General Biology Exam 1 – Topic – Name:
MACROMOLECULES
Macromolecules -- General
Multiple Choice
The formation of polymers is an example of:
1 catabolism
2 metabolism
3 hydrolysis
4 hydrophilia
5 anabolism
Which of the following is true of an amino acid and starch?
1 both contain nitrogen
2 both contain oxygen
3 both are polymers
4 both are hydrophobic
5 both are found in proteins
Large organic molecules are usually assembled by polymerization of a few kinds of simple subunits. Which of the following is an exception to the above statement?
1 a steroid
2 cellulose
3 DNA
4 an enzyme
5 a contractile protein
Polymers are
1 large organic molecules linking together repeating subunits of the same type called monomers.
2 found in proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
3 due to a dehydration reaction.
4 All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following would NOT be a molecule used for storage?
1 starch
2 triglyceride
3 glycogen
4 chitin
Two classes of organic compounds typically provide energy for living systems. Representatives of these two classes are
1 fats and amino acids.
2 amino acids and glycogen.
3 amino acids and ribose sugars.
4 fats and polysaccharides.
5 nucleic acids and phospholipids.
Starch is to glycogen as _________ is to ____________.
1 oil; fat
2 glucose; chitin
3 adenine; DNA
4 carbon; protein
5 hydrolysis; condensation
Which of the following is NOT a biologically active polymer?
1 starch
2 collagen
3 water
4 DNA
A macromolecule is composed of smaller units called
1 polymers
2 cells
3 isomers
4 monomers
5 isotopes
What do carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins have in common?
1 Monomers of these organic molecules form polymers by way of condensation reactions.
2 Covalent bonding holds these molecules together.
3 Each of these organic molecules has a carbon backbone with various functional groups attached.
4 All are important components of an animal's diet.
5 All of the above.
Which of the following correctly matches an organic polymer with its respective monomers?
1 Protein and amino acids
2 Carbohydrates and polysaccharides
3 Hydrocarbon and monosaccharides
4 Lipid and steroids
5 DNA and ATP
Which of the following best explains the molecular complexity of living organisms?
1 The large number of different monomers allows the construction of many polymers.
2 Each organism has its own unique set of monomers for use in constructing polymers.
3 Condensation reactions can create different polymers because they can use virtually any molecules in the cell.
4 While there are not many macromolecules in cells, each one has many different functions.
5 A small number of monomers can be assembled into large polymers with many different sequences.
True - False
Polymers are long chains of ________________ subunits.
1 True
2 False
Monomer units are linked together to form polymers by a hydrolysis reaction.
1 True
2 False
Short answer
What are the four major types of macromolecules?
Think about a Big Mac or a Whopper. What biological molecules are you eating? What if you got fries with that?
Essay
Dehydration synthesis & Hydrolysis reactions
Multiple Choice
Which of the following illustrates hydrolysis?
1 the reaction of two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide with the release of water
2 the synthesis of two amino acids to form a dipeptide with the utilization of water
3 the reaction of a fat to form glycerol and fatty acids with the release of water
4 the reaction of a fat to form glycerol and fatty acids with the utilization of water
5 the synthesis of a nucleotide from a phosphate, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogen base with the production of a molecule of water
Polymers of polysaccharides, fats, and proteins are all synthesized from monomers by:
1 connecting monosaccharides together
2 the addition of water to each monomer
3 the removal of water (dehydration synthesis)
4 ionic bonding of the monomers
5 the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers
Polymers of polysaccharides, fats, and proteins are all synthesized from monomers by:
1 connecting monosaccharides together
2 the addition of water to each monomer
3 the removal of water (dehydration synthesis)
4 ionic bonding of the monomers
5 the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers
Polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are similar in that they:
1 are synthesized from monomers by the process of hydrolysis
2 are synthesized from monomers by the process of dehydration synthesis
3 are synthesized from peptide bonding between amino acids
4 are decomposed into their subunits by the process of dehydration synthesis
5 all contain nitrogen in their monomers
Which of the following illustrates hydrolysis?
1 the reaction of 2 monosaccharides to form a disaccharide with the release of water
2 the synthesis of two amino acids to form a dipeptide with the utilization of water
3 the reaction of a fat to form glycerol and fatty acids with the release of water
4 the reaction of a fat to form glycerol and fatty acids with the utilization of water
5 the synthesis of a nucleotide from a phosphate, a ribose sugar, and nitrogen base with the production of a molecule of water
Hydrolysis is involved in which of the following?
1 formation of starch
2 hydrogen bond formation between nucleic acids
3 peptide bond formation of proteins
4 the hydrophylic interactions of lipids
5 the digestion of maltose to glucose
Condensation synthesis reactions are used in forming which of the following compounds?
1 triglycerides
2 polysaccharides
3 proteins
4 Only triglycerides and proteins are correct.
5 triglycerides, polysaccharides, and proteins
The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires:
1 the release of a water molecule
2 the release of a carbon dioxide molecule
3 the addition of a nitrogen atom
4 the addition of a water molecule
5 an increase in activation energy
Condensation synthesis reactions are used in forming which of the following compounds?
