May 1-13, 2007 Web Surfing Tracker of A Mad Schizophrenic
Aum Gung Ganapathaye Namah
Namo tassa bhagavato arahato samma-sambuddhassa
Homage to The Blessed One, Accomplished and Fully Enlightened
In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful
Web Surfing Tracker
A Collection of Articles, Notes and References
References
(May 1-13, 2007)
(Revised: Tuesday, December 18, 2007)
References Edited by
A Mad Schizophrenic
What’s in a name? That which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet.
- William Shakespeare
Copyright © 2007-2010 A Mad Schizophrenic
The following educational writings are STRICTLY for academic research purposes ONLY.
Should NOT be used for commercial, political or any other purposes.
(The following notes are subject to update and revision)
For free distribution only.
You may print copies of this work for free distribution.
You may re-format and redistribute this work for use on computers and computer networks, provided that you charge no fees for its distribution or use.
Otherwise, all rights reserved.
8 "... Freely you received, freely give”.
- Matthew 10:8 :: New American Standard Bible (NASB)
The attempt to make God just in the eyes of sinful men will always lead to error.
- Pastor William L. Brown.
1 “But mark this: There will be terrible times in the last days.
2 People will be lovers of themselves, lovers of money, boastful, proud, abusive, disobedient to their parents, ungrateful, unholy,
3 without love, unforgiving, slanderous, without self-control, brutal, not lovers of the good,
4 treacherous, rash, conceited, lovers of pleasure rather than lovers of God—
5 having a form of godliness but denying its power. Have nothing to do with them.
6 They are the kind who worm their way into homes and gain control over weak-willed women, who are loaded down with sins and are swayed by all kinds of evil desires,
7 always learning but never able to acknowledge the truth.
8 Just as Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses, so also these men oppose the truth--men of depraved minds, who, as far as the faith is concerned, are rejected.
9 But they will not get very far because, as in the case of those men, their folly will be clear to everyone.”
- 2 Timothy 3:1-9 :: New International Version (NIV)
The right to be left alone – the most comprehensive of rights, and the right most valued by a free people
- Justice Louis Brandeis, Olmstead v. U.S., 1928.
15 I know thy works, that thou art neither cold nor hot: I would thou wert cold or hot.
16 So then because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee out of my mouth.
- Revelation 3:15-16 :: King James Version (KJV)
6 As he saith also in another place, Thou art a priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec.
- Hebrews 5:6 :: King James Version (KJV)
3 Without father, without mother, without descent, having neither beginning of days, nor end of life; but made like unto the Son of God; abideth a priest continually.
- Hebrews 7:3 :: King James Version (KJV)
Therefore, I say:
Know your enemy and know yourself;
in a hundred battles, you will never be defeated.
When you are ignorant of the enemy but know yourself,
your chances of winning or losing are equal.
If ignorant both of your enemy and of yourself,
you are sure to be defeated in every battle.
-- Sun Tzu, The Art of War, c. 500bc
There are two ends not to be served by a wanderer. What are these two? The pursuit of desires and of the pleasure which springs from desire, which is base, common, leading to rebirth, ignoble, and unprofitable; and the pursuit of pain and hardship, which is grievous, ignoble, and unprofitable.
- The Blessed One, Lord Buddha
3 Neither let the son of the stranger, that hath joined himself to the LORD, speak, saying, The LORD hath utterly separated me from his people: neither let the eunuch say, Behold, I am a dry tree.
- Isaiah 56:3 :: King James Version (KJV)
19:12 For there are some eunuchs, which were so born from their mother's womb: and there are some eunuchs, which were made eunuchs of men: and there be eunuchs, which have made themselves eunuchs for the kingdom of heaven's sake. He that is able to receive it, let him receive it.
- Matthew 19:12 :: King James Version (KJV)
21 But this kind does not go out except by prayer and fasting.
- Matthew 17:21 :: Amplified Bible (AMP)
Contents
Color Code
A Brief Word on Copyright
References
Educational Copy of Some of the References
Color Code
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Color Code Identification
Main Title Color: Pink
Sub Title Color: Rose
Minor Title Color: Gray – 50%
Collected Article Author Color: Lime
Date of Article Color: Light Orange
Collected Article Color: Sea Green
Collected Sub-notes Color: Indigo
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A Brief Word on Copyright
Many of the articles whose educational copies are given below are copyrighted by their respective authors as well as the respective publishers. Some contain messages of warning, as follows:
Republication or redissemination of the contents of this screen are expressly prohibited
without the written consent of “so and so”.
According to the concept of “fair use” in US copyright Law,
The reproduction, redistribution and/or exploitation of any materials and/or content (data, text, images, marks or logos) for personal or commercial gain is not permitted. Provided the source is cited, personal, educational and non-commercial use (as defined by fair use in US copyright law) is permitted.
Moreover,
• This is a religious educational website.
o In the name of the Lord, with the invisible Lord as the witness.
• No commercial/business/political use of the following material.
• Just like student notes for research purposes, the writings of the other children of the Lord, are given as it is, with student highlights and coloring. Proper respects and due referencing are attributed to the relevant authors/publishers.
I believe that satisfies the conditions for copyright and non-plagiarism.
• Also, from observation, any material published on the internet naturally gets read/copied even if conditions are maintained. If somebody is too strict with copyright and hold on to knowledge, then it is better not to publish “openly” onto the internet or put the article under “pay to refer” scheme.
• I came across the articles “freely”. So I publish them freely with added student notes and review with due referencing to the parent link, without any personal monetary gain. My purpose is only to educate other children of the Lord on certain concepts, which I believe are beneficial for “Oneness”.
References
Some of the links may not be active (de-activated) due to various reasons, like removal of the concerned information from the source database. So an educational copy is also provided, along with the link.
If the link is active, do cross-check/validate/confirm the educational copy of the article provided along.
1. If the link is not active, then try to procure a hard copy of the article, if possible, based on the reference citation provided, from a nearest library or where-ever, for cross-checking/validation/confirmation.
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Educational Copy of Some of the References
FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
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Internet Connection: ‘Sreyas’, TC 25/2741, PRA No. A47, Ambuja Vilasom Road, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India
IP Address: 59.91.241.73
Monday, May 07, 2007 0820 p.m. – 1101 p.m. IST
sreegopalsreekumaran
Check email
sreegopalsreekumaran
Check email
sreenarayana
Check emails; delete junk emails
sreegopal
Check email
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Susan Finch. (Thursday, April 26, 2007) Domestic violence victims are given electronic advice: 'We want tech-savvy survivors'
Domestic violence victims are given electronic advice
'We want tech-savvy survivors'
Thursday, April 26, 2007
By Susan Finch
For women who manage to escape from violent relationships, staying safe means knowing how to keep from becoming victims of high-tech stalking at the hands of the tormentors they left behind, an official of the National Network to End Domestic Violence said here Wednesday.
"We want tech-savvy survivors," said NNEDV technology chief Cindy Southworth, in town for a national conference to teach law enforcement and social service professionals how to gather proof that abusers are using cell phones, e-mail and locator devices to follow their victims. They're also getting pointers about helping domestic abuse victims avoid such tracking and safely use technology without leaving "electronic footprints."
According to Southworth, domestic violence victims should take steps to separate themselves from their abusers, electronically as well as physically.
When it comes to the Internet, she said, those steps should include:
Using computers at a library or one that belongs to a friend, instead of a machine shared with the abuser.
Creating a new e-mail account in a name that the abuser doesn't know. That practice should be followed in setting up any new accounts, so that the abuser can't access the information.
Avoiding e-mails with attachments that, if opened, could relay her email information to her abuser.
Victims of domestic violence should also quit using cell phones that are part of a family plan shared with their abusers, Southworth said.
The danger of using shared phones, she said, is that abusers can get records of the victim's calls and, without her knowledge, have a locator feature installed to monitor her whereabouts.
Southworth's advice to these women is, "Get a new phone," preferably one that has a global positioning chip, which would allow police to find her immediately if she calls 911.
