Stanski Social Studies Site



Social Studies 30-2: ReviewIdeology as the foundation of IdentityIndividualismCollectivismRule of lawPrivate propertyIndividual rights and freedomsSelf-interestCompetitionEconomic freedomCommon goodCollective responsibilityCollective interestCooperationEconomic equalityCollective normsPublic propertyThe Conventional Left-Right SpectrumLeftCentreRightFull government ownership of the means of productionExtensive government regulationExtensive redistribution of incomeNo government ownership of the means of productionNo government regulationNo redistribution of incomeLiberal Political IdeologiesClassical LiberalismModern LiberalismLate 17th centuryIndividuals rights and freedoms exercised in self-interestHumans are reasonable and rationalEconomic freedom equals private ownership and free marketsCivil liberties protectedConstitutional limitations on governmentLabour standards and support for unionsUniversal suffrageWelfare stateProtection of human rightsfeminismComparison Of Ideological AuthorsCollectivismIndividualismKarl MarxRobert OwenJ. J. RousseauJohn Maynard KeynesJohn Stuart MillJohn LockeAdam SmithDesire for ChangeRadical (want degree of change; may support the use of violence)Liberal (want some change; are interested in progress)Moderate (are open to changes, if necessary)Conservative (want to keep things the way they are)Reactionary (would change things back to what they were)From Classical to Modern LiberalismClassical LiberalismEffectsModern Liberalisminvolves no government intervention in the economy (hands-off)proposes that the only function of government is to protect individuals’ natural rights to life, liberty, and propertyemphasizes economic liberalism and promotes the freedom of risk takers, such as business ownersallowed people the freedom to innovate and increase productioncontributed to the development of great wealth for somecontributed to the wealth gap between people who were rich and those who were poorcontributed to the development of ideologies that opposed capitalism, such as communism and fascism, and led to the development of a new (modern) liberalismcontributed to the Depression of the 1930’sinvolves significant government intervention at times (hands-on)proposes that people’s rights should be included as part of the political and economic systems in a society, including that all individuals should be valued equallyProposes the development of government programs to help disadvantaged individuals and eliminate the causes of poverty, crime and abusePromotes sharing the benefits of economic development and having some consideration for the environmentExamples: Adam Smith’s “invisible hand,” capitalism, free-market systems, laissez-faire policiesExamples: new businesses, innovations and technology, the success of the “nouveau riche” (e.g., business owners and merchants), the rise in child labour, the extreme poverty of the working classExamples: the creation of public education, welfare, public housing, unions, rights movements, civil rights legislation, labour standards and labour laws, protection of the environmentDegree of government intervention to ensure the well-being of individualsHigh (society, through the state, is responsible for everyone’s well-being)Low (Individuals are responsible for their own well-being)communismDemocratic socialismModern liberalismClassical liberalismBasic Tenants of Liberalism:The human being is a rational and self-interestedLiberty is necessary for humans to progressHumans rationally choose to form societies and follow lawsResources should be awarded according to talent and effort; humans will naturally compete to attain these rewardsGovernment should be limited, and should not intrude into moral arenasThe free market best allows humans to compete and progress; this free market applies not only to economics, but also to ideasLeft-Right SpectrumSocialismLiberalismConservatismThe Ideology of Liberalism:Addresses questions of economic, social and political liberty. Addresses all issues excluding questions of personal moralityArgues that the role of government should be limited to the purpose of protecting life, liberty and the property of individuals. Divisions within liberalism largely revolve around the interpretation of liberty: classical liberals believe that liberty refers to absence from coercion, whereas reform (modern) liberals argue that liberty requires the ability to act. These different interpretations lead to different roles for governmentLiberalism has enjoyed intellectual and political support for over three centuries. Classical liberalism dominated the ideological landscape of the nineteenth century, while