Acute Pain Bibliography
Practice Guidelines for Acute Pain Management in the Perioperative Setting: An
Updated Report
American Society of Anesthesiologists
Bibliography in Alphabetical Order
1. Abboud TK, Dror A, Mosaad P, Zhu J, Mantilla M, Swart F, Gangolly J, Silao P, Makar A, Moore J, Davis H, Lee J: Mini-dose intrathecal morphine for the relief of post-cesarean section pain: Safety, efficacy, and ventilatory responses to carbon dioxide. Anesth Analg 1988, 67:137-143
2. Abu-Saad H: Assessing children's response to pain. Pain 1984, 19:163-171
3. Adriaenssens G, Vermeyen KM, Hoffmann VL, Mertens E, Adriaensen HF: Postoperative analgesia with i.v. patient-controlled morphine: effect of adding ketamine. Br J Anaesth 1999, 83:393-396
4. Adu-Gyamfi Y: Epidural morphine plus bupivacaine for relief of post-operative pain following Harrington rod insertion for correction of idiopathic scoliosis. J Int Med Res 1995, 23:211-217
5. Agarwal A, Gautam S, Gupta D, Agarwal S, Singh PK, Singh U: Evaluation of a single preoperative dose of pregabalin for attenuation of postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Anaesth 2008; 101:700-704
6. Aida S, Yamakura T, Baba H, Taga K, Fukuda S, Shimoji K: Preemptive analgesia by intravenous low-dose ketamine and epidural morphine in gastrectomy: a randomized double-blind study. Anesthesiology 2000, 92:1624-1630
7. Ali M, Winter DC, Hanly AM, O'Hagan C, Keaveny J, Broe P: Prospective, randomized, controlled trial of thoracic epidural or patient-controlled opiate analgesia on perioperative quality of life. Br J Anaesth 2010; 104:292-297
8. Al-Kaisy A, McGuire G, Chan VW, Bruin G, Peng P, Miniaci A, Perlas A: Analgesic effect of interscalene block using low-dose bupivacaine for outpatient arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998, 23:469-473
9. Allen PD, Walman T, Concepcion M, Sheskey M, Patterson MK, Cullen D, Covino BG: Epidural morphine provides postoperative pain relief in peripheral vascular and orthopedic surgical patients: A dose-response study. Anesth Analg 1986, 65:165-170
10. Al-Mujadi H, A-Refai AR, Katzarov MG, Dehrab NA, Batra YK, Al-Qattan AR: Preemptive gabapentin reduces postoperative pain and opioid demand following thyroid surgery. Can J Anaesth 2006; 53:268-273
11. Amaranath L, Andrish JT, Gurd AR, Weiker GG, Yoon H: Efficacy of intermittent epidural morphine following posterior spinal fusion in children and adolescents. Clin Orthopaed Rel Res 1989, 249:223-226
12. Ananthanarayan C, Kashtan H: Pneumothorax after interpleural block in a spontaneously breathing patient. Anesthesia 1990, 45:392,
13. Anderson EA: Preoperative preparation for cardiac surgery facilitates recovery, reduces psychological distress, and reduces the incidence of acute postoperative hypertension. J Consult Clin Psychol 1987, 55:513-520
14. Arunasalam K, Davenport HT, Painter S, Jones JG: Ventilatory response to morphine in young and old subjects. Anaesthesia 1983, 38:529-533
15. Asantila R, Eklund P, Rosenberg PH: Continuous epidural infusion of bupivacaine and morphine for postoperative analgesia after hysterectomy. Acta Anaesth Scand 1991, 35:513-517
16. Aunac S, Carlier M, Singelyn F, De Kock M: The analgesic efficacy of bilateral combined superficial and deep cervical plexus block administered before thyroid surgery under general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2002, 95:746-750
17. Backlund M, Lindgren L, Kajimoto Y, Rosenberg PH: Comparison of epidural morphine and oxycodone for pain after abdominal surgery. J Clin Anesth 1997, 9:30-35
18. Bacon AK: An alternative block for post circumcision analgesia. Anaesth Intens Care 1977, 5:63
19. Baghdassarian R, Tansey LA, Martin DC, Shanberg AM: Use of bupivacaine as block to relieve postoperative pain in pediatric orchiopexy and hernia repair. Urology 1986, 27:537-539
