to find meaning in life since the state is superior to anything any individual might want. True or False

2. Tannenbaum argues that Marx has uncovered the real truth that economics has priority over everything else in every society in history, including its politics and the resulting class struggles. True or False

3. Marx and Engels believe that in the last stage of class struggle, it will be the bourgeoisie that emancipates the proletariat from exploitation and oppression. True or False

4. It is possible for the bourgeoisie and the proletariat to not be enemies only if government steps in and removes their class antagonism, argues Marx. True or False

5. For Marx, people do not simply choose whatever ideas or form of government they like; rather, these are defined for them by their economic class system. True or False

6. Marx believes that a ruling class can be displaced only when it becomes economically obsolete due to changes in technology. True or False

7. The stages in the past that ended with the fall of one ruling class replacing another will continue to happen even after capitalism is abolished, argues Marx, because this is the nature of human progress. True or False

8. Marx’s prehistory does not resemble the crude state of nature of Hobbes, Locke, or Rousseau that began with isolated individuals, while for Marx the earliest period centered on the tribe, which made all decisions collectively. True or False

9. During the Middle Ages, whatever the setting, Marx argues that government was the means ruling lords used to control their subject serfs. True or False

10. Like the slaves before them, serfs where constrained and controlled with no freedom to maneuver and legally bond to the lord argues Marx. True or False

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to Hegel, why does the subjective family initially unite with the objective institutions of civil society? a) to stay alive and promote personal economic goals, b) to establish social relations and alternative intimate partners, c) to achieve individual salvation and independence, d) to secure happiness and eliminate enemies.

2. What does war mean for Hegel? a) it is an aberration detracting from true freedom, b) it infuses in the individual a fear of death, c) it is the antithesis of the collective, d) it is the primary means for progress.

3. According to Marx, in each historical period, the authority of the ruling class stems from its: a) political role, b) economic role, c) social role, d) cultural role.

4. Marx defines the following as a set of values, beliefs, and attitudes that justifies existing class relations: a) ideology, b) purposeful incentives, c) dialectical materialism, d) self interest.

5. For Marx, human nature is rooted in: a) the accumulation of property, b) the need for government, c) the creation of class divisions, d) being cooperative and unselfish.

6. With the development of agriculture and tool making began a class-based division of labor and creation of a system of private property that produced an artificial poverty whereby some suffered and others flourished (Marx): a) prehistory, b) precapitalism, c) post-modernization, d) historical evolution.

7. What was the spearhead that helped end feudalism? a) local lords, b) the church, c) urban merchants, d) the monarchs.

Fill-in Questions

1. What changes does Marx introduce to Hegel’s philosophical arguments?

a) Marx substitutes material forces, and he replaces Hegel’s nation-state as the vehicle for history with _________ ___________, or classes.

b) Therefore, once people understand class motives and class relationships they can grasp the purpose and direction of a ________ that progresses by dialectical _________ and resolution.

c) This in turn enables them to engage in praxis, or practice, by studying actual conditions and taking ______________ action to achieve _______.

2. Why does Marx refer to religion as the opium of the people?

a) Religion serves rulers as a _________ way to control any resulting ______-______ protest,

b) justifying exploitation by picturing a _________ reward to make people ____________ to human suffering, and

c) warding off the search for alternatives to earthly __________.

Answers

True or False Questions, Ball, pgs. 206-215

1. False

3. True

5. False

7. True

9. False

11. True

Multiple Choice Questions

1. d

3. a

5. a

7. c

9. d

11. d

Fill-in Questions

1. a) Parliament, b) outlawed, c) Catholic Church, d) mass media, speech, e) military

True or False Questions, Tannenbaum, pgs. 264-270

1. True

3. False

5. True

7. False

9. True

Multiple Choice Questions

1. a

3. b

5. d

7. c

Fill-in Questions

1. a)economic categories, b) history, conflict, c) revolutionary, change

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