1 triglycerides
2 polysaccharides
3 proteins
4 Only A and C are correct.
5 A, B, and C are correct.
Hydrolysis could be correctly described as the
1 heating of a compound to drive off its excess water and concentrate its volume
2 breaking of a long-chain compound into its subunits by adding water molecules to its structure between the subunits
3 linking of two or more molecules by the removal of one or more water molecule
4 constant removal of hydrogen atoms from the surface of a carbohydrate
5 none of the above
A dehydration reaction can also be called a _________ reaction since it forms water.
1 a condensation
2 a hydrolysis
3 an isomeric
4 an energy-releasing
5 monomer formation
Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?
1 Dehydration reactions assemble polymers and hydrolysis breaks them down.
2 Hydrolysis occurs during the day and dehydration happen at night.
3 Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis.
4 Hydrolysis creates monomers and dehydration reactions destroy them.
5 Dehydration reactions occur only in animals and hydrolysis reactions occur only in plants.
In condensation reactions, the atoms that make up a water molecule are derived from
1 oxygen.
2 only one of the reactants.
3 both of the reactants.
4 carbohydrates.
5 enzymes.
The formation of large molecules from small repeating units is accomplished by a(n) ____________ reaction.
1 oxidation
2 reduction
3 dehydration
4 hydrolysis
5 decarboxylation
The breakdown of large molecules into their subunits is called a(n) ____________ reaction.
1 oxidation
2 reduction
3 condensation
4 hydrolysis
5 decarboxylation
A dehydration reaction typically produces
1 monomers
2 salts
3 sugars
4 polymers
5 amino acids
Hydrolysis is involved in which of the following?
1 formation of starch
2 hydrogen bond formation between nucleic acids
3 peptide bond formation of proteins
4 the hydrophylic interactions of lipids
5 the digestion of maltose to glucose
Large biological molecules are synthesized by removing...
1 carbon
2 covalent bonds
3 water
4 oxygen
5 peptides
What type of chemical reaction results in the breakdown of organic polymers into their respective subunits?
1 Condensation
2 Oxidation
3 Hydrolysis
4 Ionization
5 Reduction
Which of the following reactions requires the removal of water to form a covalent bond?
1 glycogen ( glucose subunits
2 dipeptide ( alanine + glycine
3 cellulose ( glucose
4 glucose + galactose ( lactose
5 fat ( fatty acids + glycerol
True - False
Hydrolysis is a process by which water is used to break apart a chemical bond.
1 True
2 False
Energy is used in the process of hydrolysis.
1 True
2 False
Short answer
Many macromolecules are formed by the connection of monomer units in a __________ reaction (removal of water); the reverse process occurs via a __________ reaction (addition of water).
Essay
Amino acids
Multiple Choice
How many different amino acids are typically used in the synthesis of a polypeptide chain?
1 5
2 12
3 20
4 32
5 6
The peptide linkage between two amino acids:
1 results from the release of water.
2 involves the linkage of two carboxyl groups.
3 involves the linkage of two amino groups.
4 forms protein secondary structure.
The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires:
1 the release of a water molecule
2 the addition of a water molecule
3 the release of a carbon dioxide molecule
4 the addition of a nitrogen atom
5 an increase in activation energy
Proteins are large polymers made up of many:
1 amino acids
2 nucleic acids
3 sugars
4 R-groups
5 lipids
All amino acids contain a(an):
1 amino group
2 carboxyl group;
3 hydrogen
4 R-group
5 all of these are correct
What kind of covalent bond exists between all adjacent amino acids in a protein?
1 carboxyl
2 peptide
3 glucosidic
4 amino
5 disulfide
Of the following functional groups, which one is known as the AMINO GROUP?
1 -SH
2 -COOH
3 -NH2
4 -OH
5 -CHO
All AMINO ACIDS have FOUR COMMON FEATURES. Which one of the following is NOT one of those?
1 an amino group
2 some distinct atom or cluster of atoms called an R-group
3 a hydrogen atom
4 a carboxyl group
5 a sulfhydryl group
The linkage between two amino acids is called a(n) ___________ bond.
1 peptide
2 ionic
3 hydrogen
4 double
5 amino
Amino acids are the building blocks for:
1 proteins
2 steroids
3 lipids
4 nucleic acids
5 carbohydrates
A protein is a polymer made up of which kind of monomers?
1 glucose or modified glucose molecules
2 amino acids
3 nucleotides
4 alternating sugar and phosphate groups
5 fatty acids and glycerol
Organisms contain thousands of different proteins composed of _______ amino acids.
1 4
2 20
3 100
4 1000
5 approx. 5000
What type of amino acid side chain would you expect to find on the surface of a protein embedded in a cell membrane?
1 Cysteine
2 Hydrophobic
3 Hydrophilic
4 Charged
5 Polar, but not charged
A peptide bond is found in which type of biological molecule?
