Report on the Troubled Asset Relief Program—April 2019

APRIL 2019

Report on the Troubled Asset Relief Program--April 2019

In October 2008, the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 (Division A of Public Law 110-343) established the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) to enable the Department of the Treasury to promote stability in financial markets through the purchase and guarantee of "troubled assets."1 Section 202 of that legislation, as amended, requires annual reports from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) on the costs of the program. The law also requires the Congressional Budget Office to submit its own reports within 45 days of the issuance of OMB's report each year.2 CBO's assessment must discuss three elements:

?? The costs of purchases and guarantees of troubled

assets,

?? Information CBO collects and the valuation methods

it uses to calculate those costs, and

?? The program's effects on the federal budget deficit

and debt.

To fulfill that requirement, CBO has prepared this report on TARP transactions completed, outstanding, or anticipated as of February 28, 2019. By CBO's estimate, $443 billion of the $700 billion initially authorized will be disbursed through the TARP, consisting of $441 billion already disbursed and $2 billion in projected future disbursements. CBO estimates that the government's total subsidy costs--including those already realized and those stemming from outstanding and anticipated transactions--will be $31 billion (see Table 1).

1. That law defines troubled assets as "(A) residential or commercial mortgages and any securities, obligations, or other instruments that are based on or related to such mortgages, that in each case was originated or issued on or before March 14, 2008, the purchase of which the Secretary determines promotes financial market stability; and (B) any other financial instrument that the Secretary, after consultation with the Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, determines the purchase of which is necessary to promote financial market stability, but only upon transmittal of such determination, in writing, to the appropriate committees of Congress" (Sec. 3 of P.L. 110-343, 122 Stat. 3767).

2. Originally, the law required OMB and CBO to submit semiannual reports. That provision was changed to an annual reporting requirement by P.L. 112-204. OMB's most recent report on the TARP was submitted on March 18, 2019. See Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2020: Analytical Perspectives (March 2019), pp. 295?304, omb/ analytical-perspectives.

The estimated cost of the TARP stems largely from ongoing grant programs aimed at preventing foreclosures on home mortgages, assistance to American International Group (AIG), and aid to the automotive industry. Taken together, other transactions with financial institutions have yielded a net gain to the federal government from interest, dividends, and capital gains.

CBO's current assessment of the TARP's costs is $1 billion lower than the $32 billion estimate it reported in March 2018.3 The decrease stems from a drop in projected disbursements for mortgage programs. CBO's current estimate for all TARP transactions is $1 billion lower than OMB's latest estimate of $32 billion because

3. See Congressional Budget Office, Report on the Troubled Asset Relief Program--March 2018 (March 2018), publication/53617.

Note: Numbers in the text and tables may not sum to totals because of rounding.

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April 2019

Table 1.

Activities of the Troubled Asset Relief Program

Amount of Principala Repaid Written offb Outstanding Subtotal

Additional Disbursements Anticipated Totalc

Memorandum: Estimated Subsidy Costd

Billions of Dollars

377 65

* 441

2 443

31

Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Department of the Treasury.

Transactions are as of February 28, 2019.

* = between zero and $500 million.

a. Other funds were made available through asset guarantee programs, but no disbursements were made from those funds.

b. Includes realized losses on sales of common stock. For mortgage programs, the amount represents disbursements to loan servicers.

c. Authority for the Troubled Asset Relief Program was originally set at a maximum of $700 billion; however, that total was reduced to $475 billion in the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act.

d. The subsidy cost is estimated using procedures similar to those specified in the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990, but with an adjustment for market risk as directed by the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008.

CBO projects a slightly lower cost for those mortgage programs.

The U.S. financial system was in a precarious condition when the TARP was created, and the transactions envisioned and ultimately undertaken entailed substantial financial risk for the federal government. Nevertheless, the TARP's net realized costs have proven to be near the low end of the range of possible outcomes anticipated at the program's outset, in part because investments, loans, and grants made to participating institutions through other federal programs and by the Federal Reserve have helped to curtail its costs.

