Mr. Potter's Website - Home



6511925-483235#100#1Unit 1: Meiosis and GeneticsLT 1.1 I can explain the process and purpose of Meiosis and can contrast it with Mitosis. Yes I can:Can you explain when, where and why our body goes through Meiosis? Can you describe at least three differences between mitosis and meiosis?LT 1.2 I can look at an organism’s genotype and determine its phenotype, including complete and incomplete dominance, polygenic traits, and sex-linked traits. Yes I can:Can you define the terms genotype and phenotype and how you would determine each? Can you describe complete dominance, co-dominance and incomplete dominance and give an example for each?Can you describe polygenic and sex-linked traits and give an example for each?LT 1.3 I can identify different reasons for variation in offspring (meiosis, crossing over, mutations) and can identify problems with nondisjunction. Yes I can:Can you explain why all the cells made in meiosis are different from one another? Can you describe how mutations and crossing over add variation to gametes?Can you identify and explain the problems with nondisjunction?LT 1.4 I can use Punnett squares to predict reproductive outcomes for complete, incomplete, co-, and sex-linked dominant traits. Yes I can:Can you describe how to setup and use a Punnett square? Can you interpret the result of a Punnett square for complete, incomplete, co- and sex-linked dominant traits?LT 1.5 I can use Pedigrees to interpret reproductive outcomes for complete, incomplete, co-, and sex-linked dominant traits. Yes I can:Can you read and setup a pedigree? Can you interpret the results of a pedigree for complete, incomplete, co- and sex-linked dominant traits??LT 1.6 I can identify the pros and cons of manipulating genes through cloning, artificial selection, and genetic engineering. Yes I can:Can you describe the process of cloning? Can you explain how artificial selection is different from genetic engineering?Can you identify the pros and cons for each?right-436162#200#2Blood and Genetics 101LT 1.2 I can look at an organism’s genotype and determine its phenotype, including complete and incomplete dominance, polygenic traits, and sex-linked traits.435151740617900Antibody - is a __________ produced by the body's immune system when it detects harmful substances, called antigens.Antigen - is any substance that causes your _____________ system to produce antibodies against it. Agglutination – Where are the antibodies?Where are the antigens?367665014351000Genetics 101 NotesTrait – Chromosome – Chromatid (sister chromatid) – Duplicated chromosome How many do humans have? 465010532131000Karyotype - Is an _______________________________ of a person’s chromosomes. Usually arranged from biggest to smallest (by #) with sex chromosomes at the end Homologous chromosomes - A set of one chromosome. One from each parent.6391275-438785#300#348006006667500Allele - The __________________ of an allele on a chromosome Genotype - The _______________________ makeup of an organismPhenotype - An organisms _____________________ characteristics HomozygousHomo- means the same.Two of the same genes AA or aaAA is homozygous dominateaa is homozygous recessiveHeterozygousHetero- means different AaDominantDominate genes are ___________________ over recessive504825029527500*!*!*!What this really means is that this is the protein that is observed over the recessive!*!*!*RecessiveIs ___________________ by dominate traitCan only be observed if by itself. (aa)37623751860550True or falseDominant traits are more likely to be inherited4591050400050Dominant traits are always more common in the population3162300196850Dominant traits are always “better.”466725082550Dominant is always the normal, recessive is always a mutant6372225-412115#400#4Newborn Screening TestsNearly all babies will have a simple blood test to check for disorders that are not apparent immediately after delivery. Some of these disorders are genetic, environmental, metabolic, blood, or hormone-related. Each state in the United States requires screening tests, but the specific tests performed vary among the states. Some disorders are more common in some states, making testing more important.A heel-prick is used to sample the baby's blood. The blood drops are collected in a small vial or on a special paper. The blood is then sent for testing. The baby's heel may have some redness at the pricked site, and some babies may have bruising, but this usually disappears in a few days. Newborn screening tests may include:phenylketonuria (PKU)PKU is a disease in which the body cannot metabolize a protein called phenylalanine. It is estimated that one baby in 14,000 is born with PKU in the US. Without treatment, PKU can cause mental retardation. Newborn screening for PKU is required in all 50 states. congenital