20. Bailey AG, Valley RD, Freid EB, Calhoun P: Epidural morphine combined with epidural or intravenous butorphanol for postoperative analgesia in pediatric patients. Anesth Analg 1994, 79:340-344
21. Bailey PW, Smith BE: Continuous epidural infusion of fentanyl for postoperative analgesia. Anaesthesia 1980, 35:1002-1006
22. Baker PA, Schroeder D: Interpleural bupivacaine for postoperative pain during lactation. Anesth Analg 1989, 69:400-402
23. Banning AM, Schmidt JF, Chraemmer-Jorgensen B, Risbo A: Comparison of oral controlled release morphine and epidural morphine in the management of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 1986, 65:385-388
24. Bardiau, FM, Taviaux NF, Adelin A, Boogaerts JG, Stadler M: An intervention study to enhance postoperative pain management. Anesth Analg 2003, 96:179-185
25. Barnason S, Merboth M, Pozehl B, Teitjen MJ: Utilizing an outcomes appraoch to improve pain mangement by nurses: a pilot study. Clin Nurse Specialist 1998, 12:28-36
26. Barrier G, Attia J, Mayer MN, Amiel-Tison C, Shnider SM: Measurement of post-operative pain and narcotic administration in infants using a new clinical scoring system. Intensive Care Med 1989, 15:S37-39
27. Barron DJ, Tolan MJ, Lea RE: A randomized controlled trial of continuous extra-pleural analgesia post-thoracotomy: efficacy and choice of local anaesthetic. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1999, 16:236-245
28. Bartholdy J, Sperling K, Ibsen M, Eliasen K, Mogensen T: Preoperative infiltration of the surgical area enhances postoperative analgesia of a combined low-dose epidural bupivacaine and morphine regimen after upper abdominal surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994, 38:262-265
29. Baxter AD, Jennings FO, Harris RS, Flynn JF, Way J: Continuous intercostal blockade after cardiac surgery. Br J Anaesth 1987, 59:162-166
30. Baxter AD, Laganiere S, Samson B, McGilveray IJ, Hull K: A dose-response study of nalbuphine for post-thoracotomy epidural analgesia. Can J Anaesth 1991, 38:175-182
31. Baxter AD, Laganiere S, Samson B, Stewart J, Hull K, Goernert L: A comparison of lumbar epidural and intravenous fentanyl infusions for post-thoracotomy analgesia. Can J Anaesth 1994, 41:184-191
32. Beattie WS, Buckley DN, Forrest JB: Epidural morphine reduces the risk of post-operative myocardial ischaemia in patients with cardiac risk factors. Can J Anaesth 1993, 40:532-541
33. Bellville JW, Forrest WH, Miller E, Brown BW: Influence of age on pain relief from analgesics. JAMA 1971, 217:1835-1841
34. Benlabed M, Ecoffey C, Levron JC, Flaisler B, Gross JB: Analgesia and ventilatory response to CO2 following epidural sufentanil in children. Anesthesiology 1987, 67:948-951
35. Berde CB, Lehn BM, Yee JD, Sethna NF, Russo D: Patient-controlled analgesia in children and adolescents: A randomized, prospective comparison with intramuscular administration of morphine for postoperative analgesia. J Ped 1991, 118:460-466
36. Berkowitz BA, Ngai SH, Yang JC, Hempstead J, Spector S: The disposition of morphine in surgical patients. Clin Pharm Ther 1975, 17:629-635
37. Berti M, Casati A, Fanelli G, Albertin A, Palmisano S, Danelli G, Comotti L, Torri G: 0.2% ropivacaine with or without fentanyl for patient-controlled epidural analgesia after major abdominal surgery: a double-blind study. J Clin Anesth 2000, 12:292-297
38. Beyer J, Adadine CR: Patterns of paediatric pain intensity: a methodological investigation of a self-report scale. Clin J Pain 1987, 3:130-141
39. Beyer JE, DeGood DE, Ashley LC, Russell GA: Patterns of postoperative analgesic use with adults and children following cardiac surgery. Pain 1983, 17:71-81
40. Beyer JE, McGrath PJ, Berde CB: Discordance between self-report and behavioral pain measures in children aged 3-7 years after surgery. J Pain Sympt Manage 1990, 6:350-356
41. Bilsback P, Rolly G, Tampubolon O: Efficacy of the extradural administration of lofentanil, buprenorphine or saline in the management of postoperative pain: A double-blind study. Br J Anaesth 1985, 57:943-948