reform (modern) liberalism has structures debate in the twentieth centuryHumans are rational, egocentric individualists, Government and law should be designed to draw on these traits and maximize the potential of individuals, while at the same time advancing the interests of society as a whole. Progress and evolution are the goals of society.Issues are seen as they affect personal liberties. Policies should be designed to minimize the infringement upon economic (free market) and social liberties; such policies will in turn naturally advance the welfare of society as a whole. The focus is on individual rights and social progress, rather than society as a whole. The focus is on individual rights and social progress, rather than upon issues of morality. Rights ensure that individuals are protected against both a positive government and the rampant, competitive individualism of their fellow citizens.Formal writers on liberalism: Isaiah Berlin, Thomas Jefferson, F. A. Hayek, john Locke, John Stuart Mill, Adam SmithLiberal Economic TheoriesClassical LiberalismModern LiberalismLaissez-faire (non-interventionist, free market)Principles of Adam SmithUnstable markets High levels of urban povertyInequalities in wealthDegree of government interventionPrinciples of John Maynard KeynesGreater economic stabilityUses monetary and fiscal policyEquality ContinuumEquality of resultEquality of opportunityEquality of rightInequality of right (hierarchy)Libertarian: total freedom from governmentNeoliberalModern liberalIndividualistSmall stateLarge stateLiberalism on the Map of Ideological Space:Classical LiberalCollectivistBasic Tenets of Conservatism:Human rationality is limited and humankind cannot be perfectedSociety is an organic whole, with independent partsLiberty can be submerged for the sake of orderThere are natural inequalities among individuals and thus inequality and hierarchy are acceptedChange should occur gradually and naturallyAn objective moral order takes precedence over public-private distinctionsPolitical power should be fragmented, rather than centralizedRate-of-Change ContinuumRadical“liberal”Moderate“conservative”reactionaryimmediate changerapid changeGradual changeMaintain status quoReturn to previous orderThe Ideology of Conservatism:Addresses all issues, including questions of moralityConservatism holds that there exists an objective moral order that should be upheld by government and society. Given man’s fallible logic and susceptibility to whim, the maintenance of traditional social institutions is vital for the continuation of society. Divides within conservatism largely revolve around the role of government in the economy, and the use of government to provide social welfare.Conservatism has enjoyed intellectual and political support for over two centuriesHuman rationality is limited. Government and law should recognize these limitations and acknowledge the latent wisdom in tradition. Conservatism seeks to preserve “what is ours,” and thus varies between societies. Society is an organic whole, with natural inequalities among individuals. The interdependence of society requires that programs be regarded in a broad context, that their impact on society as well as on the individual be considered.Issues are seen as they affect the society as a whole. Caution is emphasized; change should occur gradually and naturally, rather than being forced on society by government programs. Both citizens and government have duties to each other. Order and authority ensures that liberty does not progress to the point where it undermines the collective good.Formal Writers on Conservatism: Edmunde Burke, Richard Weaver, Russell Kirk, Michael OakeshottCanadian Political SpectrumLeftRightNDPLiberalsProgressive ConservativesIndividualist ConservativeNeoconservativeClassical ConservativeIndividualistCollectivistSmall stateLarge stateConservatism on the Ideological Landscape:Common Economic viewsCommon Social views, WorldviewIndividualist Conservatism:ClassicalLiberalismIndividualistConservatismClassicalConservatismBasic Tenets of Socialism:Socialists have an optimistic view of human nature, one that often blends into utopian visionsSocialists believe that human nature is malleable, and that social and economic institutions can be engineered so as to enable people to live cooperative and community-oriented livesSocialists believe that private property should be restricted, if not eliminated; at the very least, the principle means of production should be publically, rather than privately, ownedSocialists suggest an organic view of society, and reject the unbridled individualism of liberalism in favour of greater order