hypothyroidismThis is a condition in which the baby is born with too little thyroid hormone. Hypothyroidism is also quite common, occurring in about one in every 3,000 births in the US. Untreated low thyroid hormone levels can lead to mental developmental problems and poor growth. All 50 states screen for hypothyroidism. galactosemiaThis is a disorder in which the baby is unable to metabolize galactose, a milk sugar. It occurs in about one baby in every 60,000. Without treatment (avoidance of milk), galactosemia can be life threatening. Symptoms may begin in the first two weeks of life. Nearly all states screen for galactosemia. sickle cell diseaseThis disorder occurs primarily in African Americans, but may also occur in Hispanics and Native Americans. The disease causes a severe form of anemia. There are different types of the disease. The incidence ranges from one in 400 to one in 1,400, depending on the type of disease. Early diagnosis of sickle cell disease can help lower some of the risks which include severe infections, blood clots, and stroke. maple syrup urine diseaseThis is a disorder that is very common in the Mennonite population. The disorder is caused by an inability of the body to properly process certain parts of protein called amino acids. The name comes from the characteristic odor of maple syrup in the baby's urine caused by the abnormal protein metabolism. If untreated, it is life threatening as early as the first two weeks of life. Even with treatment, severe disability and paralysis can occur. biotinidase deficiencyThis disorder is characterized by a deficiency of the biotinidase enzyme. This enzyme is important in metabolizing biotin, a B vitamin. It affects one in 60,000 babies in the US and is most common in the Caucasian population. Lack of the enzyme can lead to severe acid build up in the blood, organs, and body systems. congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)Most states screen for this disease of the adrenal glands. Babies born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) cannot make enough of the hormone cortisol, which helps control energy, sugar levels, blood pressure, and how the body responds to the stress of injury or illness. The Endocrine Society estimates the incidence of CAH at about one in 15,000, depending on the severity of the disease. CAH may also affect the development of the genitals and the hormones of puberty. medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD)This disorder of fatty acid oxidation can cause sudden death in infancy and serious disabilities in survivors, such as mental retardation. MCAD affects about one baby in 20,000, and at least eight states are testing for this disorder. Other tests screen for disorders including congenital toxoplasmosis and cystic fibrosis. Some states are using a new testing technique called tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) which can detect more than 30 disorders using a simple blood sample, including those involving protein and fatty acid metabolism.1649095869950TEST RESULTS:00TEST RESULTS: Most screenings cannot be performed until a baby has received at least 24 hours of breast milk or formula. Your baby may need follow-up testing if you are discharged before this time or the baby is unable to be tested before discharge.left121285We will now perform the blood tests for each child. The test is positive if you see clumping. If you find that the test is positive, the newborn you are testing will require further testing and research for that particular disease. Put your spot plate on a piece of scrap paper and label wells with each baby name. Put one drop of blood from each newborn into the well with its name labeled. Label your paper with the name of the disease you are testing at your table too. Your teacher will model the procedure for test 4, Sickle Cell Disease, on the camera. Put one drop of testing serum for the test at your table into each well. Look for some clumping or coagulation in one or more wells. (stir if needed)Record your results in the data table below: (+ if clumped, - if stayed clear, no clump)Leave your blood test results out on your table and rotate to other tables to fill in the chart and confirm results for the families. When all groups have verified results, clean up your lab table.DiseaseName DanielleDanielKariJohnnySusanRobertAmyGary123456781. Which newborn is assigned to your group for this case study at this time? ________________2. Did your newborn test positive for any of the above diseases? If yes, which one? ___________ _____________________________________________________________________________3. What questions would you as a physician or as a parent have about this disease? What are some things you would ask the doctor if this were your child?00We will now perform the blood tests for