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kali new york organization
kali new york organization lesbian
kali new york organization lesbian gay
SAMOIS, a lesbian/feminist S/M organization
South Asian Lesbian Gay Association (SALGA)
Behind the Mask - on Gay and Lesbian Affairs in Africa:
ILGA is a worldwide network of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender organizations
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Internet Connection: ‘Sreyas’, TC 25/2741, PRA No. A47, Ambuja Vilasom Road, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India
IP Address: 59.91.241.45
Tuesday, May 08, 2007 0719 a.m. – 0455 p.m. IST
Forbidden
Forbidden
racus education Russia
Russian-American Christian University’s (RACU)
Rush for Russian medical degrees
Kanyakumari district, Tamilnadu
Kanyakumari
Thiruparappu
sreegopalsreekumaran
Check email, send email to racus and delhiracus
madras university distance education
University of Madras, IDE
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Internet Connection: ‘Sreyas’, TC 25/2741, PRA No. A47, Ambuja Vilasom Road, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India
IP Address: 59.91.241.154
Tuesday, May 08, 2007 0807 p.m. – 0813 p.m. IST
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Internet Connection: ‘Sreyas’, TC 25/2741, PRA No. A47, Ambuja Vilasom Road, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India
IP Address: 59.91.241.147
Tuesday, May 08, 2007 0854 p.m. – Wednesday, May 09, 2007 0353 a.m. IST
sreegopalsreekumaran
Check email, prompt reply from Racus, send email to racus and delhiracus
The Internet Movie Database
Chicago (2002)
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Internet Connection: ‘Sreyas’, TC 25/2741, PRA No. A47, Ambuja Vilasom Road, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India
IP Address: 59.91.241.87
Wednesday, May 09, 2007 0354 a.m. – 0406 a.m. IST
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Internet Connection: ‘Sreyas’, TC 25/2741, PRA No. A47, Ambuja Vilasom Road, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India
IP Address: 59.91.241.64
Wednesday, May 09, 2007 0432 p.m. – 0442 p.m. IST
sreegopalsreekumaran
Check email
spy devices stalking
GPS Surveillance Creeps into Daily Life - The NewStandard
Stalkers Go High Tech to Intimidate Victims
A High-Tech Twist on Abuse: Technology, Intimate Partner Stalking, and Advocacy
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Internet Connection: ‘Sreyas’, TC 25/2741, PRA No. A47, Ambuja Vilasom Road, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India
IP Address: 59.91.241.53
Friday, May 11, 2007 0943 a.m. – 0959 a.m. IST
sreegopalsreekumaran
Check email
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Internet Connection: ‘Sreyas’, TC 25/2741, PRA No. A47, Ambuja Vilasom Road, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India
IP Address: 59.91.241.115
Friday, May 11, 2007 1125 a.m. – 1137 a.m. IST
sreegopalsreekumaran
Check email
HTTP 403 (Forbidden)
HTTP 403 (Forbidden)
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Internet Connection: ‘Sreyas’, TC 25/2741, PRA No. A47, Ambuja Vilasom Road, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India
IP Address: 59.91.241.121
Friday, May 11, 2007 1125 a.m. – 1210 p.m. IST
sreegopalsreekumaran
Check email
racus application form
Irkutsk State University
Irkutsk State University Post-graduate studies
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Internet Connection: ‘Sreyas’, TC 25/2741, PRA No. A47, Ambuja Vilasom Road, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India
IP Address: 59.91.241.168
Friday, May 11, 2007 0130 p.m. – 0246 p.m. IST
sreegopalsreekumaran
Check email
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OLD WEBSITE (Still active)
Irkutsk State University
Classical University of Irkutsk
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Russian for foreigners
International department. Russian for foreigners
Programmes
Price List
Cultural Programme
Students views
Application form
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Irkutsk State University Psychological faculty
Irkutsk State University Post-graduate studies
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NEW WEBSITE
Irkutsk State University
About ISU
Structure ISU
Institutes and faculties
Faculty of Psychology
2, Chkalov St., Irkutsk
Tel.: +7 (3952) 24-23-17, 24-07-22
e-mail: dean@psy.isu.ru
Dean – Igor KONOPAK, Assistant Professor
Branches
Scientific-Research Institutes
Other Bodies
Rector
Pro-Rectors
Science
ISU Scientific Schools
Dissertation Councils
ISU Addresses
Irkutsk State University,
1, Karl Marx Street,
Irkutsk, 664003, Russia
Rector: Alexander SMIRNOV, Professor
Tel.: + 7 (3952) 24-34-53
Fax: + 7 (3952) 24-22-38
WWW: isu.ru
E-mail: rector@isu.ru
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OTHER SOURCES
Irkutsk State University
Irkutsk State University
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Internet Connection: ‘Sreyas’, TC 25/2741, PRA No. A47, Ambuja Vilasom Road, Pulimoodu, Thiruvananthapuram 695001, Kerala, India
IP Address: 59.91.241.176
Saturday, May 12, 2007 0107 a.m. – 0412 a.m. IST
sreegopalsreekumaran
Check email
air china
Aeroflot
bus service india kathmandu
Air China
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Aeroflot
Requested Flight
Select Flights 800.30 USD
Fare Basis: S5OW*WSSOW 1 Adult: 713.00 + taxes: 87.30 = 800.30 USD
Depart: Monday, 20 August 07
04:30 Delhi , IN (DEL)
Arrive: Monday, 20 August 07
09:30 Moscow-Sheremetyevo , RU (SVO)
AEROFLOT/AEROFLOT RUSSIAN AIRLINES
Non-Stop / SU 536 Cabin: Economy / Ilyushin IL96 Turbo
Connecting Flight
Depart: Monday, 20 August 07
19:05 Moscow-Sheremetyevo , RU (SVO)
Arrive: Tuesday, 21 August 07
05:40 Irkutsk , RU (IKT)
AEROFLOT/AEROFLOT RUSSIAN AIRLINES
Non-Stop / SU 749 Cabin: Economy / Tupolev TU154 Jet
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Overland travel India to Nepal
How to travel by train to & from Kathmandu & Nepal
Country information
Train operator in Nepal:
There are no trains in Nepal, other than an obscure branch line from India of limited interest to travellers.
Time:
GMT+5hours 45 minutes. No daylight saving time.
Currency:
£1 = 137 Nepalese rupees. $1 = 74 Nepalese rupees
Visas:
All except Indian citizens need a visa. Tourist visas can be bought at all official frontiers for around $30. The visa fee must be paid in US$ cash, and you'll need 2 passport photos. Alternatively, visas can be bought from Nepal embassies - The Nepalese London embassy website is .uk.
On this page...
London to Kathmandu overland by train
Train travel in Nepal
Delhi to Kathmandu by train+bus
Varanasi to Kathmandu by bus
Kathmandu to Lhasa (Tibet) by bus
London to Kathmandu overland...
How to travel from Europe to Nepal by train, via Turkey, Iran, Pakistan & India...
It is possible to travel from Europe to Nepal overland by train and bus via Turkey, Iran, Pakistan & India. It will take a minimum of 2-3 weeks (preferably more, as you'll probably want to stop off on the way and explore), and you should consider it more as an adventure or expedition than a routine way to travel there. The main difficulty is getting an tourist visa for Iran, although this is becoming easier - see the London to Iran page. If you can get a visa, the only logistical problem is building an itinerary around the weekly train from Istanbul to Tehran and the twice-monthly trains towards to Pakistan border. There are security problems in southeast Iran to be aware of - see the official travel advice for Iran and Pakistan at the British Foreign Office website, .uk. If you are still interested, here's how to do it:
Travel from London to Istanbul (3 days) by train - see the London to Turkey page.
Travel from Istanbul to Tehran in Iran on the modern weekly 'Trans-Asia Express' (3 days) - see the London to Iran page.
Travel from Tehran to Kerman in southeast Iran by daily overnight train leaving Tehran at 18:10 and arriving at Kerman at 07:20 next morning. The train has comfortable air-conditioned sleepers (4-berth compartments). There's also an earlier train if this train is full. Times and fares can be confirmed at .
The railway has now been extended to Bam, so change trains at Kerman onto the 08:25 connecting train to Bam, arriving 11:25.
There is then a gap in the railway line, so you'll need to take a bus from Kerman or Bam to Zahedan. The bus leaves Kerman daily at 20:00, calls at Bam a few hours later and arrives Zahedan at 04:00 next morning.
From Zahedan, the 'Taftan Express' leaves on the 3rd & 17th of every month at 08:30, arriving in Quetta (in Pakistan) at 15:20 the next day. This train consists of several very basic passenger seats cars attached to a freight train, with no sleeping berths or restaurant. Bring plenty of food and above all, lots of drinking water, as it gets very hot in the desert and there's nothing available on board. As an alternative, there are also regular overnight buses on this route, but the train will show you great desert scenery in daylight - treat it as an adventure. Expect an arrival in Quetta 3-6 hours late.
From Quetta, there are comfortable daily trains with air-conditioned sleepers to Lahore, see the Pakistan page for times and fares.
From Lahore there is a twice weekly train (see above) or daily taxis/buses to Amritsar in India, 46km away. There are regular trains from Amritsar to Delhi.
Travel from Delhi to Kathmandu as shown below.
Planning your trip...
If you want to research this trip further, buy a copy of the Lonely Planet Istanbul to Kathmandu guide, which covers Turkey, Iran, Pakistan, India and Nepal. I'd suggest planning the trip out carefully before you start to book anything - this may help: How to plan an itinerary & budget.
Train travel in Nepal...
There are no trains in Nepal, other than the end of an obscure branch line from India which is of limited interest to travellers. However, regular buses link most centres.
India to Nepal overland...
Delhi to Kathmandu by train + bus...
It's quite easy, cheap, and an adventure to do this journey overland.
Day 1: Take a train from Delhi to Gorakhpur. The Vaishali Express leaves Delhi at around 19:45 and arrives at Gorakhpur Junction at 09:10 next morning, or there's another train from New Delhi at 17:20 arriving Gorakhpur at 06:35 next morning. The fare is around Rs 2440 ($55) in AC1, RS 1240 ($28) in AC2, Rs 785 ($18) in AC3 or Rs 315 in Sleeper Class - see .in for times and fares.
Day 2: Take a bus or jeep from Gorakhpur to the Nepalese frontier at (Indian side) Sunauli/Bhairawa (Nepalese side, but also often called Sunauli). Journey time about 3 hours, Rs 55 ($1).
Walk across the frontier, it's then a few minutes walk to the Bhairawa bus station. Take a bus or jeep on to Kathmandu. Buses take 9 to 12 hours, cost about 120 Nepalese Rupees or 230 Indian Rupees ($2). There are many buses daily, either daytime buses leaving regularly until about 11:00 or overnight buses leaving regularly from about 16:00 until 19:00. Indian rupees may be accepted here in Bhairawa, but not further into Nepal.
It's also possible to travel via Varanasi. An overnight train links Delhi & Kathmandu. Buses link Varanasi with the Nepalese border - see the next section.
Traveller's report:
Traveller Robert Marten reports (February 2007): "We travelled AC2 overnight to Gorakhpur booked in London through S.D.Enterprises (indiarail.co.uk). The train was 3 hours late due to fog(!?), arriving after midday. Then we took a very crowded ordinary bus from Gorakhpur to the Indian border town, Sunauli. We paid Indian Rp.55 each though I was told by another local that the normal fare was Rp. 45. We were also nearly taken in by what we decided was a scam - two different people offered us "tickets" from Gorakphur to Kathmandu for Rp.450 - saying that we could pay Rp.225 in Gorakhpur and then another Rp.225 once we crossed the border - we concluded that in effect all they were doing was charging us Rp.225 for the bus from Gorakhpur to the border. Our bus to the border took about 3 hours. Then we easily negotiated the Indian & Nepalese Immigration. So we found ourselves in Nepal at about 4pm. After a bit of shopping around we booked tickets on the 5pm overnight bus to Kathmandu for Indian Rp.230 per person and arrived in cold Kathmandu shortly after 5am."
Varanasi to Kathmandu by bus...
Day 1: Direct buses run from Varanasi to the Nepalese border at Bhairawi (Indian side)/Sunauli (Nepalese side), running several times daily (exact times not known). They take 9 hours and cost about Rs 100 ($2). Walk across the frontier, and spend the night in a hotel in Sunauli.
Day 2: The Sunauli bus station is a few minutes walk from the frontier. Buses to Kathmandu take 9 to 12 hours, cost about 120 Nepalese Rupees ($2). There are many buses daily, either daytime buses leaving regularly until about 11:00 or overnight buses leaving regularly from about 16:00 until 19:00.
Feedback needed..!
If you've any information or photos that would help improve this page for future travellers, please e-mail me
Kathmandu to Lahsa by bus...
There is a twice-weekly bus service from Kathmandu to Lhasa in Tibet, from where there are daily trains to Xian and Beijing. The bus departs on Tuesday & Friday mornings from each end, and takes 2 days for the 955 km journey, with an overnight stop at Sigatse. One-way fare $70. The Nepal-Tibet highway was only completed in 1965, and this new bus service started in 2005 using Korean-built 35-seat luxury buses. The service is run jointly by the Himalaya Passenger Transport Company (Chinese) and Gorkha Travel Company Limited under the state transport company (Sajha Yatayat) name. Information comes from china.english/2005/Apr/127112.htm.
The Thomas Cook Overseas Timetable
It's probably the most adventurous timetable ever produced... The famous Thomas Cook Overseas Timetable has train, bus and ferry times for Nepal, India, China, in fact all of Asia, America, Africa & Australasia. It is published every two months. No serious overland traveller should be without it..!