1 carbohydrate
2 lipid
3 nucleic acid
4 protein
True - False
There are 20 amino acids that act as monomers for producing common proteins.
1 True
2 False
Short answer
Essay
Proteins
Multiple Choice
All of the following molecules are proteins EXCEPT:
1 hemoglobin
2 antibodies
3 collagen
4 enzymes
5 DNA
Upon chemical analysis, a particular protein was found to contain 438 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein?
1 20
2 437
3 438
4 439
5 876
The tertiary structure of a protein is the:
1 bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds
2 order in which amino acids are joined in a peptide chain
3 bonding of two amino acids together to form a dipeptide
4 folding of a peptide chain into an alpha helix
5 folding of the alpha helix
Which bonds form the primary structure of a protein?
1 peptide bonds
2 hydrogen bonds
3 disulfide bonds
4 Only peptide bonds and disulfide bonds are correct.
5 peptide bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bonds
At which level of protein structure are interactions between R-groups most important?
1 primary
2 secondary
3 tertiary
4 quaternary
5 They are equally important at all levels.
Which type of interaction stabilizes the alpha helix structure of proteins?
1 hydrophobic interactions
2 non-polar covalent bonds
3 ionic Interactions
4 hydrogen bonds
5 polar covalent bonds
Below freezing and above boiling, cells are unable to function as "liquid machinery." However, most organisms' cells are still limited from functioning throughout this full range of liquid temperatures. At the molecular level in different organisms, cells' ability to vary in their tolerance to temperature, etc., is most closely related to variation in
1 enzyme activity and protein denaturation.
2 ATP efficiency.
3 ability to form glucose polymers.
4 replication of nucleic acids.
5 extent of saturation of fatty acids.
What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?
1 peptide bonds
2 hydrogen bonds
3 disulfide bridges
4 ionic bonds
5 electrostatic charges
The alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet are both common forms found in which level of structure of proteins?
1 primary
2 secondary
3 tertiary
4 quaternary
5 Both primary and quaternary are correct.
Altering which of the following levels of structural organization of a protein could alter the function of an enzyme?
1 primary
2 secondary
3 tertiary
4 Only primary and tertiary are correct.
5 primary, secondary, and tertiary
What would be an expected consequence of changing one amino acid in a particular protein?
1 The primary structure would be changed.
2 The tertiary structure might be changed.
3 The biological activity of this protein might be altered.
4 The number of amino acids present would stay the same.
5 All of these are expected.
A number of substances isolated from a cell were found to be capable of contraction, regulation of genes, serving as catalysts, and transporting substances into the cell. These macromolecules are most likely to be:
1 lipid
2 carbohydrate
3 protein
4 nucleic acids.
At which bond would water need to be added to achieve hydrolysis of the dipeptide shown, back to its component amino acids?
H R O R O
\ ( (( ( ((
N - C - C - N - C - C - O H
/ ( ( (
H H H H
1 ( ( ( ( (.
2 A. B. C. D. E.
The alpha helix and beta sheet are found at which level of protein organization?
1 primary structure
2 secondary structure
3 tertiary structure
4 quaternary structure
5 all of these
Proteins may function as:
1 structural units
2 hormones
3 storage molecules
4 transport molecules
5 all of the above
The sequence of amino acids is the ___________ structure of proteins.
1 primary
2 secondary
3 tertiary
4 quaternary
5 stereo
All proteins contain: A. CARBON, B. HYDROGEN, C. OXYGEN, D. NITROGEN, B. SULFUR; F. RIBOSE.
1 A, B
2 A, B, C
3 A, B, C, D
4 A, B, C, D, E
5 A, B, C, D, E, F
What determines the specific function of a protein?
1 Exact sequence of amino acids
2 Number of disulfide bonds
3 A hydrophilic "head" attached to a hydrophobic "tail"
4 Fatty acids as monomers
5 The number of peptide bonds it contains
The group of biological molecules most diverse in function is:
1 carbohydrates
2 lipids
3 proteins
4 nucleic acids
5 organelles
This macromolecule is composed of amino acid subunits.
1 Proteins
2 Carbohydrates
3 Lipids
4 Nucleic Acids
May possess primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure.
1 Proteins
2 Carbohydrates
3 Lipids
4 Nucleic Acids
Specifically, a peptide bond forms between which groups?
1 Amino and aldehyde groups
2 Carboxyl and amino groups
3 Hydroxyl and carboxyl groups
4 Phosphate and hydroxyl groups
5 Carboxyl and aldehyde groups
What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?
1 Peptide bonds
2 Disulfide bonds
3 Hydrogen bonds
4 Ionic bonds
5 All of these
Complex three-dimensional tertiary structures of globular proteins are characterized by:
1 An absence of hydrophilic amino acids
2 A helical shape
3 A lack of cysteines in amino acid sequence
4 Disulfide bridges
5 Interactions among peptide chains
Hemoglobin represents which level of protein organization?
1 Primary structure
2 Secondary structure
3 Tertiary structure
4 Quaternary structure
5 None of these; hemoglobin is a polysaccharide
Which of these is an example of a protein?