each child. The test is positive if you see clumping. If you find that the test is positive, the newborn you are testing will require further testing and research for that particular disease. Put your spot plate on a piece of scrap paper and label wells with each baby name. Put one drop of blood from each newborn into the well with its name labeled. Label your paper with the name of the disease you are testing at your table too. Your teacher will model the procedure for test 4, Sickle Cell Disease, on the camera. Put one drop of testing serum for the test at your table into each well. Look for some clumping or coagulation in one or more wells. (stir if needed)Record your results in the data table below: (+ if clumped, - if stayed clear, no clump)Leave your blood test results out on your table and rotate to other tables to fill in the chart and confirm results for the families. When all groups have verified results, clean up your lab table.DiseaseName DanielleDanielKariJohnnySusanRobertAmyGary123456781. Which newborn is assigned to your group for this case study at this time? ________________2. Did your newborn test positive for any of the above diseases? If yes, which one? ___________ _____________________________________________________________________________3. What questions would you as a physician or as a parent have about this disease? What are some things you would ask the doctor if this were your child?77761917723100325755172975008477250-438785#600#6Disease Research DiseasePhenotype (what does it look like)Genotype (what is the cause with the DNA)Treatment/outlookGalactosemiaMCADCongenital Hypothyroidism Biotinidase DeficiencyCAHPKUMaple syrup urine diseaseSickle Cellright-381635#700#7Baby Case study Genotypes and PhenotypesLT 1.2 I can look at an organism’s genotype and determine its phenotype, including complete and incomplete dominance, polygenic traits, and sex-linked traits.Patient Name:_________________________ Read the karyotype and find the genotypes on each chromosome. Write them below. Then use the additional page to figure out what their phenotype would now be. GenotypePhenotyperight-400685#800#8Meiosis NotesLT 1.1 I can explain the process and purpose of Meiosis and can contrast it with Mitosis.Facts About MeiosisDaughter cells ______________________ number of chromosomes as the original cellProduces _________________ (eggs & sperm)Occurs in the testes in males (_______________________)Occurs in the ovaries in females (_________________________)More Meiosis FactsStart with __________________________ chromosomes (2n)After 1 division - _________________________ chromosomes (n)5407660164465After 2nd division - _______________________ chromosomes (n)Hapliod – when you have __________ set of chromosomesDipliod – when you have __________ sets of chromosomes (Like one from mom and one from dad) Why Do we Need Meiosis?It is the fundamental basis of ____________________453707564516000Two _______ (1n) gametes are brought together through _________________ to form a diploid (2n) zygote Meiosis Forms Haploid GametesMeiosis must ________________ the chromosome number by halfFertilization then restores the 2n numberMeiosis I: Reduction Division1098550271780006353175-328930#900#9Tetrads form in prophase IDraw a picture of a Tetrad: 3649980109855Meiosis II: Reducing Chromosome NumberThe end result of meiosis II is: _____________________________________0-5829306238875-443230#1000#10Alien Meiosis with Index CardsLT 1.3 I can identify different reasons for variation in offspring (meiosis, crossing over, mutations) and can identify problems with nondisjunction.Why won’t mitosis work for creating babies?How many chromosomes do we have?How many should our baby have?How is a baby made (talking about chromosomes, here. Don’t be sick)?What must be true of the chromosomes in eggs and sperm then? Take your two pieces of Index cards. One of your genes from your mom (pink), one is from your dad (blue). Here is a reminder of what the genotypes and phenotypes are.54572581613300Big Chromosome: Blue: aa on top, xx on bottom, DD in middle Pink: AA on top, XX on bottom, dd in middleMed Chromosome: Blue: BB on top, ee on bottom Pink: bb on top, EE on bottomSmall Chromosome: Blue: CC, Pink: ccTraits: Markings: A- Stripesaa SpotsColor of Markings: X- Redxx OrangeSkin colorB- Bluebb GreenNumber of legsC- Twocc fourNumber of headsD- Twodd – threeNumber of eyesE- Oneee - twoDo Meiosis at your table. You are generating sperm or eggs. At the end, two of your eggs (or sperm) should be different from the other two. Write down the genotypes of the two different gamates (sex cells).Using the above question, draw the phenotypes of your two gamates. Why is it good that all sperm are and eggs are not the same? How many cells were made at the end of meiosis?How many chromosomes did you