It costs £11.50 from the bureau de change in any UK branch of Thomas Cook, or it can be ordered by phone on 01733 416477 (+44 1733 416477 from outside the UK).
Buy online at (worldwide delivery).
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The Man in Seat Sixty-One
How to travel by train & ship...
If you need help with rail or sea travel, ask the Man in Seat Sixty-One!...
Who is the Man in Seat Sixty-One..?
How to travel by Trans-Siberian Railway from London to China & Japan
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Kathmandu-Lhasa direct bus service May 1
World Tibet Network News
Published by the Canada Tibet Committee
Monday, March 28, 2005
2. Kathmandu-Lhasa direct bus service May 1
IANS
Kathmandu, March 27 - An agreement between Nepal and China to start direct bus services between Kathmandu and Lhasa, capital of Tibet, will be implemented from May 1, as per schedule.
A 14-member Chinese delegation led by Chang Jiang Jhang, director of Tibet's transport management department, arrived in Nepal Friday after completing an inspection of the nearly 900km highway connecting Kathmandu and Lhasa.
Though Saturday was a holiday in Nepal's government offices, the visiting delegation started a two-day meeting with officials of Nepal's transport management department, resulting in an agreement to start direct bus services from May 1.
A formal agreement between the two sides is expected to be signed Sunday.
The service will start with two buses each from Nepal and Tibet with the simplification of visa procedures for travellers.
Sajha Yatayat, Nepal's state-run bus service, will operate runs from Nepal while a private transport operator will be given the contract in Tibet, Nepal's state media reported.
The journey is likely to take between two to three days with a one-way trip costing between $50-70.
The bus service will run nine months, an improvement on air services that are available only six months a year.
Travellers from Nepal would be able to get a visa from Sajha Yatayat, media reports said, saving trips to the Chinese embassy in Kathmandu.
Talks about direct bus services had started in the 90s but got a fillip in November last year when May was regarded as a possible starting date.
China has bettered its ties with Nepal by saying the Feb 1 royal coup was an internal matter of Nepal and agreeing to send its foreign minister Li Zhaoxing on a visit to Kathmandu end of this month. Next month, China is also scheduled to hold an education fair and a trade fair, sectors in which India still dominates in Nepal.
With Nepal's relations with China getting closer, the bus service pact is posed to hit the roads right on schedule, in sharp contrast to an agreement between Nepal and India to start bus services between major cities in both countries.
In February 2004, India's then foreign secretary Shashank's visit to Nepal resulted in both countries signing an agreement that provided for 53 buses from each side plying daily through five border points, connecting Indian cities like New Delhi, Kolkata, Lucknow, Varanasi and Darjeeling with key Nepalese cities like Kathmandu and Biratnagar.
However, the pact was grounded after Sher Bahadur Deuba formed a multi-party government in mid-2004 due to objections by the coalition's dominant leftist partner, the Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist Leninist, who felt it would give undue advantage to Indian transport operators.
Though the agreement would have benefited thousands of Nepalese and Indians, it is unlikely to be put on the road now, with relations between Nepal and India hitting an all-time row.
Since King Gyanendra dismissed the Deuba government and assumed absolute powers, India has suspended military assistance to Nepal's army, saying the decision will be reviewed only if the king restores multi-party democracy.
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Indian Tourism International Links
Pokhara Tourism Council
SOUTH ASIA INTELLIGENCE REVIEW
Weekly Assessments & Briefings
Volume 3, No. 32, February 21, 2005
Nepal Tourism Board
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Tibet-Nepal bus service rolls out
Read: Sunday, May 13, 2007
Last Updated: Sunday, 1 May, 2005, 11:11 GMT 12:11 UK
Tibet-Nepal bus service rolls out
The first bus of a new public service linking Nepal and Tibet has begun, carrying 40 passengers from Kathmandu to Lhasa.
Officials in Kathmandu said the journey of nearly 1000km over mountains would take three days.
The two countries agreed on the bus service in November 2004 to boost trade and tourism.
The once-a-week service will operate nine months a year and charge passengers $70 a journey, reports say.
The fare is considerably lower than a $273 airline fare between Kathmandu and Lhasa, Kathmandu-based tour operator Rajendra Dahal told AFP news agency.
Closer ties
The first bus, with 15 journalists among its passengers, was flagged off by Nepal's Transport Minister Ram Narayan Singh and Chinese Ambassador Sun Heping.
"This is my first visit to Lhasa and I am going there to see the places of interest," passenger Mahesh Shrestha told AFP.
The service will operate nine months in a year because of the snow blocking mountain passes during winter.
"The bus service is expected to consolidate the existing ties between Nepal and Tibet and cut the travel costs for the passengers of the two cities," said Srijana Devkota, the co-ordinator of the Nepalese state-run bus service.
Correspondents say that the Nepal is seeking closer ties with China ever since its closest partner India condemned King Gyanendra's decision to seize direct power in February.
Chinese Foreign Minister Li Zhaoxing visited Nepal for two days in March and held talks with King Gyanendra.
China has described King Gyanendra's seizure of power as an internal matter for Nepal.
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Nepal to re-think direct bus service with India
Read: Sunday, May 13, 2007
Nepal to re-think direct bus service with India
13 Sep, 2004 l 1255 hrs ISTlIANS
KATHMANDU: Nepal wants to re-think a bilateral transport pact inked in February for direct passenger bus services with India.
The Indo-Nepal Friendship Bus Services agreement inked by then Indian foreign secretary Shashank during his Nepal visit may be jettisoned due to pressure from local transport operators, who have been opposing the project from the very beginning.
The agreement, signed during the tenure of the Surya Bahadur Thapa government, may not be honoured by the present coalition government of Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba.
This is despite a joint press communique by the prime ministers of Nepal and India in the wake of Deuba's five-day visit to New Delhi expressing satisfaction at the progress on the implementation of various Nepal-India economic and development cooperation projects.
The agreement planned to start direct passenger bus services between different metros of both countries along 14 routes. Both countries agreed to operate 53 buses daily through five border points, going up to Indian cities like New Delhi, Darjeeling, Benaras, Patna and Hardwar.
The direct bus service would have meant a huge slash in travel costs, greater security for those travelling by road and open windows for entrepreneurs on both sides of the border.
It was to have been implemented after the signing of a protocol between the two countries.
Nepalese Minister for Labour and Transport Management Raghuji Pant, who belongs to the Communist Party of Nepal-United Marxist Leninist (UML), has vetoed signing the protocol, saying it should be reviewed.
UML, the strongest partner in the ruling alliance, is considered close to the Federation of Nepalese Transport Entrepreneurs who threatened to go on a countrywide strike if the agreement was signed.
However, a section of the Nepalese media has been portraying the agreement as an attempt by India to overrun Nepal.
There is a fear that the opening of direct bus services to Indian metros will enable business entrepreneurs from there to establish a monopoly in Nepal with operating procedures taking longer in the country and infrastructure being weaker.
According to Pant, while a few direct routes to metros like New Delhi and Kolkata are acceptable, the decision to open 14 routes needs substantial re-thinking and the views of other segments involved should also be taken into consideration.
The issue is said to have been discussed at a cabinet meeting before Deuba left for New Delhi and the Indian government is also said to be aware of it.
However, while both sides have been highlighting the consolidation of India-Nepal ties with Deuba's visit, the derailment of the India-Nepal Friendship Bus Service seems to have been swept under the carpet.
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Tranportation Services in Nepal
Nepal Travel Tips
's+and+Don'ts
k p s gill
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Kanwar Pal Singh Gill
Read: Sunday, May 13, 2007
Kanwar Pal Singh Gill
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kanwar Pal Gill, was born in Ludhiana, Punjab, India. He began his career as a police officer in the north-eastern state of Assam, quickly earning a reputation as a tough officer. He became a household name across the country as Punjab police chief in the early 1990s, when he was credited with crushing a separatist revolt in the Sikh-majority state.
Widely given credit for addressing the terrorism in Punjab, Mr Gill was dubbed "Super Cop" after his success in Punjab. He publishes the Faultlines journal and runs the Institute for Conflict Management, as well as advising governments and institutions on security related issues. He was asked by the government of Sri Lanka last year for similar advice. Mr Gill has also written a book, "The Knights of Falsehood", which explores the abuse of religious institutions by the politics of freedom struggle in Punjab.
He got involved in sports administration after retirement and is currently the IHF ( Indian Hockey Federation) president.
He has also been appointed as a consultant by the Chattisgarh government to help tackle the Naxalite movement in the state.
Quotes
"Democracy and liberalism are not a sufficient defence and this is a fact that the ideologues of ‘freedom’ need, equally, to comprehend. There is a fatal flaw in the liberal mind. Having established, in structure and form [though seldom in substance], a system of governance that corresponds to its conception of democracy, it feels that nothing more needs to be done. The ‘Truths’ of the liberal ideology are, as the American Declaration on the Rights of Man expresses it, ‘Self Evident’. They require no proof, no reiteration, and no defence - certainly no defence by force of arms. Once democracy [or even the ritual of quinquinneal elections] is established, according to liberal mythology, the mystical ‘invisible hand’ keeps everything in place; the ‘superior wisdom of the masses’ ensures order and justice...
This is just so much rubbish. As we should know after living with falsehoods for fifty years now. Truth does not triumph; unless it has champions to propound it, unless it has armies to defend it."
Punjab: The Knights of Falsehood
Criticism
For some critics his success is a part of the story started by predecessor Julio Francis Ribeiro who started the "Bullet for Bullet" campaign of hitting back at militants and the strong hand in dealing with militancy adopted by Chief minister Beant Singh.
He was also convicted by Indian courts for sexual misconduct - an incident when he misbehaved with a woman IAS officer ( Rupen Deol) during a party.
External links
BBC News Profile: KPS Gill
"K.P.S. Gill, You Have Questions to Answer" By KHUSHWANT SINGH
Supreme Court Upholds K.P.S. Gill's Conviction
Web Page on K.P.S. Gill's views and analysis of topics
Retrieved from ""
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Profile: KPS Gill
Read: Sunday, May 13, 2007
You are in: World: South Asia
Wednesday, 8 May, 2002, 17:49 GMT 18:49 UK
Profile: KPS Gill
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Gill is viewed by many as a national hero
By Jyotsna Singh
BBC reporter in Delhi
The newly appointed security adviser for the western Indian state of Gujarat, Kanwar Pal Singh Gill, faces a daunting task.
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Critics say Gill has no power to stop the violence
Mr Gill is known for his success in rooting out militancy from the Indian state of Punjab, expertise that he will now apply to the communal violence in Gujarat.
The state has been in the grip of Hindu-Muslim violence for more than two months and Mr Gill has been assigned the job of advising the state administration on security.