1 Hemoglobin
2 Cellulose
3 Estrogen
4 ATP
5 All of these
Sequence information in DNA determines which of the following conformational components of proteins?
1 Primary
2 Secondary
3 Tertiary
4 a, b, and c
5 None of the above
True - False
Denaturation of protein, followed by renaturation in some cases, shows that it is the primary sequence of the monomers that determines the final configuration of the molecule.
1 True
2 False
All enzymes are proteins.
1 True
2 False
Hemoglobin is a phospholipid that transports oxygen in the blood.
1 True
2 False
Proteins may have structural and metabolic functions.
1 True
2 False
The secondary structure of a protein is mainly formed and held together by hydrogen bonds.
1 True
2 False
Protein function is directly related to their primary structure of amino acids.
1 True
2 False
The alpha helix secondary structure of proteins is stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
1 True
2 False
Short answer
Explain why a protein that functions fine in the cytosol of a cell may not function if placed in the cell membrane.
The linear arrangement of amino acids in the polypeptide chain is referred to as the __________________ structure of the protein.
In the final three-dimensional structure of a protein, _______________ amino acids are more likely to be found in the interior of the molecule.
Describe the different levels of organization in proteins, and tell which is most important in the formation of all the other levels.
Essay
Lipids
Multiple Choice
What is a triacylglycerol (triglyceride)?
1 a lipid made of saturated fatty acids only
2 a lipid made of three fatty acids and glycerol
3 a kind of lipid found in the plasma membrane
4 a lipid with three molecules attached to glycerol, one can be a phosphate
5 a carbohydrate with three sugars
Which of the following is true concerning saturated fatty acids?
1 They have double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty acids.
2 They have a higher ratio of hydrogen to carbon than unsaturated fatty acids.
3 They are usually liquid at room temperature.
4 They are usually produced by plants.
5 All of these are true.
Which type of lipid is most important in biological membranes?
1 fats
2 steroids
3 phospholipids
4 oils
5 triglycerides
The element nitrogen is present in all of the following EXCEPT:
1 proteins
2 nucleic acids
3 amino acids
4 DNA
5 lipids
What is the molecular illustrated below?
O H H H H H H H H H H H
\ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
C - C - C - C - C - C - C - C - C - C - C - C - H
/ ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (
HO H H H H H H H H H H H
1 a saturated fatty acid
2 an unsaturated fatty acid
3 a polyunsaturated triglyceride
4 similar in structure to a steroid
5 likely to be a common component of plant oils
Which of the following would yield the most energy per gram when oxidized?
1 starch
2 glycogen
3 fat
4 protein
5 monosaccharides
Which of the following compounds is hydrophobic?
1 ethanol
2 simple sugars
3 hydrocarbons
4 amino acids
5 water
Fats, oils, and steroids are
1 proteins.
2 nucleic acids.
3 polysaccharides.
4 lipids.
A lipid is a polymer made up of which kind of monomers?
1 glucose or modified glucose molecules
2 amino acids
3 nucleotides
4 alternating sugar and phosphate groups
5 fatty acids and glycerol
Which lipid does not contain at least some subunits similar to those in the others?
1 steroids
2 neutral fats
3 waxes
4 phospholipids
Which of the following lipids forms a bilayer between two watery regions, such as in the plasma membrane of a cell?
1 steroids
2 neutral fats
3 waxes
4 phospholipids
Cholesterol belongs to which of the following groups?
1 triglycerides
2 sterols
3 fatty acids
4 waxes
5 phospholipids
If an animal needed to store energy for long-term use, but not be encumbered with the weight of extra tissue, which is the best molecule for storage?
1 fructose and glucose in the form of honey
2 high-calorie fat molecules
3 complex cellulose molecules
4 starch
5 glycogen with extensive side branches of glucose
What term is based on the Greek root words for "light" and "fat"?
1 steroid
2 glycogen
3 carbohydrate
4 cellulose
5 phospholipid
A saturated fat is
1 solid at room temperature.
2 has fatty acids with no double bonds between the carbon atoms.
3 is of animal origin.
4 All of the choices are correct.
In a lipid bilayer ___________ tails point inward and form a region that excludes water.
1 acidic
2 basic
3 hydrophilic
4 hydrophobic
5 none of these
Lipids
1 serve as food reserves in many organisms
2 include cartilage and chitin
3 include fats that are broken down into one fatty acid molecule and three glycerol molecules
4 are composed of monosaccharides
5 none of the above
The element most commonly responsible for making an organic molecule POLAR is:
1 oxygen
2 carbon
3 hydrogen
4 chlorine
5 sulfur
The FAMILY of organic biological molecules that always contains a non-polar (hydrophobic) region is:
1 carbohydrates
2 lipids
3 nucleic acids
4 proteins
5 nucleotides
What type of LIPIDS are found in ALL biological MEMBRANES?