Estimating the Costs of the TARP

To estimate the value of the TARP's asset purchases and guarantees, CBO uses procedures similar to those specified in the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1990, but with an adjustment to account for market risk, as directed

by the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. Because the overwhelming majority of transactions undertaken through the TARP are now completed and many programs have no outstanding investments, CBO's current estimate largely reflects the realized costs or gains as recorded by OMB for prior years. Those costs or gains were converted to a net present value using the interest rate on Treasury securities with a maturity that most closely matches the period for which a transaction was outstanding.4 For the few investments that remain, projected cash flows are converted to a present value using a discount rate that includes a risk premium that would be required by a private investor.5

All of the TARP's future disbursements are expected to occur through its mortgage programs in the form of grants to borrowers, servicers, investors, and state housing finance agencies. For those future payments, the estimated cost ($2 billion) equals the projected amount of the disbursements. (Through February 28, 2019, the TARP had disbursed $29 billion in grants for mortgage assistance.)

Transactions of the TARP

The TARP's transactions fall into four broad categories:

?? Capital purchases and other support for financial

institutions,

?? Financial assistance to the automotive industry,

?? Investment partnerships designed to increase liquidity

in securitization markets, and

?? Mortgage programs.

Capital Purchases and Other Support for Financial Institutions To support financial institutions, the federal government disbursed $313 billion, most of which has already been repaid (see Table 2). CBO estimates a net gain to the

4. A net present value is a single number that expresses a flow of current and future income (or payments) in terms of an equivalent lump sum received (or paid) at a specific time. The present value depends on the rate of interest (the discount rate) that is used to translate future cash flows into current dollars.

5. For a detailed explanation of CBO's methodology for evaluating the program's investments, see Congressional Budget Office, Report on the Troubled Asset Relief Program--April 2014 (April 2014), publication/45260.

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REPORT ON THE TROUBLED ASSET RELIEF PROGRAM 3

Table 2.

Actual and Projected Cash Disbursements of the Troubled Asset Relief Program

Billions of Dollars

Results to Date for Principal Disbursed

Principal Disbursed

Repaid

Written Offa

Additional Disbursements Outstanding Anticipated

Support for Financial Institutions

Capital Purchase Program

205

200

5

*

0

Additional assistance to Citigroup and Bank of Americab

40

40

0

0

0

Community Development Capital Initiative

1

1

*

*

0

Assistance to American International Group

68

54

13

0

0

Subtotal

313

295

19

*

0

Assistance to the Automotive Industry

80

63

17

0

0

Investment Partnerships Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facilityc Public-Private Investment Program SBA 7(a) Purchase Program Subtotal

*

*

0

0

0

19

19

0

0

0

*

*

*

0

0

19

19

*

0

0

Mortgage Programsd Total

29

0

29

0

2

441

377

65

*

2

Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Department of the Treasury.

Transactions are as of February 28, 2019.

SBA = Small Business Administration; * = between zero and $500 million.

a. Includes realized losses on sales of common stock. For mortgage programs, the amount represents disbursements to loan servicers.

b. The Treasury also agreed to provide $5 billion to cover potential losses on Citigroup's assets; however, those losses did not occur, so no disbursements were made.

c. The Treasury committed $4 billion to absorb losses on loans made by the Federal Reserve through the Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility; however, no losses occurred and the Treasury recouped all of the $100 million in initial funding.

d. Of the $50 billion initially announced for the mortgage modification programs, which include funding for state housing finance agencies and the Federal Housing Administration, $31 billion eventually will be disbursed, CBO estimates.

government of $9 billion from those transactions--a net gain of about $24 billion from assistance to banks and other lending institutions, partially offset by a cost of $15 billion for assistance to AIG (see Table 3).

Capital Purchase Program. Through the TARP's Capital Purchase Program (CPP), the Treasury acquired $205 billion in shares of preferred stock from 707 financial institutions.6 As of February 28, 2019, about

6. Preferred stock consists of shares of equity that provide a specific dividend that is to be paid before any dividends are paid to those who hold common stock. Preferred stock takes precedence over common stock in the event of a liquidation.