Critics say that shorn of any real administrative powers, Mr Gill may find himself relying on the aura surrounding his personality to repeat his success.
But to many, he remains a national hero whose strong will and long experience make him the right man for the job.
Tough reputation
KPS Gill began his career as a police officer in the north-eastern state of Assam, quickly earning a reputation as a tough officer.
He became a household name across the country as Punjab police chief in the early 1990s, when he was credited with crushing a separatist revolt in the Sikh-majority state.
Gill is no stranger to controversy
Widely praised as a one-man army and widely feared by criminals across the country, Mr Gill was dubbed "Super Cop" after his success in Punjab.
Years after retiring from government job, Mr Gill's anti-terrorism skills are back in great demand.
He publishes the Faultlines journal and runs the Institute for Conflict Management, as well as advising governments and institutions on security related issues.
He was asked by the government of Sri Lanka last year for similar advice.
Mr Gill has also written a book, "The Knights of Falsehood", which explores the abuse of religious institutions by the politics of terrorism in Punjab.
Criticism
There has been a dark side to Mr Gill's success and he is no stranger to controversy.
He and his team have been accused of committing excesses in the name of stamping out terrorism.
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Additional forces are needed in Gujarat
Then in the mid-1990s, a senior female civil servant from Punjab, Rupan Deol Bajaj, sued him successfully for sexual harassment.
Mr Gill had to pay a hefty fine and was sentenced to three years in prison which was later reduced to probation.
Despite his conviction Mr Gill's iconic status remains untarnished among both ordinary people and political parties, including the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party.
Observers say the BJP-led government is hoping to cash in on Mr Gill's image.
The Central government has been under tremendous pressure to intervene directly in Gujarat following allegations of complicity between rioters and the police and state administration.
Accountability
Critics have dismissed Mr Gill's appointment as a mere symbolism.
They say his role has not been clearly defined and as the state government's adviser he will not have any real authority to execute his own plans.
The main opposition Congress Party has even demanded to know exactly to whom he will be accountable.
Mr Gill himself, however, has dismissed any such doubts and says he has the support of the state government.
He has described the situation in Gujarat as "very bad" and has given himself a month for a full assessment of the situation.
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Julio Francis Ribeiro
Read: Sunday, May 13, 2007
Julio Francis Ribeiro
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Julio Francis Ribeiro, a brilliant former IPS officers of Government of India, is known as an intelligent supercop in India.
He is famous for his phrase “Bullet for Bullet”. Actually it is his policy that he adopted in Punjab to save the state from militancy.
Ribeiro, who is now in his last seventies, has served the India as a Commissioner of Mumbai Police, Director General of Central Reserve Police; Director General Police of Gujarat and Director General of Punjab Police during its worst years of terrorism in Punjab.
Ribeiro also served as India's ambassador to Romania in 1992-1993.Now he is involved in social work. He is presently living in Mumbai, India.
External links
Tribune article
Retrieved from ""
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Saturday, May 12, 2007 0422 a.m. – 0434 a.m. IST
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The path to ultimate peace is spiritual discipline.
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FBI Laboratory: Major Cases (1999)
Read: Sunday, May 13, 2007
The services of the FBI Laboratory have proven to be crucial to law enforcement agencies. Throughout 1999, the FBI Laboratory provided forensic a
nalysis, technical expertise, tactical communications, and operational support for investigative and intelligence activities as well as effective communications and surveillance capabilities to support essential FBI national and international responsibilities. In addition, trained and equipped laboratory and field evidence response, crisis response, hazardous materials, communications, and bomb technician personnel were deployed to remote locations throughout the United States and around the world in response to emerging crisis situations.
Kosovo War Crimes
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) requested FBI forensic assistance in direct support of the six-count international indictment of Yugoslavian President Slobodan Milosevic and four Serbian leaders. Director Louis J. Freeh approved the deployment of a 65-person FBI forensic team to Kosovo, a small province between Macedonia and the Adriatic Sea. The mission of this team of expert investigators and forensic specialists was to document and photograph crime scenes; locate, collect, and preserve evidence at the massacre sites; and perform forensic examinations of the deceased victims to determine identity, sex, approximate age, and cause of death.
Kosovo Recovery Efforts
News accounts and preoperational briefings provided advance warning of the horrors committed by Serbian nationals. However, nothing prepared investigators and examiners for the devastation present at what Director Freeh called "the largest crime scene in history."
The FBI forensic team processed seven sites in Gjakove, Kosovo, and two sites in the town of Peje from June 20, 1999 through July 3, 1999. The majority of these sites were burned houses in which Serbian forces had allegedly murdered more than 75 individuals. The FBI forensic team recovered seven bodies, the remains of numerous others, jacketed rifle bullets, cartridge cases, hand grenade fragments, and evidence for positive presumptive blood test. Field autopsies conducted on the seven bodies determined the cause of death to be multiple gunshots to the head for all seven victims.
A second forensic team was deployed in response to a United Nations request for the provision of continued crime scene assistance to the ICTY. This team processed 21 crime scene sites from August 28, 1999 through September 8, 1999. The majority of these multiple gravesites were located near the town of Glogavac in the Vrbovac Valley, an area approximately 15 km by 6 km in size. Serbian forces allegedly occupied the main road surrounding this area and began an offensive during March and April of 1999, during which Albanian villagers hiding in the woods were captured, tortured, and killed. Those killed were buried in remote graves by local villagers under the cover of darkness. More than 250 Albanians are estimated to have been killed in the Vrbovac area.
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A crime scene
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The exhumation of a grave
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FBI forensic recovery efforts
The FBI forensic team exhumed the bodies of 124 victims from 15 sites and processed six "killing" areas. Field autopsies determined the cause of death to be multiple gunshots for the majority of the victims, although some, including a four year-old girl, died from blunt-force trauma. Victims ranged from a two-year-old boy to a 94-year-old female.
For more information about the FBI Laboratory's role in the Kosovo investigation, see the Kosovo section of the FBI Web site.
Egypt Air Flight 990
Essential forensic and operational support was provided by the FBI Laboratory in the recovery efforts of Egypt Air Flight 990, which crashed off the Massachussetts coast on October 31, 1999. Onsite support was provided by examiners from the DNA, Chemistry, Explosives, and Latent Print Units of the Laboratory and by Special Agents, Evidence Response Team members, and electronics technicians, who assisted in the collection and separation of human remains, personal effects, and aircraft parts. Evidence Response Teams from Boston, Little Rock, New York, and Newark responded to the initial crash investigation and additional teams from Buffalo, Cincinnati, and Baltimore provided assistance with the salvage operation at sea.
Columbine High School Shootings
The FBI Laboratory's Investigative and Prosecutive Graphic Unit served as the lead for the collection and documentation of the crime scene survey data during the Columbine High School shooting investigation, which followed the April 20, 1999 incident in Littleton, Colorado. This Unit, in combination with the Laboratory's Structural Design Unit, created scaled crime scene reconstructions of each segment of the incident.
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Columbine High School, Littleton, Colorado
These reconstructions depicted the locations of victims, evidence, and explosive devices; diagramed bullet trajectories; and exhibited the movement of specific individuals as well as the sequence of events that took place.
The Laboratory's Forensic Audio, Video and Image Analysis Unit duplicated, enhanced, and conducted imaging work on a series of tapes of the cafeteria area at Columbine, and the Computer Analysis and Response Team analyzed and restored data to assist in the investigation. Additional crime scene processing support was provided by the Denver Evidence Response Team.
Hacker Ring Pleads Guilty
As the daily frequency of communication through computer networks increases, criminal use of computer technology is becoming common. Evidence of this prevalence of
computers as tools in crime is apparent in the case of the Phonemasters, an international ring of hackers who were able to gain access to major telephone networks, p
ortions of the national power grid, air traffic control systems, and numerous databases. This hacker ring provided calling card numbers, credit reports, criminal records, and other data to individuals in Canada, the United States, Switzerland, and Italy who willing to pay for the information. The investigation of this case required the capture of Phonemasters' data communications under a Title III order and was successfully accomplished by collecting and analyzing the analog modem signals from the target phone lines. Phonemasters suspects Calvin Cantrell and Cory Lindsay were convicted in September, 1999, for theft and possession of unauthorized access devices and unauthorized access to a federal interest computer. Cantrell was sentenced to two years in prison while Lindsay received a sentence of 41 months.
To support future cases of this nature, the FBI Laboratory is working to develop network intercept techniques and to produce software tools that view and analyze captured data. The intercept of data communications is becoming more common, and some of the intercepts are achieved by capturing modem signals, as in this case. However, many intercepts are now capturing the target's data transmissions at the target's Internet service provider, where analog modem signals are converted to digital signals. Intercepting data at this point is usually more reliable and cost effective.
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Ministry of the Interior of Russia
MOI/Investigation
The Russian National Police visits The Passaic County Sheriff's Dept.
National wanted web sites
Interpol
Guide to Russia
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Russian Police Say Drug Abuse Reached National Catastrophe Level
Read: Sunday, May 13, 2007
Russian Police Say Drug Abuse Reached National Catastrophe Level
Created: 29.07.2005 16:42 MSK (GMT +3), Updated: 18:17 MSK
MosNews
Drug abuse in Russia has reached “catastrophic” proportions, posing a threat to national security, the head of the Moscow City directorate of the Russian drug enforcement agency said in a newspaper interview, the Reuters news agency reported on Friday.
Viktor Khvorostyan, head of the Moscow section of the Federal Narcotics Service, said some four percent of the population, or about six million people, were addicts.
The average age of teenagers first trying drugs had fallen dramatically, he said.
“This is catastrophic. In the last year in Russia around half a million drug addicts were registered. But in reality there are many more,” he told the Moskovskiye Novosti weekly.
“The question is not just in the rise in numbers, it is also in their getting younger. The age of people first trying drugs two or three years ago was 17 years, now it is already 14-year-old kids.”
Drug use was largely unknown in communist times, but exploded after the Soviet Union’s collapse in 1991 —- going hand-in-hand with a sharp rise in HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, which affects around 300,000 Russians.
Drug overdoses kill 70,000 Russians every year —- or close to 200 people a day —- according to Federal Narcotics Service figures.
Russia has also become a major drugs transit route for heroin from Afghanistan, and reports of major drugs seizures are common. Local media said 240 kg (529 lb) of heroin had been seized in the Moscow region two days ago.
Afghanistan is the world’s leading producer of heroin, and the drugs trade dominates its economy, the United Nations says.
“In recent years the flow from Afghanistan has strengthened. I would call this narco-aggression. Almost all the heroin used in the capital comes from there. The flow is so great that you can talk about a threat to national security,” Khvorostyan said.
He said corrupt police and state officials were complicating attempts to crack down on the drugs trade, but that the Federal Narcotics Service was committed to finding them.