1 triglycerides
2 waxes
3 phospholipids
4 diglycerides
5 cholesterol
What TYPE of LIPIDS form a SURFACE LAYER that helps retard evaporation and trap potentially dangerous microbes?
1 triglycerides
2 waxes
3 phospholipids
4 diglycerides
5 cholesterol
Unlike the saturated fatty acids, UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS:
1 are found mostly in animal fats and oils
2 contain hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen
3 are often covalently bonded to sugars
4 lack of carboxyl group
5 contain double covalent bonds between carbons in their hydrocarbon chain
Of the following types of biological molecules, which is a (are) steroid(s)? A. Bile Acids, B. Cholesterol, C. Waxes, D. Sex Hormones.
1 B, D
2 B only
3 B, C, D
4 A, B, D
5 A, B, C, D
An example of a SATURATED fat is:
1 butter
2 corn oil
3 soybean oil
4 safflower oil
5 margarine
Saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids differ in:
1 the number of carbon-to-carbon bonds
2 the consistency at room temperature
3 the number of hydrogen atoms present
4 all of the choices are differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Which of the following is insoluble in water?
1 Olive oil
2 DNA
3 Sucrose
4 Salt
5 Amino acids
A member of this macromolecule group is crucial to the structure and function of the cell membrane.
1 Proteins
2 Carbohydrates
3 Lipids
4 Nucleic Acids
Which type of lipid is most important in biological membranes?
1 fats
2 steroids
3 phospholipids
4 oils
5 triglycerides
These macromolecules possess large nonpolar regions making them insoluble in water.
1 Proteins
2 Carbohydrates
3 Lipids
4 Nucleic Acids
Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen and ecdysone are all examples of:
1 Fatty acids
2 Proteins
3 Steroids
4 Hormones
5 Waxes
How does one account for the nonpolar, hydrophobic nature of fats?
1 Fats lack both double and triple bonds.
2 The fatty acids are linked to large long-chained alcohols.
3 Carboxyl groups (-COOH) are not present in fats.
4 Carbon and hydrogen atoms share electrons equally.
5 Glycerol is not water soluble.
When one gram of each of the following is oxidized, which yields the greatest amount of energy?
1 Sucrose
2 Glucose
3 Glycerol
4 Hemoglobin
5 Fat
Of what are fats composed?
1 Three glycerols and their fatty acids
2 Three fatty acids and one glycerol
3 One glycogen and two phospholipids
4 Two fatty acids and one carboxyl acid
5 Three oils and one glycerol
Phospholipids are unusual and important to cell structure because...
1 they are part of DNA.
2 they contain fatty acids.
3 they have a polar and a nonpolar end.
4 they are found only in animals.
5 they are an important energy carrier molecule.
You have isolated a liquid from a sample of beans. You add the liquid to a beaker of water and shake vigorously. After a few minutes, the water and the other liquid separate into two layers. To which class of biological macromolecules does the unknown liquid most likely belong?
1 Carbohydrates
2 Lipids
3 Proteins
4 Enzymes
5 Nucleic Acids
In a biological membrane, the phospholipids are arranged with the fatty acid chains facing the interior of the membrane. As a result, the interior of the membrane is
1 hydrophobic.
2 hydrophilic.
3 charged.
4 polar.
5 filled with water.
The lipids of the cell membrane and the lipids found in butter and vegetable oil differ in which of the following?
1 the number of fatty acids attached to the glycerol molecule
2 the glycerol molecule
3 the carbon to carbon bonds
4 lipids of the cell membrane do not have hydrophobic sections of the molecule
True - False
Migratory birds store energy as glycogen which is lighter than fat.
1 True
2 False
Cholesterol is a lipid specified as a steroid.
1 True
2 False
Waxes consist of a glycerol bonded to three long-chain fatty acids.
1 True
2 False
Short answer
The major building blocks of fats are __________ and __________.
Fatty acids with more than one carbon-carbon double bond are called ________________.
Phospholipids have hydrophilic ____________ regions and hydrophobic __________ regions.
Why is it an advantage for animals that migrate long distances to store energy as lipids rather than carbohydrates?
Describe the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Which is most likely to be solid at room temperature? Why?
Explain why lipids can contain so much more energy per gram than carbohydrates.
Explain why steroids are different in composition from other lipids and from polymers of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Essay
Nucleotides
Multiple Choice
Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?
1 a nitrogen base and a phosphate group
2 a nitrogen base and a five-carbon group
3 a nitrogen base, a phosphate group, and a five-carbon sugar
4 a five-carbon sugar and adenine or uracil
5 a five-carbon sugar and purine
All of the following bases are found in DNA EXCEPT:
1 thymine
2 adenine
3 uracil
4 guanine
5 cytosine
What is the precise relationship between a nucleic acid and a nucleotide?
1 Nucleotides are composed of nucleic acids.
2 Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides.
3 They are similar in structure but contain different nitrogenous bases.
4 Nucleic acids contain deoxyribose, whereas nucleotides contain ribose.
Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?
