Lippincott Williams & Wilkins



Supplemental File SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1: Mesh terms and Boolean operators with inclusion and exclusion criteria for study. MesH Terms: Ilium/Anatomy & Histology OrIlium/RadiographyorSacrum/Anatomy & Histology*orSacrum/Blood SupplyorSacrum/InnervationOrSacrum/SurgeryorSacrum/RadiographyorSacrum/UltrastructureOrIliac Vein/InjuriesOr Lumbosacral Plexus/Injuries AndAnthropometryorCadaverorTomography, X-Ray ComputedorRadiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-AssistedorFluoroscopy OrBone screwsFilters: HumansAdults EnglishInclusion Criteria: Study population: Studies were done in humans or human specimensStudies were done on adults Study was conducted after the year 1980Study DesignCadaveric analysis of anatomyRadiographic analysis of anatomy Studies meeting the first two criteria which pertain to instrumentation of the sacrum or ilium Exclusion Criteria: Primarily Clinical or biomechanical in nature Animal study SacroplastyLanguage other than English Supplemental File SEQ Table \* ARABIC 2: Articles related to S1 and S2 pedicle screw placement. S1 PEDICLE SCREWS2 PEDICLE SCREWPrimary ArticleDegrees LateralAverage Screw LengthPrimary ArticleDegrees LateralAverage Screw LengthAnterolateral TrajectoryAsher (Male)25°39mmAsher (Male)30°31mmAsher (Female)25°37mmAsher (Female)30°28mmMircovic (Group 1)30°38mmXu30°34mmMircovic (Group 2)45°44mmXu30°37mmArman33°50mmStraight Forward TrajectoryXu0?30mmXu0?28mmOta0?43mmAnteromedial Trajectory Ota23°46mmXu30°32mmXu30°37mmAsher (Male)35°50mmAsher (Female)35°47mmArman36°51mmSupplemental File 3: Articles related to pelvic instrumentation (S2 Alar Screw and Iliac Screw).2 ALAR SCREWPrimary ArticleStarting PointTransverse Plane Degrees LateralSagittal Plane Degrees CaudalAverage Screw LengthStudy Type/n=Chang25mm from superior endplate of S1 and 22mm lateral of midline at the S2 level. 39°38°105mmCT/20Zhu (Male)1mm inferior and 1mm lateral to the S1 dorsal foramen37°30°121mmCT/20Zhu (Female)36°35°115mmO'Brien1mm inferior and 1mm lateral to the S1 dorsal foramen40°33°84mmCadaver/10ILIAC SCREW FIXATIONPrimary ArticleStarting pointAverage Screw LengthStudy Type/n=MillerS2-S3140mmCadaver/72Berry (Male)PSIS-AIIS147mmCadaver/129Berry (Female)PSIS-AIIS141mmBerry (Male)PSIS-SAR128mmBerry (Female)PSIS-SAR125mmZhengPSIS-AIIS141mmCadaver/60ParkPSIS-AIIS111mmCadaver/90Tian (Male)PSIS-AIIS135mmCadaver/18Tian (Female)PSIS-AIIS125mmLiu (Group 1)PSIS-AIIS139mmPatients/100Liu (Group 2)CLIC-UEA141mmSchwend2cm inferior to PSISNot reportedCadaver/20Abbreviations: PSIS (posterior superior iliac spine), AIIS (anterior inferior iliac spine), SAR (superior acetabular rim), UEA (Upper edge of acetabulum), CLIC (chilotic line of posterior iliac crestSupplemental File 4: Articles related to iliosacral screw.ILIOSACRAL SCREWS1S2Primary ArticleStarting PointVestibuleAreaTransversePlaneDegreesAnteriorSagittalPlaneDegreesCephaladVestibuleAreaTransversePlaneDegreesAnteriorSagittalPlaneDegreesCephaladStudy Designn=Carlson (Male)Inferior to the S1 foramen and posterior to the S1 body (was found to be ideal)524mm20-25°19-45°253mm20-16°0-16°CT30Carlson (Female)450mm2213mm2Gardner*Not Reported346mm24°21°109mm27?4?CT50Ebraheim3-3.5cm anterior to posterior