“Last year we sent the prosecutors material on 55 officials from the law enforcement bodies, the security services and the military who decided to make money from drugs,” he said.
“This year we have uncovered another 12 people.”
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Russian Police to Weed out Drug Dealers Via Satellite
Read: Sunday, May 13, 2007
Russian Police to Weed out Drug Dealers Via Satellite
Created: 11.10.2005 18:21 MSK (GMT +3), Updated: 18:21 MSK
MosNews
Russian police will use satellites to search for drug-containing plants in eastern areas of the country, the Interfax news agency reported on Tuesday.
The measure is envisaged in the new Federal Task Program of Countering Illegal Drug Turnover covering the period from 2005 to 2008. The first experimental observation sectors will appear in 2006. They will cover the Far East, Siberia, and southern Russian districts as well as the border with Kazakhstan.
In particular, special software for determining drug-containing plants will be developed.
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Russian Space Agency Joins Anti-Drug Campaign in South Siberia
Read: Sunday, May 13, 2007
Russian Space Agency Joins Anti-Drug Campaign in South Siberia
Created: 07.06.2006 12:22 MSK (GMT +3), Updated: 12:23 MSK
MosNews
Russia’s federal space agency, Roskosmos, will join in the effort to detect and destroy wild narcotic hemp in the Republic of Tyva this year, the republic’s head of government Sherig-ool Oorzhak told a session of the anti-drug co
mmission, reported the Itar-Tass news agency.
Roskosmos will produce satellite imagery of the republic’s territory and precisely map areas contaminated by “dope”, he said. Destruction of wild hemp, which already covers an area of 29,000 hectares in Tyva, will also be closely monitored.
Oorzhak said work to map the territory is being carried out according to the plan adopted by the federal government on measures to counter drug abuse and illegal trade in drugs through 2005-2009. In conjunction with the federal government’s plan, a system has been created to detect by satellite locations where narcotic plants grow or are unlawfully cultivated. This year such work will be carried out in Tyva.
Over the past decade, Tyva has developed into a major supplier of drugs to neighboring Siberian republics, territories and regions. Last year hemp was destroyed over an area of just over 11,000 hectacres rather than 20,000 hectacres as planned.
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Okhrana: The Paris Operations of the Russian Imperial Police
Read: Sunday, May 13, 2007
OKHRANA
The Paris Operations of the Russian Imperial Police
Ben B. Fischer
History Staff Center for the Study of Intelligence
Central Intelligence Agency
1997
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Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
From Paris to Palo Alto
CIA Interest in the Okhrana Files
Origins of the Okhrana and Its Paris Office
Foreign Operations
Change and Continuity
DramatisPersonae
Conclusions
Articles by "Rita T. Kronenbitter"
Paris Okhrana 1885-1905
The Illustrious Career of Arkadiy Harting
The Sherlock Holmes of the Revolution
Okhrana Agent Dolin
The Okhrana's Female Agents--Part I: Russian Women
The Okhrana's Female Agents--Part II: Indigenous Recruits
Review of Edward Ellis Smith, The Young Stalin, by Harry Gelman
Commentary by Rita T. Kronenbitter
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Foreword
Author/Compiler's Note: This is a first in a planned series of thematic collections of articles that appeared previously in classified editions of the Intelligence Community journal Studies in Intelligence, which is published at CIA. As part of its "openness" policy, CIA has declassified more than 1,200 articles from the first 40 years of Studies. We expect to compile and publish more collections of this type that address single intelligence-related themes or topics. We believe readers will find these articles interesting, informative, and colorful.
The author/compiler, Ben B. Fischer, would like to thank the following people for reading an earlier draft to the Preface, offering comments and criticisms, and identifying additional sources: Kay Oliver, Robert Pringle, James Bruce, David Thomas, and John Dziak. Thanks are also due to Elena Danielson and Carole Leadenham of the Hoover Institution at Stanford University for taking an interest in this project and supporting it. Rick Hernandez of Stanford University did a fine job with research assistance.
Preface
Okhrana: The Paris Operations of the Russian Imperial Police
From Paris to Palo Alto
The first six articles reprinted below were published in Studies in Intelligence between 1965 and 1967. They describe foreign operations of the Russian Imperial Police, commonly referred to as the Okhrana, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. (1) Also included are a letter from the author of these articles to Studies in Intelligence and the book review that prompted the letter, both of which discuss the still-debated issue of whether Josef Stalin was an Okhrana agent.
The 1883 opening of a Paris office known as the Zagranichnaia okhranka or agentura (2) was a sign of both success and failure on the part of the tsarist authorities. It reflected their success in having driven many revolutionaries, terrorists, and nationalists out of Russia; it also underscored their failure to stem an upsurge in Russian subversive activity based abroad. By the 1880s, the Russian emigre community in France had grown to some 5,000 people, most of them in the Paris area. (3) The City of Light had become the hub for Russian revolutionary groups operating in much of Europe.
The Okhrana's initial assumption--that exile in Europe rather than Siberia or some other remote place would act as a safety valve for such groups--proved erroneous. Russian emigrants did not assimilate quickly or easily, and some discovered that relatively greater freedom in the West gave them broad opportunities to engage in antiregime activities.
These essays portray not only the officials who ran the Okhrana's foreign bureau, but also the colorful agents, double agents, and agents provocateurs who worked for and against it--sometimes simultaneously. Many of these characters could have stepped out of the pages of a Conrad story or a le Carré novel, but their deeds were real and were recorded in the Paris office's files, which were hidden away for almost 30 years at the Hoover Institution on the campus of Stanford University.
The story of how these files made their way from Paris to Palo Alto is an intriguing tale. When Russian revolutionaries overthrew the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty in March 1917, they quickly turned their attention to their foes in the Okhrana. A multiparty committee was formed to investigate tsarist secret police offices and practices inside the Empire in St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Warsaw--as well as in Paris--with a view to prosecuting police officials of the ousted regime. The last imperial ambassador to France, Basil Maklakov, closed his mission in Paris and sealed its secret files, but he reopened them when the official inquiry began. After the short-lived Provisional Government fell to Lenin and the Bolsheviks in November 1917, Maklakov resealed the files and waited for further instructions.
France refused to resume relations with the radical new government in Moscow. It withheld recognition until 1924, when the USSR was formed. Maklakov, meanwhile, was not idle. Taking advantage of the confusion in Moscow, he placed the Okhrana files in sixteen 500-pound packing crates, which were then bound with wire and sealed.
When the Bolsheviks finally got around to asking for "their" files in 1925, Maklakov--who had codenamed his concealment and removal operation "Tagil" after a Siberian village--swore he had burned them. The files, however, remained intact and were awaiting shipment to the Unites States. The ambassador convinced Christian Herter, then associated with Herbert Hoover's American Relief Administration and later Secretary of State under President Eisenhower, to help. Herter had a house in Paris, where the crates were stashed, and he later helped get them through French and US customs--with seals intact. (4)
It took two more years to arrange for the files to be moved from the eastern United States to California. Maklakov signed an agreement with the Hoover Institution stipulating that the crates would remain sealed until his death and would not be made public for another three months thereafter. The ex-ambassador no doubt feared retaliation from the Bolsheviks' dreaded intelligence service, the Cheka, which presumably would have sought to kill him if it had discovered what he had done with the Paris files.
Maklakov's contract with the Hoover Institution and his longevity--he died in Switzerland in 1957 at age 86--kept the archive under wraps for more than three decades. The Institution opened the packing crates at a gathering of reporters and photographers on 28 October 1957. (5) It took the privately supported Institution five more years to find funds and assemble a staff to organize and catalogue the files. A team headed by Dr. Andrew Kobal and under the supervision of Hoover assistant director Professor W.S. Sworakowski began working in June 1962 and finished in early 1964. (6) The archive attracted international scholarly interest, and Life magazine ran a feature story about it.
Professor W.S. Sworakowski and an unidentified assistant at the Hoover Institution check unopened crates containing the Okhrana files in 1957. The shipping tag indicates that the crates were stored in Washington, DC, before being shipped to California. Courtesy of the Hoover Institution.
According to Hoover records, the archive contains 206 boxes, 26 scrapbooks, 164,000 cards, and eight linear feet of photographs. The complete archive is available on 509 reels of microfilm. It is a veritable who's who of the Russian revolution and includes files on and photographs of Stalin, Molotov, and Trotsky.
CIA Interest in the Okhrana Files
The author of the six articles, who used the pseudonym "Rita T. Kronenbitter," wrote them at the request of the CIA's Counterintelligence Staff. "Kronenbitter" was among the first researchers to display an interest in the Okhrana files. The articles originally were classified "confidential," presumably to avoid revelation of the CIA's interest in the Okhrana records.
Why was CIA counterintelligence interested in what the Hoover Institution's press release hailed as a "mother lode of knowledge on crucial years leading to the overthrow of the Romanovs in March 1917"? The Hoover archive was the only comprehensive collection of pre-1917 Russian police and intelligence files in the West. During the Soviet era, some specialists viewed these unique files as being of more than historical interest. British espionage historian Richard Deacon suggested why the Okhrana was of interest long after its demise when he wrote that the Russian police agency "was, in fact, a comprehensive, coordinated espionage and counterespionage organization, the most total form of espionage devised in the latter part of the 19th century and still forming the basis of Soviet espionage and counterespionage today." (7) [emphasis added]
CIA's Counterintelligence Staff apparently believed these files would yield data on Russia's intelligence "culture" and methods that could provide new insights into Moscow's Soviet-era operations. Some at CIA challenged this notion, claiming that the KGB was a qualitatively new organization employing a different tradecraft. (8) Years later, former KGB officers Oleg Gordievsky and Oleg Kalugin asserted that the KGB had used Okhrana manuals in training and lecture courses when they were KGB trainees in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Kalugin claims that use of Okhrana materials continued into the 1980s. (9)
Origins of the Okhrana and Its Paris Office
The Okhrana was created in 1881 in response to the assassination of Alexander II. Its primary mission was to protect the tsar, the royal family, and the Russian autocracy itself. (10) Over time this evolved into an Empire-wide campaign against revolutionaries, terrorists, and assorted national minority groups seeking independence. Some revolutionaries wanted the tsar's head; others simply wanted to be free of his iron hand.
The opening in 1883 of the Okhrana's Foreign Bureau, centered in Paris, was prompted by the shift of Russian revolutionary activity from the Russian Empire to Western and Central Europe. The new Bureau occupied two modest offices in the Russian Imperial Consulate at 97 Rue de Grenelle. Never very large (see the first reprinted article below, entitled, "Paris Okhrana 1885-1905"), the Paris bureau nonetheless proved effective. It adopted and refined modern police and detective methods-as well as human intelligence agent operations-to achieve its objectives. (11)
The Okhrana saw Paris as the most advantageous place to base its foreign operations. Russian police officials admired the French internal security service, the Sûreté Generale--generally regarded as among the best in the world--and sought access to its files through both official liaison and unofficial channels. The Okhrana even hired French, British, and other detectives to help run its operations. From Paris, moreover, the Okhrana could monitor its agenturas in Berlin and other European cities. Most of the key Russian revolutionaries in the French capital had contacts in other countries and cities. Consequently, penetrations of revolutionary groups in Paris often yielded leads to Russian dissident organizations and individuals outside France.