$20 million of that stock remained outstanding.7 CBO estimates a net gain to the government of $16 billion from the CPP in the form of dividends, interest, and other gains.

The preferred stock purchased through the CPP carried a promised dividend equal to 5 percent of the government's investment for the first five years and 9 percent

7. Some of the risk associated with those investments was transferred from the TARP to the Small Business Lending Fund (SBLF) created by the Small Business Jobs Act of 2010 (P.L. 111-240). More than 130 institutions participating in the TARP repurchased a total of $2.2 billion of preferred stock from the Treasury using funding from the SBLF. Almost all of those loans have been repaid.

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April 2019

Table 3.

Estimated Subsidy Cost or Gain Over the Life of the Troubled Asset Relief Program

Billions of Dollars

CBO OMB

Support for Financial Institutions

Capital Purchase Program

-16 -16

Additional assistance to Citigroup and Bank of America -8 -8

Community Development Capital Initiative

*

*

Assistance to American International Group

15 15

Subtotal

-9 -9

Assistance to the Automotive Industry

12 12

Investment Partnerships Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility Public-Private Investment Program SBA 7(a) Purchase Program Subtotal

-1 -1

-3 -3

*

*

-3 -3

Mortgage Programs Total

31 33 31 32

Sources: Congressional Budget Office; Office of Management and Budget.

CBO's estimates are based on data as of February 28, 2019; estimates from the Office of Management and Budget are based on data as of September 30, 2018.

Negative numbers indicate a net gain for the government; positive numbers indicate a net cost.

OMB = Office of Management and Budget; SBA = Small Business Administration; * = between -$500 million and $500 million.

thereafter. The shares of preferred stock were accompanied by warrants that allowed the government to purchase common stock equal in cost to 15 percent of the amount invested in preferred stock.8 Financial institutions that were not publicly owned provided the government with additional shares of preferred stock instead of warrants. Under the terms of the CPP, the financial institutions that remain in the program continue to be subject to restrictions on the compensation they provide to executives, the dividends they pay to shareholders, and the amount of common stock they can repurchase.

Additional Assistance to Citigroup and Bank of America. In addition to funds from the CPP, Citigroup and Bank of America received supplementary support

8. A warrant gives the holder the option, but not the obligation, to purchase stock at a fixed price.

through the Treasury's Targeted Investment Program (TIP) and Asset Guarantee Program. All of that support has since been repaid or terminated, resulting in a net gain to the federal government of $8 billion.

The two institutions each received $20 billion in capital through the TIP. The Treasury also agreed to absorb up to $5 billion in potential losses on a $301 billion pool of Citigroup's assets, and it announced plans to guarantee a pool of Bank of America's assets.

In December 2009, Citigroup repaid the $20 billion it had received through the TIP and canceled its loss-sharing agreement. In exchange for accepting that early termination, the Treasury retained more than $2 billion of Citigroup preferred stock, which it sold in September 2010. Bank of America also repaid the $20 billion it had received; the Treasury never implemented the guarantee plan for Bank of America's assets.9

Community Development Capital Initiative. Through the Community Development Capital Initiative (CDCI), which has a structure similar to the CPP's, the Treasury invested $570 million in community development financial institutions; $70 million of that investment remains outstanding.10 The preferred stock purchased by the Treasury under the CDCI paid a dividend of only 2 percent for the first eight years, compared with 5 percent paid for the first five years under the CPP. After that, the CDCI requires that dividends be paid at a rate of 9 percent, as does the CPP. Including realized losses to date, the CDCI is projected to have a net cost to the government of about $70 million.

Assistance to AIG. The Treasury initially provided AIG with two types of financial assistance through the TARP: It purchased $40 billion in preferred stock, and it established a $30 billion line of credit for the company.11 The Treasury subsequently received another $8 billion in

9. Bank of America paid the Treasury $276 million in connection with terminating the asset guarantee plan.

10. Eligible institutions were banks, thrifts, and credit unions certified by the Treasury as targeting more than 60 percent of their small-business lending and other economic development activities toward underserved communities.