1 a nitrogen base and a phosphate group
2 a nitrogen base and five-carbon group
3 a nitrogen base, a phosphate group, and a five-carbon sugar
4 a five-carbon sugar and adenine or uracil
5 a five-carbon sugar and purine
Nucleotides contain ___________ sugars.
1 three-carbon
2 four-carbon
3 five-carbon
4 six-carbon
5 seven-carbon
Nucleotides are the building blocks for
1 proteins
2 steroids
3 lipids
4 RNA
5 carbohydrates
Which of the following is not found in every nucleic acid molecule?
1 ribose
2 phosphate
3 purine
4 pyrimidine
5 all of these are found in every nucleic acid
Nucleotides are composed of a(an): A. AMINO ACID, B. NITROGEN-CONTAINING BASE, C. FATTY ACID, D. 5-CARBON SUGAR, E. PHOSPHATE MOLECULE.
1 B, D, C
2 A, D, E
3 C, D, E
4 B, D, E
5 A, B, C
All molecules called NUCLEOTIDES have the following three parts:
1 nitrogen-containing base, 5-carbon sugar, fatty acid
2 amino acid, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group
3 fatty acid, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group
4 nitrogen-containing base, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group
5 amino acid, nitrogen-containing base, fatty acid
An abbreviation for a nucleotide most associated with energy transformations using a HIGH-ENERGY PHOSPHATE BONDS is:
1 NAD+
2 FAD+
3 NADP+
4 ATP
5 NOD+
A nucleotide that serves to bind and carry hydrogens is:
1 RNA
2 DNA
3 NAD+
4 ATP
5 All of the above
Which of the following is not a macromolecule?
1 protein
2 starch
3 nucleotide
4 lipid
5 DNA
A nucleic acid is a polymer made up of which kind of monomers?
1 amino acids
2 nucleotides
3 glucose or modified glucose molecules
4 alternating sugar and phosphate groups
5 fatty acids and glycerol
Adenosine triphosphate is an example of a(n)
1 carbohydrate
2 protein
3 lipid
4 nucleic acid
5 inorganic molecule
A nucleotide is
1 Phospholipid, sugar, base
2 Phosphate, protein, base
3 Phosphate, sugar, base
4 Phospholipid, sugar, protein
5 None of these
True - False
ATP is a protein that supplies energy to the cell.
1 True
2 False
Nucleotides in a DNA molecule are joined together by peptide bonds.
1 True
2 False
The energy currency of a cell is adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP is chemically a lipoprotein.
1 True
2 False
Bases in DNA are joined by hydrogen bonding through complementary base pairing.
1 True
2 False
Nucleotides are joined in a specific sequence through dehydration reactions.
1 True
2 False
Short answer
Two examples of nitrogenous bases that are purines are __________ and __________.
Essay
Nucleic acids
Multiple Choice
DNA and RNA are examples of which FAMILY of BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES?
1 proteins;
2 carbohydrates;
3 lipids;
4 amino acids;
5 nucleic acids.
Which of these statements is NOT true about DNA?
1 It is the genetic material of the cell.
2 It forms a double helix.
3 Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine.
4 It contains the sugar ribose.
5 The sugar and phosphate groups form the backbone of the molecule.
Fish sperm consists mostly of the male fish's DNA. If we tested a sample chemically, we should find relatively high amounts of
1 nitrogenous bases, sugar, and phosphate groups.
2 phospholipids and steroids.
3 amino acids and unsaturated fats.
4 triglycerides and ATP.
5 globular proteins and stored fats.
Which statement is true about RNA?
1 It contains adenine paired to thymine.
2 One of the bases from DNA is replaced by uracil.
3 It contains the sugar deoxyribose.
4 Its nucleotides contain twice as many phosphate groups as DNA's nucleotides.
5 It is a double-stranded molecule.
A single nucleic acid molecule (single chain) contains many _____________ covalently bonded together.
1 sugars
2 amino acids
3 nucleotides
4 phospholipids
5 phosphates
Which of these is NOT a nucleic acid?
1 RNA
2 DNA
3 ATP
4 All of these ARE nucleic acids.
The "backbone" of a nucleic acid molecule is made of
1 nitrogenous bases.
2 alternating sugar and phosphate groups.
3 purines.
4 pyrimidines.
5 nucleosides.
This macromolecule is composed of monomer units containing a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.
1 Proteins
2 Carbohydrates
3 Lipids
4 Nucleic Acids
This macromolecule contains coded genetic information.
1 Proteins
2 Carbohydrates
3 Lipids
4 Nucleic Acids
DNA carries genetic information in its
1 helical form.
2 sequence of bases.
3 tertiary structure.
4 phosphate groups.
5 sugar groups.
Where do covalent bonds form between two deoxyribose nucleotides?
1 Between a phosphate group and adenine
2 Between deoxyribose and a phosphate group
3 Between adenine and thymine
4 Between the phosphate groups of both
5 Between deoxyribose and a base
Which of the following statements best summarizes structural differences between DNA and RNA?