The Okhrana's relations with the Sûreté were symbiotic. The Okhrana reduced the Sûreté 's workload and provided employment for retired French detectives. The French police did not see the Paris bureau as a threat to French national interests or to the Sûreté's organizational equities. On the eve of World War I the French security service declared: "It is impossible, on any objective assessment, to deny the usefulness of having a Russian police [force] operating in Paris, whether officially or not, whose presence is to keep under surveillance the activities of Russian revolutionaries." (12) At the same time, socialist and radical deputies in the French Assembly, who were more sympathetic to the Russian revolutionaries than to the police, pressed the French and Russian Governments to shut down the Okhrana office. In 1913 the Russian regime formally complied by announcing the office's closure. But this was a subterfuge; the Russian police continued operating under the cover of the Agence Bint et Sambain, a private detective agency. One of the two proprietors, Henri Bint, was a former employee of both the Sûreté and the Okhrana. (13)
Foreign Operations
The Foreign Bureau's operational methods evolved through three distinct phases. Initially, the Okhrana men believed they could keep tabs on Russian revolutionaries by hiring local surveillance teams and examining Sûreté files. This "external" surveillance (in Russian: naruzhnoe nabludenie) proved inadequate. French officials were reluctant to share their files, and French detectives hired by the Russians sometimes proved to be more loyal to their former employer (the Sûreté) than to their new paymaster. Even more important, French operatives could not penetrate the inner cores of Russian revolutionary and terrorist groups. Only Russian revolutionaries could.
In the second phase, the use of "internal" surveillance--penetration of subversive groups by recruiting agents from among their ranks or by sending in double agents--marked the Okhrana's transition from police methods to classic intelligence operations. (The Russians used the term vnutrenniaia agentura, or "internal agency," to refer collectively to the agents and double agents controlled by Okhrana units.)
The Okhrana succeeded in penetrating many anti-tsarist organizations. It acquired agents throughout Russia and Europe. Some of these people spied because they were monarchists; others did so because they were romantic adventurers or simply mercenaries. The most interesting were the agents who began as real revolutionaries, were arrested, and then were "doubled" or "turned" by the Okhrana. Some responded to Okhrana blandishments because they feared jail or exile in Siberia--or worse--but for others it was simply a new career opportunity. Many who completed their undercover assignments "retired" and then were given good civilian jobs.
The third method of operation--the use of agents provocateurs--was the most controversial. The subject was so sensitive that the Okhrana officially denied it had run agents who organized and participated in sanctioned revolutionary acts. (This type of activity was the focus of the Provisional Government's 1917 inquiry into the Okhrana.)
In its 34-year existence, the Okhrana's Paris office had only four chiefs, giving it greater stability and continuity than its headquarters organization in St. Petersburg. As a result, the Paris bureau also enjoyed considerable autonomy in running its affairs, which included planning and executing operations, liaison with local and foreign police departments, agent recruitment and handling, and evaluation and reporting of information to the Okhrana's elite Special Section (see below). (14)
The Paris operatives developed rudimentary tradecraft for meeting and debriefing their agents--called sekretnye sotrudniki (secret collaborators) or seksoti for short--in safehouses. At its peak the Paris bureau had about 40 detectives on its payroll and some 30 agents in Paris and elsewhere in Europe. The Okhrana ran a major mail intercept program at home and abroad that yielded substantial information. Not for nothing was Russia known as the "gendarme of Europe." Between 1906 and 1914 the police succeeded in crushing popular opposition and penetrating--and in some cases even controlling--opposition political parties at home and abroad. (15) According to one historian, "virtually nothing that related to these parties remained a secret from the government." (16) Key targets of surveillance and agent operations included:
Émigré and revolutionary groups abroad.
Revolutionaries arriving from Russia.
Known centers of conspiratorial activity.
Underground publishers and forgers (of passports, false identities, and so forth).
Bomb-manufacturing "factories."
Weapons and explosives smugglers.
Russians with ties to European socialists and socialist organizations.
The Okhrana also provided VIP security for the royal family, other influential persons, and senior officials traveling abroad. (17)
The Okhrana's Special Section was an elite unit. It recruited exclusively from the Russian army. Successful candidates were assigned to the army's "Separate Corps of Gendarmes." (18) Prospective candidates were carefully screened and well trained. Tradecraft instruction included agent recruitment and agent handling; secret writing; "flaps and seals" (surreptitious reading of correspondence); reports writing; civil and criminal law; surveillance and investigative techniques; and the history of the Russian revolutionary movement. Assisting the officers were the filiery--detectives or surveillance men, most of whom were former army NCOs. (19)
The Okhrana also was capable of devastating blunders. The most notorious example was "Bloody Sunday" of 22 January 1905. When Father George Gapon, an Okhrana agent who had organized a police-sponsored workers' group, led a demonstration of peasants and workers to the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, the Gendarmerie, without the tsar's authorization or advance knowledge, charged the crowd, killing or wounding at least 100 persons. This was a seminal event in the eventual demise of the Romanov dynasty and Russian autocracy; it set in motion the first revolution of 1905 and ultimately led to the events of 1917. (20)
Change and Continuity
Examination of the Okhrana invites comparison with its Soviet successors from Lenin's Cheka to Stalin's NKVD to the KGB. There are common threads as well as important differences. The Okhrana, like the Cheka, was an internal security and counterintelligence agency par excellence. Its foreign operations were essentially an extension of its domestic security mission. The Soviet services before World War II focused heavily on actual and putative threats emanating from émigré groups, and well into the Cold War the KGB and its East European satellite services continued devoting considerable resources to the same target, even though they had other priorities.
The Okhrana pioneered many methods that the Soviet successor organs adapted and perfected. Systematic registration of politically suspect persons was accomplished in Moscow by the turn of the century and in St. Petersburg between 1906 and 1908. (21) Use of internal passports and mandatory registration of residences started with the Okhrana, not the Soviet intelligence and security agencies. The Okhrana--like its Soviet and Nazi counterparts--relied heavily on agents, co-optees, and busybodies in the general population to keep an eye on things. The organization of rural communities and urban apartment dwellers by city blocks was the same in Russia as in the Soviet Union--just more efficient in the latter.
In addition, the Okhrana--like the KGB, the Gestapo, and the East German Stasi--used its sources to monitor privately expressed views and popular moods and to prepare classified studies of latent popular attitudes that could not be freely voiced. The utilization of "black chambers" (an internationally used term that refers to facilities, often located in post offices, for mail and message interception, decoding, and decryption) began in Russia and reached its apogee in East Germany, where the Stasi read virtually all international correspondence and much of the domestic variety.
But the differences between the Okhrana and the later organizations are striking. As one authority notes, "what seems clear it that an unbroken patrimony between tsarist repression and Soviet terror cannot be claimed." (22) While secret police organizations served under tsars and commissars alike as the state security apparatus of the executive branch--and of the personal will of the Russian leader of the time--in the tsarist era there were substantial legal, political, and even ethical constraints. The Okhrana could order summary executions by hanging or firing squad, but only in extraordinary situations such as peasant uprisings and then only after Moscow had declared martial law. Although the Okhrana could deport political prisoners to Siberia, these and other administrative decisions were subject to judicial review. During the reign of Aleksandr II (1855-81) some 4,000 people were detained and interrogated in connection with political crimes, but few were executed. (23) From the mid-1860s to the mid-1890s, in fact, only 44 executions took place in Russia, and all were prompted by assassinations or assassination attempts against members of the royal family or government officials.
By contrast, on the day after Lenin launched the Red Terror in September 1918, the Cheka executed 500 people. (24) During Stalin's rule, the murderous NKVD acted as judge, jury, and executioner. The Red Terror under Stalin became the Great Terror; between 1935 and 1941 some 10 million people disappeared into the Gulag and three million were executed. (25)
Richard Pipes noted three restraints on the Okhrana: private property, inefficiency, and the imperial political elite's desire to be seen as culturally "Western." (26) Under the Bolsheviks these restraints vanished.
The Okhrana never aspired to the territorial and economic empire and extensive military and paramilitary forces commanded by the NKVD. Even the KGB--supposedly a kinder, gentler version of the NKVD operating under "socialist legality"--was more ruthless than its Russian antecedent. A comparison of Aleksandr III's treatment of Leo Tolstoy and Brezhnev's handling of dissidents such as Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn illustrates the point. Novelist Tolstoy was the best-known dissident of his day, and the police kept him under surveillance and censored his work. But they did not imprison him or prevent him from traveling and publishing abroad. During Stalin's reign, by contrast, Solzhenitsyn, like other dissidents, simply disappeared into the harsh internal exile system that he later dubbed the Gulag Archipelago. Even under Stalin's successors, intellectuals and political activists who dissented--including Solzhenitsyn and Andrei Sakharov--were subjected to inhumane treatment considered unacceptable by Western standards. (27)
Although the Okhrana was not as ruthless as the Cheka or the NKVD, in an ironic way it inspired them. Lenin and Stalin seemed to have concluded from their underground years that the tsarist police were too lenient. (28) After all, for all its success until 1914, the Okhrana had not been able to prevent a small group of radicals from seizing power three years later.
The Bolsheviks also learned how easy it had been for the Okhrana to plant agents within their inner circle. Dr. Jacob Zhitomirsky was a leading Bolshevik and Lenin confidant before he was discovered. (29) An even more dramatic example was the tsarist agent Roman Malinovsky--leader of the Bolshevik deputies in the fourth state Duma, a central committee member, and Lenin's chief lieutenant while the latter was still in exile. (30) When Vladimir Burtsev finally convinced Lenin that Zhitomirsky might be a double agent, the Bolshevik leader ordered Malinovsky to conduct an investigation. (31) Such experiences were, perhaps, at the root of Bolshevik paranoia--the urge to see enemies everywhere and eliminate them--that reached its bloody apogee under Stalin.
The Okhrana's penetration of the Bolshevik party was so extensive and so thorough that the police files constitute the most complete (and only reliable) record of the conspiratorial party's early history, internal organization, membership, and deliberations--an unintentional contribution to future historians. (32) This was not the only unintended consequence. By penetrating the radical groups, the tsarist police were using a classic divide-and-conquer tactic to prevent formation of a unified opposition. Ironically, this tactic was most successful in preventing the emergence of an open opposition party with a mass base, and thus it helped to create an environment in which Lenin's small monolithic party of professional revolutionaries could flourish.