start with at the beginning of the alien meiosis?How many chromosomes did each cell have at the end of alien meiosis?Are the cells identical? Explain why or why not.What are these cells called (male or female)?Explain how meiosis AND sexual reproduction produces babies that are different from their parents.Where does meiosis happen in the body?right-410210#1100#11Mendelian GeneticsLT 1.4 I can use Punnett squares to predict reproductive outcomes for complete, incomplete, co-, and sex-linked dominant traits.Who was Gregor Mendel?Heredity - passing of ________________ from parent to offspring Genetics - study of __________________1699260406400Monohybrid Cross – cross involving a ___________________________________Punnett SquareAlleles – ____________________________________________ (One from mom & one from dad) P1 ____________________________________ (One from mom & one from dad) F1 – ______________________ offspring in a breeding experiment.F2 – _______________________ offspring in a breeding experiment.True breeding – individuals are _____________________ ( both alleles) are the sameLaw of dominance – In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the next generation.YYYyyYyyLaw of segregation – During the formation of gametes (eggs or sperm), _____________________________ _ _____________________________________________4268660262173Alleles for a trait are then "recombined" at fertilization, producing the genotype for the traits of the offspring. Law of independent assortment – Alleles for ___________________ traits are distributed to sex cells (& offspring) ___________________________ of one another. This is why you can’t predict your height based on your hair color.This law can be illustrated using dihybrid crosses.6200775-410210#1300#13Genetics Practice Problems LT 1.4 I can use Punnett squares to predict reproductive outcomes for complete, incomplete, co-, and sex-linked dominant traits.For each genotype below, indicate whether it is heterozygous (He) or homozygous (Ho)AA_____Ee_____Ii_____Mm_____ Pp_____Bb_____ff_____Jj_____nn_____ LL_____2. For each of the genotypes below determine what phenotypes would be possible.Purple flowers are dominant to white flowersBrown eyes are dominant to blue eyesPP_____________________________BB_________________________Pp_____________________________Bb_________________________pp_____________________________bb_________________________Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seedsBobtails in cats are recessiveRR_____________________________TT_________________________Rr_____________________________Tt_________________________rr_____________________________tt_________________________3. For each phenotype below, list the possible genotypes (remember to use the letter of the dominant trait)Straight hair is dominant to curlyPointed heads are dominant to round heads__________ Straight__________ Pointed__________ Straight__________ Pointed__________ Curly__________ Round4. Set up the Punnett squares for each of the crosses listed below. Round seeds are dominant to wrinkled seeds. Rr x rr What percentage of the offspring will be round?_______RR x rr What percentage of the offspring will be round?_______RR x Rr What percentage of the offspring will be round?_______Rr x Rr What percentage of the offspring will be round?______6219825-395605#1400#14?Practice with Crosses.? Show all work!5.? A TT (tall) plant is crossed with a tt (short plant).??What percentage of the offspring will be tall?? ___________6.? A Tt plant is crossed with a Tt plant.? What percentage of the offspring will be short?? ______7.? A heterozygous round seeded plant (Rr) is crossed with a homozygous round seeded plant (RR).? What percentage of the offspring will be homozygous (RR)?? __________8.? A homozygous round seeded plant is crossed with a homozygous wrinkled seeded plant. What are the genotypes of the parents?? _________?? x? ________. What percentage of the offspring will also be homozygous?? ___________9.? In pea plants purple flowers are dominant to white flowers. If two white flowered plants are cross, what percentage of their offspring will be white flowered?? ______________ 10.? A white flowered plant is crossed with a plant that is heterozygous for the trait.? What percentage of the offspring will have purple flowers?