surface of ilium in sagittal plant and 3.5-4cm superior to the greater sciatic notch. Cadaver11*These values were obtained via a “true coronal” reformatted CT.Supplemental File 5: Anatomic parameters of the bony corridor.ANATOMIC PARAMETERS OF THE BONY CORRIDORS1 (unless otherwise specified)Primary ArticleStudy Typen=Dorsal Pedicle HeightPosterior Lateral Mass WidthPedicle DepthTransverse DiameterMaleFemaleMaleFemaleXu Cadaver40S126mm21mmS214mm18mmS311mm15mmArmanCadaver100S121mm25mm49mmS216mmEbraheimCadaver1126mm28mmXu Cadaver5021mm44mm42mmJacksonCT5027mm29mmAsherCadaver4922mm44mm42mmEssesCadaver2723mm37mmSupplemental File 6: Anterior neurovascular structures.ANTERIOR NEUROVASCULAR STRUCTURESPrimary ArticleStudy Typen=Location of Aortic BifurcationLocation of Common Iliac Vein ConfluenceDistance Between Left and Right Iliac VesselsDistance from Internal Iliac Vein to Sacrum (Sagittal)Distance of Left Internal Iliac Vein to Midline (Coronal)Median Sacral Artery Size and LocationMirkovicCadaver22Right side of L5 VB2mmLiuCT62Axial plane: 68% Located at L4 VB L4/5 Disc space.Sagittal plane: 87% located in the middle 1/3 VBAxial plane: 61% located at the L5 VBSagittal Plane: the right side in 100% of patients43mm at superior boundary of S1TribusCadaver3734 mm at top of L5/S1 disc12mm3mm in diameter and crossed the superior aspect of L5-S1 disc space on average 4mm to the left of midline.DattaCT7652% @ L4 VB48% at L4/5 disc spaceOtaCT346mm left, 7mm right19mm at position of S1PS (variable)EssesCadaver27Left anterior surface of L4 VBMidlineSae-JungCadaver5433mm from right side of L5 VB, 24mm from left sideGüven?erCadaver and MRI2055% found 8mm from midline on right side of S1-S2Supplemental File 7: Anatomic parameters of the ilium.ANATOMICAL PARAMETERS OF THE ILIUMPrimary ArticleType of Studyn=Bony Dimensions of Iliac Column at the Sciatic NotchMillerCadaver3632mm x 23mm (width)BerryCadaver12920mm (width)ZhengCT6023mm (Male) 19mm (Female)Supplemental File 8: Bone Mineral Density.BONE MINERAL DENSITYPrimary ArticleStudy Typen=Age RangeMeasured UnitsSite of MeasurementPrimary FindingSalazarCT2518-50CT Hounsfield Units (HU)Average of 4 standardized regions of Interest (ROI) at the S1 and S2 levelsS1 > S2 in HUPeretzCadaveric1746-79Cortical Thickness (mm)Anterior and Posterior Cortex of the SacrumS1 & S2 > S3 & S4 in cortical thickness (mm)WagnerCT9127-83CT Hounsfield Units (HU)Transsacral Corridor of S1 and S2Averaged along the transsacral corridor S1 > S2 in HUEbraheim Cadaveric757-78Trabecular OrientationTransverse Section of Upper S1, Middle S1, S2, S3, S4One Coronal SectionThree Sagittal SectionsCondensation Zones of Trabeculae are located in the anterior part of the lateral mass in both S1 and S2Cadaveric4061-67Cortical Thickness (mm)Mean Anterior Cortex S1-S3Cortical Thickness S1>S2>S3Cadaveric4061-67Relative Density **Zone 1, 2, 3 Lateral to MedialSagittal Density Measurements from Anterior to Posterior of each zoneAnterior Cortex of S1 and S2 has the highest density of the sacrumEbraheim Cadaveric4061-76Cortical Thickness (mm)Anterior Cortex AnterolateralAnteromedialCortical Thickness S1 > S2**Use of Relative Density relied on radiolucency of CT scans ................
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