and social responsibility; this supports, in turn, a belief in the virtues of a planned economySocialists place great emphasis on political and economic equality, and argue that the former is contingent upon some reasonable measure of the latterSocialists believe in positive liberty, or the freedom to act; this entails both state intervention and the assumption that true liberty can only be realized within a community contextThe Ideology of Socialism:Addresses virtually all political issues, although only some forms of socialism embrace private morality. Strong focus on economic issues. Socialism has been brought into play around the world.Argues that human nature is malleable; a positively constructed socio-economic system creates a positive human. Restructuring the economy is the key to establishing a positive system.Socialism has been an important ideology for over 150 years.Humans have the potential to live cooperatively and equally; economic and political systems should be structured to encourage communalism and equality. Society is an organic whole; the exploitation and misery of one undermines the whole.The free market should be replaced (at least partially) by a state-run and centrally planned economy. Private property should be restricted and class divisions reduced or eliminated. Social democrats seek to achieve these ends democratically, whereas communists believe that the existing capitalist system can be overthrown by force.Formal writers on Socialism: Engels, Lenin, Marx, Saint-Simon, Charles Fournier, Robert Owen, T. H. Green, G. D. H. Cole, Harold LaskiSocialism on the Ideological Landscape:IndividualistLarge stateSmall stateSocial DemocratCommunistCollectivistPrograms commonly associated to a Welfare State:Publically funder pre-school programsOld age pensionsElementary and secondary educationPost-secondary educationMedicareSocial welfare (or social assistance)Environmental protectionUnemployment insuranceBasic tenets of Feminism:Women can be considered a social class due to shared biology and natureAll women are oppressed in society due to their sexThis common oppression enables women to regard themselves as a social class, and binds them together in “sisterhood”Not all women recognize their oppressionSexual oppression can be found in many power relations in societyBasic Tenets of Fascism:Humanity divides naturally into national societies based on a common language, religion, culture or ethnicity and united in the pursuit of spiritual endsThe state is an organic entity that is prior to and wholly superior to the individual; as a consequence, there is no legitimate boundary between the private and the public worldsGenerations are linked through the state, and in this way fascism addresses the mortality concerns of individualsDuty is the road to freedom, and provides the cornerstone value of the fascist stateStrong leadership is essential if the state is to rise above the narrow self-interest of individuals and groupsThe economy should be organized along corporatist lines which transcend the economic interests of classes, employers and individualsThe ideology of Fascism:Fascism is totalitarian in scope, denying completely the separation between the personal and the political. Although primarily a European phenomenon, pockets of fascism have emerged in most industrial nationsIn Fascism, the state is constitutive of the individual; as such, the goals and needs of the state take primacy over those of the individual. In return, the state provides security, order and a purpose for the individual. In Nazism, race is the constitutive elementFascism and Nazism are twentieth century phenomenon, currently relegated to the fringes of most political spectrums. Nevertheless, as the twenty-first century approaches, no industrialized nation is entirely without a fascist movement of some kindFascism is an extreme form of organicism which claims that human individuals are components in a unique society that comprises the past, the present and future generations. As such, duty is the primary normative valueSince the fascist state is a totalitarian and ethical entity, the economy must be organized according to the needs of the state. The state subsumes and transcends class and individual interests in a corporatist economyFormal writer on Fascism: Mussolini/Formal writer on Nazism: Adolf HitlerKey Questions and Responses:Political Liberalism: “To what extent are the principles of political liberalism viable?”Locke, Montesquieu and MillClassical Political LiberalismIndividual Rights and FreedomsRational Decisions to Better the Individual and societyLaws done by the will of the majority – good of the peopleModern