___________11.? Two plants, both heterozygous for the gene that controls flower color are crossed.? What percentage of their offspring will have purple flowers?? ____________ What percentage will have white flowers?? ___________right-457835#1500#15Pedigrees LabLT 1.5 I can use Pedigrees to interpret reproductive outcomes for complete, incomplete, co-, and sex-linked dominant traits. Pedigrees are used to show how traits are passed from one generation to another. Males are shown with as squares, females as circles. The colored in shapes symbolize an individual who has the trait we are following and is homozygous recessive in this case. This trait may be the trait that is uncommon or it may be a deformity. If an individual has a different form of the trait (one that is not homozygous recessive) then the shape is not colored in. 330517547815500Within this pedigree, we are following one trait through a family. We are looking to see if a person can roll their tongue. If they cannot roll their tongue, the individual is homozygous recessive (rr) and their symbol is shaded inWe will use the letters R and r to show the genotypes of the above individuals. What numbers are the children of 1 and 2?What is the genotype of 1?What is the genotype of 2?What is the genotype of 7?What is the genotype of 15, 16, and 17?Explain why.What must be the genotype of 3 and 4?What must be the genotype of 6?What are the chances of person 5 and 6 having a baby who cannot roll their tongue?Do we know the definite genotype of 8? Why or why not?Practice: In humans, Albinism is a recessive trait. The disorder causes a lack of pigment in the skin and hair, making an albino appear very pale with white hair. What phenotypes would these genotypes have: 24257015240003663265-86089500-952511549406286500-372110#1700#17Incomplete dominanceLT 1.5 I can use Pedigrees to interpret reproductive outcomes for complete, incomplete, co-, and sex-linked dominant traits. Remember when we were drawing our case babies and a couple of the babies had supermodel lashes? I want to see if that is something that will be passed down just as easily as any other trait we have looked at. Because if they can, we could breed a race of really, really ridiculously good looking people like Derek Zoolander. Assume that Derek Zoolander is individual 1, Matilda Zoolander is individual 2, and Derek Jr is individual 3.Supermodel Eyelashes = CECE 30094871488500Normal Eyelashes= CECe Short Eyelashes= CeCe What is the genotype of individual 1?What is the phenotype of individual 3?What is the genotype of individual 6?What is the phenotype of individual 6?What is the genotype of individual 10?What is the phenotype of individual 10?If individual 9 and 10 were to have another child, what would be the chances that it has normal eye lashes? (show your work)If individual 5 and 6 were to have another child, what would be the odds that they have a child that is heterozygous? (show your work)What is the pattern of inheritance in this pedigree?6315075-469265#1800#18Sex-linked traitsLT 1.5 I can use Pedigrees to interpret reproductive outcomes for complete, incomplete, co-, and sex-linked dominant traits. Sex Linked Traits are traits whose genes are literally on the sex chromosomes. Often, the genes for these traits are on the X chromosome. Because boys only receive one X chromosome they are more likely to inherit disorders passed to them from their mother who would be a carrier.Hemophilia and Colorblindness are sex linked traits, the Punnett square below shows how a woman who is a carrier passes the trait to her son, but not her daughters.Why it’s tough to be a dudeWhat is a sex-linked trait?There are two types of sex-linked traits—X-linked and Y-linked. Most are X-linked. Why do you think this is?What are the chromosomes for a male and what are the chromosomes for a female?Red-green color blindness is an X-linked trait. It’s on the X chromosome, and it is recessive. Who is more likely to be color-blind, a male or a female?(shaded in = color blind = homozygous recessive)-361958382000What is the genotype of individual 2?What is the genotype of individual 12?What is the genotype of individual 17?What is the genotype of individual 11?What is the genotype of individual 8?What is the genotype of individual 1?If we know that individual 9 is homozygous dominant, how did individual 12 get to be color blind? (We also know that it is not a mutation.)What pattern do you see here?Why are most of the color blind individuals guys?Lets look at another pedigree, but a different trait. Duchenne muscular dystrophy transmitted in the same fashion that is characterized by decreased muscle mass and progressive loss of muscle function, often occurring before the age of 6. (shaded in = Duchenne = homozygous recessive)3692525254000What is the genotype of individual 4?What is the genotype of individual 2?What is the genotype of individual 1?What is the genotype of individual 10?What is the phenotype of individual 7?What is the genotype of individual 13?What is the genotype of individual 14?If individual 4 and 5 were to have another child, what are the odds that it would have Duchenne?What is the genotype of 11?What is the genotype of 17?If individual 11 and 12 were to have another child, what are the odds that it would have Duchenne?Mr. Hodges always tells stories about having