The Okhrana targeted liberals and revolutionaries alike, seeing both groups as threats to the Russian autocracy. But the two groups drew different lessons from their persecution at the hands of the tsarist police. When the Provisional Government came to power, it convened a special commission to investigate the organization, operations, and methods of the tsarist police--not to emulate them, but to correct past abuses and prevent their repetition. (33) Lenin and the Bolsheviks also studied the Okhrana, and so did KGB recruits decades later, to learn from and improve on the tsarist police's repressive methods.
Dramatis Personae
Agent provocateur is a French term, but the Russians perfected the art. In fact, the primary purpose of the Foreign Bureau's provocations was to scare the French into taking action against Russian radicals and cooperating with the Okhrana. The most notorious provocation occurred in Paris in 1890, when Arkadiy Harting (a.k.a. Abraham Gekel'man or Landezen) organized a well-armed team of bombthrowers and then betrayed them to the Paris police. These heavily publicized arrests helped persuade the French public of the dangers posed by Russian revolutionaries in France. The episode also convinced officials in St. Petersburg that republican France could get tough on Russian radicals and make a good ally. To some extent, at least, this helped diminish mutual suspicions and created an atmosphere on both sides conducive to negotiation of the Franco-Russian alliance of 1891.
Vladimir Burtsev, leading counterespionage specialist in the Russian revolutionary opposition to the tsarist government. Courtesy of the Hoover Institution.
Harting may be the most interesting character in the essays (see the second reprinted article below, entitled "The Illustrious Career of Arkadiy Harting"). He rose from informer to master spy to spymaster, eventually becoming chief of the Paris office. As noted above, his top agent, Zhitomirsky, penetrated Lenin's inner circle during the Bolshevik party's underground days. Before he quit the espionage business in 1909 following his exposure by the French press as a Russian spy, Harting had served tsarist Russia, imperial Germany, and republican France, receiving decorations from all three.
Harting met his match in Vladimir Burtsev (see the third reprinted article, entitled "The Sherlock Holmes of the Revolution"). Burtsev was a revolutionary by profession but a counterespionage expert by talent. He organized what in effect was a highly professional counterespionage bureau for Russian radicals. In 1909 Burtsev personally unmasked a major Okhrana agent, Evno Azef. Also in 1909, after years of relentless effort, Burtsev succeeded in proving that a terrorist known as "Landesen", who had escaped from the French police in 1890, actually was Harting. This was leaked to the press, prompting Harting to flee to Brussels, where he went into hiding and was never heard from again. (34)
Harting's case officer was Pyotr Rachkovsky, probably the ablest head of the Okhrana's Foreign Bureau. Rachkovsky was a pioneer. He refined the art of what we today call active measures or perceptions management techniques. He paid subsidies to journalists willing to write articles favorable to Russian interests, and he purchased or subsidized such periodicals as Revue Russe and Le Courier Franco-Russe. During his tenure (1884-1902), journalists on the Okhrana payroll began planting articles in the French press that were favorable to Russian interests. Rachkovsky also created the Ligue pour le Salut de la Patrie Russe, which promoted positive views toward Russia among French citizens; this group was a forerunner of Soviet front organizations and "friendship societies."
According to one authority, Rachkovsky was a "born intriguer" who "delighted" in forging documents. He allegedly was among those responsible for the anti-Semitic Protocols of the Elders of Zion, perhaps the most infamous political forgery of the 20th century. (35) Rachkovsky's tactic of exploiting anti-Semitism for political purposes was used repeatedly during the Soviet era--for example, in Hungary in 1956, in Czechoslovakia in 1968, and in Poland in the 1980s. Such scapegoating also was evident in the so-called "Doctors Plot" in the early 1950s, when a group of Jewish doctors was accused of plotting to kill Stalin and other Soviet leaders.
Rachkovsky was a model for subsequent Soviet practice in another regard. He was an advocate of Franco-Russian rapprochement and served as the tsar's personal emissary in secret negotiations leading to the Dual Alliance of 1891-94 and its modification in 1899.
The practice of using foreign intelligence officers on sensitive international assignments, bypassing the foreign ministry and regular diplomatic channels, was a standard Soviet modus operandi. Stalin used his head of foreign intelligence, Vladimir Dekanozov, to set the stage for his pre-World War II alliance with Hitler. Later, Khrushchev relied on a KGB officer under journalistic cover to establish a direct link to the Kennedy White House. After this emissary discredited himself by lying to the Kennedy brothers about the presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba, Khrushchev turned to the KGB resident to open another channel to the White House through ABC newsman John Scali; proposals that were floated through this channel eventually resolved the October 1962 missile crisis. In 1969 Brezhnev and Andropov assigned two senior KGB German experts to open a back channel to the new Social Democratic-led coalition government in Bonn. (36) The result was secret negotiation of a series of bilateral and multilateral agreements that transformed Soviet relations with West Germany and the rest of Europe.
Ventsion Moiseev-Moshkov Dolin was a classic double agent. (Running double agents has long been a quintessentially Russian skill, practiced before, during, and after the Soviet period.) Dolin began his career as an Okhrana penetration of anarcho-communist groups (see the fourth reprinted article, "Okhrana Agent Dolin"). On the eve of World War I he began working for German military intelligence--or so the Germans thought. He was in fact a double agent who had remained loyal to Russia. With help from the Okhrana, Dolin organized "successful" sabotage operations inside Russian weapons and munitions factories--operations that were "documented" in press articles.
The Germans were so pleased with Dolin that they asked him to conduct psychological warfare operations aimed at stirring up Russian workers to overthrow the monarchy and take Russia out of the war. "Kronenbitter" neglects to mention that when Dolin's efforts fell short of expectations, the Germans turned to another Russian agent on their payroll by the name of Vladimir Lenin. He was more successful, and the rest, as they say, is history.
The Okhrana was, in a limited sense, ahead of its time as an equal opportunity employer. It recruited people of all nationalities-and especially women-as agents. (37) Women, in fact, were crucial to its operations and were paid as well or better than their male counterparts (see the fifth and sixth reprinted articles--"The Okhrana's Female Agents," Parts I and II). Women, however, were not permitted to become staff officers or managers-only agents.
The women were at least as colorful as the men--maybe more so. One example was "Francesco," the wife of a respected Moscow physician. While a student at Moscow University, she made three vows: to love her husband, to help kill the tsar, and to work for the Okhrana. Only the last promise was kept.
Another interesting female operative was known only as La Petite. As a 13-year-old milkmaid, she spied for Polish nationalists while delivering milk to the Okhrana office in Warsaw. Her target: office trash cans that sometimes contained copies of secret messages and names of informants in Poland. During World War I she worked for the Russians against the Austro-Hungarian Empire, posing as an Austrian citizen. After the war she retired to Monte Carlo, where she was known as L'Autrichienne.
Conclusions
The Kronenbitter collection reveals the Okhrana's foreign operations through anecdote, not analysis. The articles are entertaining and yet still inform in a loosely structured way. For historians they suggest possibilities for more in-depth studies of Russian intelligence and counterintelligence operations in their formative period. (38) For observers of the contemporary scene they give insight into the apparent paradox of the "new" Russia, which, recent events have demonstrated, still gives high priority to foreign intelligence and counterintelligence operations.
The Soviet Union and the Communist Party and even the KGB are gone, but Russia "retains a strong intelligence profile and a traditional intelligence culture that are distinct from and even alien to our own." (39) Major-power espionage and counterespionage today have a less ideological rationale than during the Cold War, but the Russians do set forth a justification, couched in terms of vital national interests and security. The Okhrana story illustrates what history, even narrative history that is not primarily analytical, can offer--namely, events and insights from the past that have implications for the present and the future.
The views expressed in this Preface are those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect the views of the Central Intelligence Agency or any other US Government entity.
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(1) Russian contemporaries as well as present-day historians have used the term Okhranato refer generically to the Ministry of Interior's Department of State Police, which was created in 1880 and renamed Department of Police in 1883. Strictly speaking, however, the term referred specifically to the security detail assigned to the tsar and the royal family.
The Department of Police included a unit known as the Special Section (Osoby Otdel or OO), which dealt with political crimes and sensitive investigations. The OO was a clandestine service, organizationally and physically separate from the regular police apparatus, but located on the fifth floor of the police headquarters at 16 Fontanka Quai, St. Petersburg. The OO formally commanded so-called okhranoe otdelenie or security sections from which the colloquial term Okhranawas derived, although in practice the subordinate units were more or less independent. (Full title: otdelenie po okhraneniiu obshchestvennoi bezopastnosti i poriadka, or section for maintaining public security and order.) The first three security sections were created in St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Warsaw. By 1911 there were 75 sections at the provincial, city, and oblast levels. See Ellis Tennant [pseudonym of Edward Ellis Smith], comp. and ed., "The Department of Police 1911-1913 from the Recollections of Nikolai Vladimirovich Veselago," in Edward Ellis Smith Collection, box 1, Hoover Institution Archives passim; Frederic S. Zuckerman, "Vladimir Burtsev and the Tsarist Political Police," Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 12 (January 1977), p. 215n11 and The Tsarist Secret Police in Russian Society, 1880-1917 (New York University Press, New York, 1996), p. xiv; George Leggett, The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), p. xxiii; Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky, KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev (New York: Harper-CollinsPublishers, 1990), pp. 20 ff; and Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Old Regime (New York: Collier Books/Macmillan Publishing Company, 1994), p. 301.
(2) The term Okhranka, which was sometimes used interchangeably with Okhrana, was frequently used to refer to the Paris office. The term agentura means agency or bureau, but it also referred to an agent network. Zagranichnaia means "foreign." See Edward Ellis Smith with Rudolf Lednicky, "The Okhrana": The Russian Department of Police: A Bibliography (Stanford, CA: The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, 1967), p. 261. There were two foreign bureaus--the other one was in Bucharest--and both had satellite offices. The Paris office, for example, oversaw a subordinate unit in Berlin. Together the Paris and Bucharest offices ran all tsarist police and intelligence operations worldwide.
(3) Ronald Hingley, The Russian Secret Police: Muscovite, Imperial, and Soviet Political Security Operations (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1970), p. 72.
(4) Herter's role is being divulged here for the first time. In 1957 Herter was Acting Secretary of State, and the Hoover Institution thought it best not to reveal his role.
(5) Stanford University News Service, October 30, 1957 in Hoover Institution Records, box 179A; Archives Subject File A01, folder: Okhrana Project 1962. See also "Czarist Dossiers on Reds Opened," New York Times, October 30, 1957, p. 10.
(6) Draft press release in Hoover Institution Records, box 179A, Archives Subject File A01, folder: Okhrana Project 1962.
(7) Richard Deacon, A History of the Russian Secret Service (London: Frederick Muller Ltd., 1972), p. 86.