1 RNA is a protein while DNA is a nucleic acid.
2 DNA is not a polymer, but RNA is.
3 DNA contains a different sugar than RNA.
4 Both DNA and RNA are found as double helices in nature.
5 DNA has different purine bases than RNA.
The major purpose of RNA is to:
1 transmit genetic information to offspring
2 function in the synthesis of proteins
3 make a copy of itself, thus insuring genetic continuity
4 act as a pattern to form DNA
5 form the genes of an organism
Which of the following statements best summarizes structural differences between DNA and RNA?
1 RNA is a protein while DNA is a nucleic acid
2 DNA is not a polymer, but RNA is
3 DNA contains a different sugar than RNA
4 Both DNA and RNA are found as double helices in nature
5 DNA has different purine bases than RNA
In the double helix structure of nucleic acid, cytosine hydrogen bonds to:
1 deoxyribose
2 ribose
3 adenine
4 thymine
5 guanine
The structural feature that allows the DNA to replicate itself is the:
1 sugar-phosphate backbone
2 complementary pairing of the bases
3 phosphodiester bonding of the helices
4 twisting of the molecule to form an alpha helix
5 three part structure of the nucleotides
The major purpose of RNA is to:
1 transmit genetic information to offspring
2 function in the synthesis of proteins
3 make a copy of itself, thus insuring genetic continuity
4 act as a pattern to form DNA
5 form the genes of an organism
If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5'-ATTGCA-3', the other strand would have the sequence:
1 3'-TAACGT-5'
2 3'-TCCCGT-5'
3 3'-TUUCGU-5'
4 3'-TAAGCT-5'
5 3'-TUUGCU-5'
True - False
RNA is a double-stranded molecule.
1 True
2 False
The sequence of bases in DNA represents the hereditary information of the cell.
1 True
2 False
Short answer
__________is a polymer containing phosphorous, a pentose sugar, and uracil.
Which nucleic acid functions as an energy carrier in the cell?
RNA differs from DNA in that it contains the sugar ribose and uses the nitrogen containing base ________________.
Describe how DNA and RNA are both different from and similar to each other.
Diagram an amino acid and label each of its component parts. How do amino acids differ from each other?
Essay
Monosaccharides
Multiple Choice
Which of the following includes all the others?
1 sucrose
2 glucose
3 cellulose
4 glycogen
5 carbohydrate
Which of the following is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with twice as much hydrogen as oxygen?
1 protein
2 steroid
3 lipid
4 nucleic acid
5 carbohydrate
The element nitrogen is present in all of the following EXCEPT:
1 proteins
2 nucleic acids
3 amino acids
4 DNA
5 lipids
Carbohydrates normally function in animals as:
1 the functional units of lipids
2 enzymes in the regulation of metabolic processes
3 a component of cell membranes
4 a source of energy
5 sites of protein synthesis
Which of the following is not a monosaccharide?
1 glucose
2 fructose
3 deoxyribose
4 starch
5 ribose
A(n) ____________ is a basic unit of a carbohydrate.
1 monosaccharide
2 starch
3 nucleotide
4 glycerol
5 amino acids
The general formula for a carbohydrate is (CH2O)n, where n is the number of groups in the molecule.
1 True
2 False
Composed of monosaccharide monomer units.
1 Proteins
2 Carbohydrates
3 Lipids
4 Nucleic Acids
Glucose (C6H12O6) can exist as both an open-chain form and a closed-ring form. Before 1900, glucose was only thought to occur as an open chain. Now we know that over 99 percent of the time, glucose occurs in the closed-ring form. What possible difference between these forms would give chemists a clue that the open-chain form was not present?
1 Open-chain molecules can form polymers and glucose does not.
2 Only open-chain forms can undergo condensation, which does not occur with glucose.
3 An open chain presents ends with functional groups (in this case aldehyde), and glucose failed to undergo typical aldehyde reactions; a phenomenon that could be explained by having no end functional group in a ring structure.
4 Because glucose is solid at room temperature, it must have saturated hydrocarbon chains.
5 Glucose could not be "denatured" so it must be a tight chain.
Monosaccharides are characterized by all but which of the following?
1 a carboxyl group
2 carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
3 a molecule of three to seven carbon atoms
4 possession of one or more hydroxyl group
5 the presence of glycerol and three fatty acids
A carbohydrate is a molecule composed of one or more
1 amino acids
2 fatty acids
3 nucleotides
4 proteins
5 sugars
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio are called:
1 proteins
2 nucleotides
3 sugars
4 fatty acids
5 nucleic acids
Each of the following is a monosaccharide (single sugar) except one. Which one is the EXCEPTION?
1 glucose
2 sucrose
3 ribose
4 deoxyribose
5 fructose
SUCROSE (table sugar) is:
1 a monosaccharide (single sugar molecule)
2 an oligosaccharide composed of glucose, fructose, and maltose
3 a molecule like starch except for different bonds between the glucose molecules
4 a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose
5 a polysaccharide containing only covalently bound glucose molecules
True - False
Short answer
List an example of a hexose and a pentose sugars, and tell what kind of polymers they form.