poo thrown at him by gorillas. Go ahead, ask him, he’ll tell you the story. It is an amazing skill he has. He comes from a long line of individuals that are good at getting poo thrown at them. We all know that Mr. Hodges has a son and I would like to know if he is going to follow in the tradition of having a gorilla try to play catch with him. Assume that Mr. Hodges is individual 17, and that his son is individual 20. (good target =recessive = t)23. What is weird about this genotype. Look at it carefully. Look at the guys and the girls. ‘24.What is the genotype of individual 2?25. What is the genotype of individual 10?26. What is the genotype of individual 5?27. What is the phenotype of individual 7?28. So what do you think, will individual 20 be a good target for gorillas?29. What is the genotype of individual 20?30. Why will he be (or not be) a good target for gorillas?1756311-152260006267450-429260#2000#20CodominanceCodominance occurs when the contributions of both alleles at a single locus are clearly visible and do not overpower each other in the phenotype.Antigens are proteins on the surface of our cellsAntibodies are proteins used to nutralize foreign objects to the bodyWhen getting a blood transfusion, there are only certain blood types you can receive. For example, if you have Type-B blood (which means you have anti-A antibodies) you cannot receive any type of blood that has Group A in it (Type-A and Type-AB).Who can get what?Donor-319087710247Recipient 00Recipient TypeO-O+B-B+A-A+AB-AB+O-O+B-B+A-A+AB-AB+6229350-410210#2100#21Blood Typing Lab There is a need for blood and we need donors! Our babies from our case study need blood transfusions but we don’t know their blood types. We need to figure out their blood types. Today we will learn how this is done using artificial blood. Each group will test a different baby’s blood and we will rotate through lab to see the results from each person. Look for agglutination (or clumping) to determine which antigens are present in the blood. Once you know which antigens are present, use your notes to determine the blood type. Good Luck! Our friend in the hospital is counting on you!Materials:Blood typing slide, toothpicks, unknown blood sample, Anti-A serum, Anti-B serum, Anti-Rh serumProcedure:1.Place 2 drops of blood in each well of your slide.2.Place 2 drops of Anti-A serum in the well marked A3.Place 2 drops of Anti-B serum in the well marked B4.Place 2 drops of Anti-Rh serum in the well marked Rh5.Stir each well with a different end of a toothpick.6.Record your observations in the chart below. clump (+) or no clump (-)7.Record your results on the board for the class to share results.8.Fill in the rest of your table from the chart on the board.Results:Table/ BabyNameAnti-A ResultsAnti-B ResultsAnti-Rh ResultsBlood Type1: Amy2: Susan3: Daniel4: Gary5: Johnny6: Kari7: RobertQuestions:1.One baby’s blood was tested and she is B-. What antigens are present on her blood cells? 2.What antibodies are present in the plasma of this baby’s blood? Why?3.What if no one matches the baby’s blood that need blood? What do we do? 4.Mr. Potter is blood type A-. Which baby(s) could save his life if needed with a blood transfusion?5.Why is it necessary to match the donor’s and the recipient’s blood before a transfusion is given?6.Which baby’s blood is the universal donor? Why? Which baby’s blood is the universal receiver? Why?Genetics of Blood Typing: CO-DOMINANCEPhenotype (blood type):Genotypes:Blood Type ABlood Type BBlood Type ABBlood Type OAdd + on any of the above:Add – on any of the above:6267450-486410#2300#23Codominance PedigreeBlood is passed on in a similar fashion to the complete dominance traits we have seen before, but with a twist. With blood, two traits can combine to form a trait. There are 4 types of blood: A, B, AB, and O. Knowing what you do about genes are passed on, use the following pedigree to make a hypothesis about how blood types are inherited. (The letters A, B, AB, and O represent the phenotype of the individual)The above letters indicate the phenotype. Use these phenotypes to predict the genotype of each individual.What is the genotype of individual 3?What is the genotype of individual 13?What is the genotype of individual 11?What is the phenotype of individual 9?How did individual 11 get that genotype?What is the genotype of individual 16?If individual 5 and 6 were to have another child, what would be the chances it has a genotype of AA?If individual 5 and 6 were to have another child, what would be the chances it has a phenotype of AA?After completing this, what is the blood type that you would consider recessive?What is special about blood that we have not seen in other pedigrees?List the genotype for the following phenotypes:ABABO ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download