Political LiberalismCannot be free if subject to discrimination, therefore government intervention is necessaryDemocracy: Theory and PracticeIndirect vs. direct democracy vs. consensusVoting: mandatory voting, voter competency testVoting systems: single member plurality, proportional representation, first past the post, regional representation, representation by populationParty disciplinePressure, lobby, special interest groupsTyranny of the majorityRejection of Liberalism: Nazi GermanyFive techniques of dictatorships: propaganda, indoctrination, use of force/terror, direction of popular discontent, controlled participationGoebbels, book burning, children’s books, Triumph of the Will, Hitler Youth, Gestapo, Night of the Long Knives, Nuremburg Laws, Crystal Night, anti-SemitismIndividual and Collective Rights and Freedoms/Civil LibertiesFreedom of Religion: spiritual healingHi-jab issuesFreedom of Speech: existence of extremist groups, hate crimes, holocaust deniers, US speech law vs. Canadian speech lawCrisis situations: War Measures Act, FLQ Crisis, SARS PandemicUS Bill of Rights, Canadian Charter, Quebec CharterEconomic Liberalism: “To what extent are the principles of economic liberalism viable?Adam SmithClassical Economic LiberalismIndividual rights and freedomsRational decisions for the benefit of the individual and societyPrivate property and free marketsModern Economic LiberalismIf an individual is denied basic needs, you cannot be free; therefore governments need to intervene economically. Positive rights like the right to healthcare ensure equality of outcome.Laissez Faire Capitalism and the Free Market evolving into Welfare CapitalismIndustrial Revolution and the factory actsRise of Utopian Socialists (Fourier, Owen)Marxism and socialism emergeMixed EconomiesLabour standards and unions, welfare state, debt and poverty, environmental and resource use concerns, universal health care/socialized medicine, social programs, progressive vs. flat taxation, Keynes and current economic recession, monetarism and neo-conservatismTextbook Review:Key Terms:BeliefssuffrageFeminismPovertyPopular consentNationGender rolePoverty lineFreedomsValuesCommunismLiberation movementsCharter of Rights and WorldviewIndividualismUniversal healthcareCultureCollectivismCo-operationGovernment interventionIdeologyCollective interestCapitalismDemocratic socialismCrown corporationsCommunismSocial contractLabour standards and unionsSocialismPublic propertyCrown landDistribution of wealthEconomic equalityCollective willCollectivismCollective responsibilityAbsolute monarchyLiberal democracyLiberalismHuman interdependenceSupply and demandClass systemMercantilismAdherence to collective normsClassical liberalismCapitalismMonopolyIdeological spectrumLimited government Modern liberalismRule of lawHaudenosaunee ConfederacyCost of livingWelfare stateRobber baronsLaissez-faire capitalismVoting rightsStandard of livingFactory ActsAboriginal HealingCaptains of industryIndustrializationHuman rightsAboriginal RightsFeminismEqual opportunityReligionEnfranchisementIndustrial RevolutionCommon goodMediaAboriginal collective thoughtBourgeoisieProletariatTruman DoctrineReligious perspectivesUtopian socialismSocialismDeterrenceLabrador Inuit Land ClaimsEconomic EqualityMarxismDétenteAboriginal self-governmentCCFCommunismMADCivil disobedienceSocial programsCollectivismGreat DepressionAuthoritarian political systemsSalt IIdeological conflictCollective securityRepresentative democracySphere of influenceExpansionismMarshall PlanRepresentation by populationPro-democracyNon-alignmentSecond World WarProportional representationmovementsBerlin WallWMDConsensus decision makingWarsaw PactNATOContainmentMinority governmentPing-Pong DiplomacyCold WarBrinkmanshipMajority governmentAssimilationSalt II PotlatchParliamentary DemocracyTreaty rightsImpositionFoundationConstitutional MonarchyIndian ActLand holdingImpositionMinority governmentEnvironmentalismAgreementAlternative thoughtMajority governmentFirst past the postExtremismSharia LawNon-partisanParty solidarityInterest groupsFree VoteAnti-terrorism ActReferendumPlebisciteWill of the peopleJapanese InternmentElections CanadaDirect democracyParty solidarityUkrainian InternmentTerrorismRacial profilingEmergencies ActSecurity CertificatesWar Measures ActUSA Patriot ActEmergencies ActRacismUniversal Declaration of Human RightsCanadian Charter of Rights and FreedomsConstitution Act (1867 and 1982)Quebec Charter of Human Rights and FreedomsPandemicsCensorshipAbject PovertyAltruismPeople you need to know:Thomas HobbesJean-Jacques RousseauJohn LockeRonald ReaganIgor GouzenkoMikhail GorbachevLech WalesaFidel CastroJohn