Essay
Polysaccharides
Multiple Choice
What is a common feature of both starch and glycogen?
1 Both form microfibrils that give support to connective tissue fibers
2 Both contain repeated monomers of glucose and galactose
3 They are important structural components of plant cell walls
4 They are polymers of glucose
5 They are water-soluble disaccharides
Which of the following is true both of starch and of cellulose?
1 They are both polymers of glucose
2 They are geometric isomers of each other
3 They can both be digested by humans
4 They are both used for energy storage in plants
5 They are both structural components of the plant cell wall
Carbohydrates normally function in animals as:
1 the functional units of lipids
2 a component of cell membranes
3 a source of energy
4 sites of protein synthesis
5 enzymes in the regulation of metabolic processes
What is a common feature of both starch and glycogen?
1 both form microfibrils that give support to connective tissue fibers
2 both contain repeated monomers of glucose and galactose
3 they are important structural components of plant cells walls
4 they are polymers of glucose
5 they are water-soluble disaccharides
All of the following molecules are carbohydrates EXCEPT:
1 glucose
2 cellulose
3 hemoglobin
4 glycogen
5 starch
Cellulose and glycogen are considered to be examples of:
1 proteins
2 nucleic acids
3 amino acids
4 polysaccharides
5 lipids
STARCH and CELLULOSE are ALIKE in that both are:
1 composed of covalently bonded glucose molecules
2 found only in animal cells
3 contain sugars bonded together in identical ways
4 contain non-polar, fatty acid side chains
5 made up of sugars that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
A carbohydrate (polysaccharide) that makes plant cells and tissues structurally rigid is:
1 sucrose
2 glycogen
3 starch
4 cellulose
5 nucleotides
A carbohydrate (polysaccharide) that is formed by plants and used later by the plant as a reserve food supply and made up of only glucose molecules covalently bonded together is:
1 cellulose
2 starch
3 glycogen
4 triglycerides
5 sucrose
Which of the following is true both of starch and of cellulose?
1 They are both polymers of glucose.
2 They are geometric isomers of each other.
3 They can both be digested by humans.
4 They are both used for energy storage in plants.
5 They are both structural components of the plant cell wall.
Which pair are both structural carbohydrate molecules?
1 starch and glycogen
2 starch and cellulose
3 glycogen and cellulose
4 cellulose and chitin
5 glycogen and chitin
A polysaccharide is a polymer made up of which kind of monomers?
1 simple sugars
2 amino acids
3 nucleotides
4 alternating sugar and phosphate groups
5 fatty acids and glycerol
May serve as both energy source and as structural support for cells.
1 Proteins
2 Carbohydrates
3 Lipids
4 Nucleic Acids
The fiber in your diet is really...
1 protein
2 ATP
3 starch
4 cartilage
5 cellulose
Chitin is an example of a ________.
1 polymer
2 polysaccharaide
3 carbohydrate
4 a and b
5 all of these
Where is glycogen stored in vertebrate animals?
1 Liver and muscles
2 Brain and kidneys
3 Heart and bones
4 Pancreas and blood
5 Liver and heart
An example of a structural polysaccharide is:
1 Table sugar
2 Chitin
3 Starch
4 Glucose
5 Glycogen
All of the following molecules are carbohydrates EXCEPT:
1 lactose
2 cellulose
3 hemoglobin
4 glycogen
5 starch
Polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are similar in that they:
1 are synthesized from monomers by the process of hydrolysis
2 are synthesized from monomers by the process of dehydration synthesis
3 are synthesized by peptide bonding between amino acids
4 are decomposed into their subunits by the process of dehydration synthesis
5 all contain nitrogen in their monomers
Which of the following provides energy storage for plants?
1 Glucose
2 Glycogen
3 Starch
4 Cellulose
5 ATP
Which carbohydrate is found in the cell walls of plants?
1 starch
2 chitin
3 cellulose
4 glycogen
5 glycerol
Which carbohydrate is used in the liver for energy storage?
1 starch
2 chitin
3 cellulose
4 glycogen
5 glycerol
Which carbohydrate is found in the exoskeleton of insects and crabs?
1 starch
2 chitin
3 cellulose
4 glycogen
5 glycerol
True - False
Carbohydrates normally function in animals as energy storage molecules.
1 True
2 False
Starch is a protein that serves in energy storage in plant cells.
1 True
2 False
Starch and cellulose are both polymers of the sugar glucose.
1 True
2 False
Short answer
What are the two main functions of carbohydrates in a living system? Give an example of each.
Why do cows have the ability to breakdown cellulose into glucose and humans can not digest cellulose?
The highly branched polysaccharide that stores glucose in the muscle and liver of animals is _____________________.
Describe the differences between storage and structural carbohydrates, giving two examples of each.
Chitin and cellulose are molecules that do not spontaneously break down but can be digested by bacteria and some other microorganisms. Since carbon is not among the most common elements in the earth's crust, what would happen if all of the chitin-digesting and cellulose-digesting organisms on the earth were destroyed?
Essay
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