11. The maximum that could be borrowed under the line of credit was $30 billion, minus $165 million for retention bonuses paid in March 2009 to employees of AIG Financial Products Corporation and AIG Trading Group.

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REPORT ON THE TROUBLED ASSET RELIEF PROGRAM 5

preferred stock in exchange for providing $8 billion to AIG under that line of credit.

In January 2011, as part of a restructuring of AIG's obligations, the Treasury agreed to exchange its existing preferred stock--with a total value of $48 billion--for approximately 1.1 billion shares of AIG common stock. AIG also drew down more than $20 billion from the balance on its line of credit to purchase preferred shares in former AIG subsidiaries from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York; the remainder of the line of credit was canceled with $2 billion remaining undrawn.

Since 2011, AIG has fully exited the TARP. The company repaid its line of credit, and the Treasury recouped an additional $34 billion from the sale of its shares of AIG common stock at an average price of about $31-- bringing the total amount repaid or recovered to $54 billion out of the $68 billion originally disbursed.12 The final net subsidy cost to the Treasury was $15 billion.

Financial Assistance to the Automotive Industry General Motors (GM) and Chrysler, along with their associated financing intermediaries and suppliers, received about $80 billion in TARP funds, all of which has been repaid by the companies or written off by the Treasury.13 The total subsidy cost recorded was $12 billion.

GM and Chrysler. Following the bankruptcy proceedings of GM and Chrysler, the Treasury agreed to exchange the debt positions it held in the original companies for a blend of debt, equity, and preferred shares in the newly configured companies. Since then, the Treasury has sold all of its securities in the two companies, recovering about $47 billion of the $61 billion it had invested. All told, the Treasury has written off or realized $14 billion in losses on its investments in GM and Chrysler.

Financing Intermediaries. The Treasury provided $19 billion in financial assistance to GMAC (General Motors Acceptance Corporation) and Chrysler Financial. About $17 billion of that amount was invested in

12. In addition, outside of the TARP, the Treasury acquired and later sold roughly 560 million shares of the company's common stock for $18 billion.

13. The support program for parts manufacturers ended in April 2010, yielding a small net gain to the Treasury.

GMAC (now Ally Financial). In July 2009, Chrysler Financial repaid the $1.5 billion it had received from the program. In December 2014, the Treasury liquidated its remaining investments in the automobile companies and their financing intermediaries through the TARP. In total, assistance to the two financing intermediaries resulted in a gain to the government of about $1 billion.

Investment Partnerships To encourage private investment in certain financial assets, the Treasury created public-private partnerships for investment in specific sectors. Those initiatives have no outstanding investments, and they resulted in a gain to the federal government of about $3 billion.

Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility. The Treasury initially committed $20 billion to cover potential losses of the Federal Reserve's Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (TALF), which provided financing to investors who bought highly rated securities backed by automobile loans, credit card loans, student loans, and business loans guaranteed by the Small Business Administration. The TALF was closed to new loans in 2010, and the final balance was repaid in 2014, yielding the Treasury a gain of roughly $1 billion.

Public-Private Investment Program. Through the Public-Private Investment Program, the Treasury agreed to provide nonrecourse debt and to match private-sector equity in the Public-Private Investment Funds (PPIFs) that purchased illiquid assets from financial institutions.14 In December 2012, after they had received a total of $19 billion from the Treasury, the PPIFs' ability to draw on TARP funds expired. The entire amount has been repaid, and the activities of the program, including interest, dividends, and capital gains received, resulted in a net gain to the government of about $3 billion.

Securities Guaranteed by the Small Business Administration. The Treasury also developed a program to purchase up to $1 billion of securities guaranteed by the Small Business Administration. As of October 3, 2010, when the TARP's authority to make new purchases in existing programs expired, the Treasury had purchased about $400 million of those securities. All of

14. Nonrecourse debt (which constituted 50 percent of the total funding for the program) consists of loans secured by specifically pledged collateral. If a borrower defaults on such a loan, the lender may claim that collateral but no other assets.

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