F. KennedyQueen Noor al HusseinCharles De GaulleThe DoukhoborsAdam SmithJohn Maynard KeynesRobert OwenCharles FourierKarl MarxVladimir LeninJoseph StalinAdolf HitlerBenito MussoliniKhrushchevFriedrich EngelsThomas HobbesMontesquieuVoltaireJohn Stuart MillMargaret ThatcherText Overview:Part I: Identity and IdeologyCollectivism, Individualism and worldviewsUnderstanding Ideologies: key characteristics, principle thinkers (Locke, Rousseau, Mill)The emergence of individualism in Europe (Middle Ages to Enlightenment)Political roots of liberalism (French Revolution, Magna Carta, Voltaire)Economic expressions of liberalism (mercantilism, capitalism, private property)Social roots of liberalism (right to education, capital punishment)Political expressions of collectivism (collective interest, collective responsibility, legal systems, north Korea)Economic roots of collectivism (economic equality, public property, crown corporations, ownership of natural resources, co-operatives)Social expressions of collectivism (co-operation, collective norms)Part II: Challenges to LiberalismThe Haudenosaunee Confederacy (Great Law of Peace, influence on western constitutions)Liberal ideas on economic systems (Adam Smith, capitalism)Liberal ideas on political systems (Mill, rule of law, beginning of modern liberalism)Results created by classical liberalism (laissez-faire capitalism, income gap, cost of living, robber barons, working class, child labour)Response to classical liberalism (labour standards, unions, factory acts, increasing rights, government intervention, welfare state, early feminism, Winnipeg General Strike)Origins of socialism (Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, Karl Marx)Socialism as response to classical liberalism (self-interest vs. collective interest, economic equality vs. economic freedom, co-operation vs. competition)Early democratic socialism (Great Depression and CCF, Socialism in Quebec, Parti Quebecois)Rejections of liberalism (communism, Leninism, Stalinism, Fascism)Fascism (social Darwinism, Treaty of Versailles, economic instability, Hitler the dictator, Stalin’s Five-Year plans)Competing Ideologies (Yalta, Potsdam, expansionism, containment, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO and Warsaw Pact, diplomacy – ping pong diplomacy, prestige war, espionage, deterrence, brinksmanship – Cuban Missile Crisis, Proxy Wars – Korean War/Vietnam War/Soviet war in Afghanistan, liberation movements – Hungarian Revolution/Czechoslovakia/Poland/East Germany, Détente treaties – nuclear)Imposition of liberalism (Aboriginal treaties in Canada, assimilation, Indian Act, Métis)Promotion of liberalism for national interest (use of force, economic reasons) Promotion of liberalism for humanitarian reasons Evaluation of liberalism (Rwanda, Indonesia, Haiti)Challenges to liberalism from other ways of thinking (aboriginal rights and self-government, the doukhobors, religious rights, environmentalism as a collective)Justifying challenges to liberalism (Iraq War, civil disobedience – civil rights, red army faction)Part III: The Viability of LiberalismVoting and the electoral process (direct and representative democracies, representation by population, first past the post, proportional representation, party politics, free vote, accountabilityReferendums and plebiscites (Charlottetown Accord)Consensus Decision MakingInterest GroupsProtests and RiotsMaking decisions for the common good (1917 Conscription Crisis in Quebec, deportation of war resisters)Public Safety and Security Acts (War Measures Act, Emergencies Act, Anti-terrorism Act, Authoritarian political systems)Understanding economic equality (Mahatma Gandhi)Economies and liberalism (command economy – egalitarianism and Cuba, free market economy – equality of opportunity, affirmative action, mixed economy – redistribution of income and wealth, economic stability, government intervention, Sweden’ approach, Canada’s approach, social safety net)Liberal democracy in Canada (governor General, structure of Parliament, Senate, Canadian political traditions)Individual and collective rights in Canada (Charter of Rights and Freedoms, economic rights in Quebec, Multiculturalism Act, Aboriginal Rights, collective rights of language groups, Inuit Rights)Limiting Individual Rights in liberal democracies (War Measures Act, Emergencies Act, responding to terrorism, USA Patriot Act, racial profiling, racism)Challenges to liberalism (poverty and debt, environment and resources – Arctic, Internet and censorship, health crisis)The “Decades”: Chronological Analysis of Ideological Events ................
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