(8) During James Jesus Angleton's tenure from 1954 to 1975, the CIA's Counterintelligence Staff regularly studied historical cases of Soviet intelligence operations, looking for insights into contemporary operations and methods. Critics complained that Angleton's staff wasted time and resources reexamining cases such as the Trest (Trust) deception operation of the 1920s and the Rote Kapelle (Red Orchestra) espionage network of the World War II era. They argued that the KGB--created in 1954--was an entirely new organization with new missions and tradecraft. See Tom Mangold, Cold Warrior: James Jesus Angleton: The CIA's Master Spy Hunter (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991), pp. 60-61, 324-325, 330 passim. The same critics presumably would have been even more critical of studies of the pre-Soviet Okhrana. In fact, however, the historical literature on Russian and Soviet intelligence and counterintelligence is not particularly rich and in some cases is not reliable, so even "historical" studies were welcome to the counterintelligence specialists.
(9) See Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, p. 22 and Oleg Kalugin, Vid s Lubianki: "Delo" Byvshego Generala KGB (Moscow: Nezavisimoe Izdatel'stvo, 1990), p. 35, as cited in Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution (New York: Viking, 1996), p. 645n. In an English-language memoir, Oleg Kalugin notes that his training class read a detailed account of agent recruitment methods prepared by Nicholas II's chief of counterintelligence. See Oleg Kalugin with Fen Montaigne, The First Directorate: My 32 Years in Intelligence and Counterintelligence Against the West (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994), p. 17.
(10) Creation of the Okhrana marked the emergence of the modern secret or political police apparatus. Its predecessor, the Third Section, was more in the tradition of a praetorian or palace guard aimed at thwarting plots and intrigues against the tsars by Russian aristocrats and nobles, especially at court and in the military. The Okhrana's main mission was dealing with the rise of the revolutionary intelligentsia in the latter part of the 19th century. See Richard J. Johnson, "Zagranichnaia Agentura: The Tsarist Political Police in Europe," in Contemporary History, Vol. 7 (January-April 1972), p. 222.
(11) There is no comprehensive history of the Okhrana's foreign operations. For a list of books and articles that describe its organization and methods, see Smith, "The Okhrana", pp. 65-67 and 230-242.
(12) Cited in Andrew and Gordievsky, KGB, pp. 23-24.
(13) Ibid., p. 24.
(14) Johnson, "Zagranichaia Agentura," p. 226.
(15) D.C. B. Lieven, "The Security Police, Civil Rights, and the Fate of the Russian Empire, 1855-1917," in Olga Crisp and Linda Edmondson, eds., Civil Rights in Imperial Russia (Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1989), p. 246. Hingley claims that by 1909 the Okhranahad 150 agents inside the Socialist Revolutionary, Bolshevik, and Menshevik socialist parties and even in the less-threatening liberal Kadet party. Hingley, The Russian Secret Police, p. 100.
(16) Lieven, "The Security Police, Civil Rights, and the Fate of the Russian Empire, 1855-1917," p. 247.
(17) Johnson, "Zagranichaia Agentura," p. 232.
(18) Soldiers were considered reliable because they had sworn allegiance to the tsar.
(19) Tennant, "The Department of Police 1911-1913 from the Recollections of Nikolai Validimirovich Veselago," p. 18.
(20) As a result of Bloody Sunday, the tsar did not appear in public again until 1913, the tercentenary of the Romanov dynasty. In the months following the incident in St. Petersburg, the entire country, already suffering the strains of a losing war with Japan, experienced uprisings and revolts by workers, peasants, soldiers, and sailors. One result was the creation of the State Duma, which convened in 1906, but by and large political and social reforms were too little and too late. Even though Nicholas II did not authorize the police crackdown, Bloody Sunday helped destroy the centuries-old peasant image of the tsar as the godfather and savior of Russia. Gapon's demonstrators had gathered for the time-honored tradition of petitioning the tsar for relief from their manifold problems. See Figes, A People's Tragedy, pp. 3-15.
(21) Lieven, "The Security Police, Civil Rights, and the Fate of the Russian Empire, 1855-1917," p. 247.
(22) John J. Dziak, Chekisty: A History of the KGB (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books/D.C. Heath and Company, 1988), p. 31.
(23) Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime, p. 315.
(24) Ibid., p. 317.
(25) John Channon with Rob Hudson, The Penguin Atlas of Russia (London: Penguin, 1995), p. 113.
(26) Pipes, Russia under the Old Regime, p. 312.
(27) During the late 1960s and 1970s the Soviet politburo and the KGB, led by Yuri Andropov, waged a campaign of terror, repression, and disinformation against Solzhenitsyn. One example: the KGB detained and so brutally interrogated one of the author's typists, Elizaveta Voronyanskaya, that she broke down and divulged where a copy of The Gulag Archipelago was hidden. In despair, she committed suicide. She was secretly buried to cover up the KGB's crime. Dozens of official documents on the anti-Solzhenitsyn campaign were translated and edited in Michael Scammell, ed., The Solzhenitsyn Files: Secret Soviet Documents Reveal One Man's Fight Against the Monolith (Chicago: edition q, inc., 1995).
(28) Figes argues that the Okhrana's mistreatment of imprisoned revolutionaries brutalized them and whetted their appetite for revenge once the political tables were turned. "One can draw a straight line from the penal rigors of the tsarist regime to the terrorism of the revolutionaries and indeed to the police state of the Bolsheviks." A People's Tragedy, p. 124. There may be some truth to this, but the Bolsheviks, in quickly creating a police apparatus of their own, seemed motivated more by a desire to maintain power than by any quest for revenge against their former tormentors.
(29) Historian Bertram D. Wolfe claims that Harting and Zhitomirsky were one and the same, but the latter was actually the former's agent. Bertram D. Wolfe, Three Who Made a Revolution: A Biographical History (Boston: Beacon Hill Press, 1955), p. 536.
(30) Ibid., pp 535-557
(31) Dziak, Chekisty, p. 5.
(32) Leggett writes: "The extent of the Okhrana's penetration of the Bolshevik Party was such that not only was it minutely informed about the membership, structure, and activities of the party (one of the best sources of the pre-1917 Bolshevik Party history is a collection of Moscow Okhrana documents), but it was also in a position to influence Bolshevik tactics." (The Cheka, p. xxiv.)
(33) Tennant, "The Department of Police 1911 - 1913 from "Recollections of Nikolai Vladimirovich Veselago," p. 8.
(34) For more on Burtsev's exploits against the Okhrana, which for a time almost leveled the playing field for the revolutionaries, see Zuckerman, "Vladimir Burtsev and the Tsarist Political Police," pp. 193-219.
(35) Norman Cohn, Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), pp. 80-81.
(36) See Vyacheslav Kevorkov, The Secret Channel: Moscow, the KGB and Bonn's Eastern Policy [in German] (Berlin: Rowohlt, 1995).
(37) Anna Geifman notes that as the turn of the century approached, women, especially those from upper- and middle-class backgrounds, became involved in underground politics and even in extremist acts: "As a result of rapidly changing family relations and the spread of literacy, self-assertive girls and young women could no longer be confined to the home. At the same time, however, they were denied higher education, along with any role in the political process, and in general were offered little opportunity to realize their intellectual ambitions. This drove a number of them into the ranks of the radical outcasts, where their male comrades were willing to give them greater recognition than could reasonably be expected within the traditional establishment. . . .To a large extent, this accounts for the fact that women comprised nearly one-third of the SR [Socialist Revolutionary] Combat Organization, and approximately one-fourth of all Russian terrorists at the beginning of the century." [emphasis added] Anna Geifman, Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894-1917 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 12. This involvement also made women natural targets of police surveillance and recruitment.
(38) For an example of solid scholarship based in part on the Okhrana Collection at the Hoover Institution, see Geifman's book cited in the previous footnote.
(39) James Sherr, "Cultures of Spying," The National Interest, No. 38 (Winter 1994/95), p. 60.
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Center for Studies of Intelligence: Publications
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Supreme Court Upholds K.P.S. Gill's Conviction
Read: Sunday, May 13, 2007
THE SIKH TIMES
Noteworthy News and Analysis from Around the World
Sun May 13 20:59:33 2007
In-Depth Coverage of Issues Concerning the Global Sikh Community Including Self-Determination, Democracy, Human Rights, Civil Liberties, Antiracism, Religion, and South Asian Geopolitics
Supreme Court Upholds K.P.S. Gill's Conviction
By STAFF
B.B.C. News, Jul. 27, 2005
Photo: K.P.S. Gill
India's Supreme Court has upheld the conviction for sexual harassment of a policeman who became a national hero.
'Super cop' K.P.S. Gill must pay more than $4,500 compensation to a female civil servant who said he slapped her bottom while drunk at a 1988 cocktail party.
The Supreme Court ruled out a three-month prison term for Gill.
Gill, now retired, denied the charges. He shot to prominence as Punjab police chief in the early 1990s when he led efforts to crush Sikh militancy.
Alcohol Ban
Gill was head of Punjab police when he molested Rupan Deol Bajaj, a senior female bureaucrat who worked for the elite Indian Administrative Service.
He was convicted 10 years later of 'outraging her modesty.'
The Sessions Court in Punjab sentenced him to three months in prison in 1998.
That was later commuted to a year on probation by the state high court, which ordered Gill to pay compensation to his victim and a fine.
Upholding the conviction, two Supreme Court judges on Wednesday ordered that the officer pay the compensation as well as $500 in legal expenses.
Ms. Bajaj refused to accept the compensation and said the money should be donated to a women's welfare home.
Gill was also ordered not to drink in public by the Supreme Court.
But the judges said a jail term was not necessary as he had already served probation.
Human Rights
The B.B.C.'s Abhishek Prabhat in Delhi says Gill enjoyed iconic status for his success in stamping out Sikh militancy.
He was dubbed a one-man army and feared by criminals across the country, earning him the 'super cop' nickname.
Three years ago he was called out of retirement as Gujarat security adviser after religious riots swept the state.
Gill, who now heads the Indian Hockey Federation [I.H.F.], has been a controversial figure for years.
He was accused of excesses in Punjab by human rights groups.
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Published on internet: Thursday, July 05, 2007
Republished on internet: Wednesday, December 19, 2007
Revised: Tuesday, December 18, 2007
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“Thou belongest to That Which Is Undying, and not merely to time alone,” murmured the Sphinx, breaking its muteness at last. “Thou art eternal, and not merely of the vanishing flesh. The soul in man cannot be killed, cannot die. It waits, shroud-wrapped, in thy heart, as I waited, sand-wrapped, in thy world. Know thyself, O mortal! For there is One within thee, as in all men, that comes and stands at the bar and bears witness that there IS a God!”
(Reference: Brunton, Paul. (1962) A Search in Secret Egypt. (17th Impression) London, UK: Rider & Company. Page: 35.)
Amen
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