42. Binsted RJ: Epidural morphine after caesarean section. Anaesth Intens Care 1983, 11:130-134
43. Birmingham PK, Wheeler M, Suresh S, Dsida RM, Rae BR, Obrecht J, Andreoni VA,Hall SC, Coté CJ: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia in children: can they do it? Anesth Analg 2003; 96:686-691
44. Black AM, Wolf A, McKenzie IM, Tonkin PA, Inglis ST, Prys-Roberts C: Epidural infusions of sufentanil with and without bupivacaine: comparison with diamorphine-bupivacaine. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1994, 11:285-299
45. Blacklock JB, Rea GL, Maxwell RE: Intrathecal morphine during lumbar spine operation for postoperative pain control. Neurosurgery 1986, 18:341-344
46. Blackman RG, Reynolds J, Shively J: Intrathecal morphine: Dosage and efficacy in younger patients for control of postoperative pain following spinal fusion. Orthopedics 1991, 14:555-557
47. Blanco J, Blanco E, Rodriguez G, Castro A, Alvarez J: One year's experience with an acute pain service in a Spanish University Clinic hospital. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1994, 11:417-421
48. Boezaart AP, de Beer JF, du Toit C, van Rooyen K: A new technique of continuous interscalene nerve block. Can J Anaesth 1999, 46:275-281
49. Bogoch ER, Henke M, Mackenzie T, Olschewski E, Mahomed NN: Lumbar paravertebral nerve block in the management of pain after total hip and knee arthroplasty: a randomized controlled clinical trial. J Arthroplasty 2002, 17:398-401
50. Boldt J, Thaler E, Lehmann A, Papsdorf M, Isgro F: Pain management in cardiac surgery patients: comparison between standard therapy and patient-controlled analgesia regimen. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1998, 12:654-658
51. Bollish SJ, Collins CL, Kirking DM, Bartlett RH: Efficacy of patient-controlled versus conventional analgesia for postoperative pain. Clin Pharm 1985, 4:48-52
52. Bolotin G, Lazarovici H, Uretzky G, Zlotnick AY, Tamir A, Saute M: The efficacy of intraoperative internal intercostal nerve block during video-assisted thoracic surgery on postoperative pain. Ann Thorac Surg 2000, 70:1872-1875
53. Borgeat A, Ekatodramis G, Kalberer F, Benz C: Acute and nonacute complications associated with interscalene block and shoulder surgery: a prospective study. Anesthesiology 2001, 95:875-880
54. Boulanger A, Choiniere M, Roy D, Boure B, Chartrand D, Choquette R, Rousseau P: Comparison between patient-controlled analgesia and intramuscular meperidine after thoracotomy. Can J Anaesth 1993, 40:409-415
55. Bourget JL, Clark J, Joy N: Comparing preincisional with postincisional bupivacaine infiltration in the management of postoperative pain. Arch Surg 1997, 132:766-769
56. Bourke DL, Spatz E, Motara R, Ordia JI, Reed J, Hlavacek JM: Epidural opioids during laminectomy surgery for postoperative pain. J Clin Anesth 1992, 4:277-281
57. Bozkurt P, Kaya G, Yeker Y: Single-injection lumbar epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in children: a report of 175 cases. Reg Anesth 1997, 22:212-217
58. Brands E, Callanan VI: Continuous lumbar plexus block-analgesia for femoral neck fractures. Anaesth Intens Care 1978, 6:256-258
59. Brandsson S, Karlsson J, Morberg P, Rydgren B, Eriksson BI, Hedner T: Intraarticular morphine after arthroscopic ACL reconstruction: a double-blind placebo-controlled study of 40 patients. Act Ortho Scand 2000, 71:280-285
60. Briggs M, Dean KL: A qualitative analysis of the nursing documentation of post-operative pain management. J Clin Nurs 1998, 7:155-163
61. Broadman LM, Rice LJ, Hannalah RS: Testing the validity of an objective pain scale for infants. Anesthesiology 1988, 69:A770
62. Brodsky JB, Chaplan SR, Brose WG, Mark JB: Continuous epidural hydromorphone for postthoracotomy pain relief. Ann Thoracic Surg 1990, 50:888-893
63. Brodsky JB, Kretzschmar KM, Mark JB: Caudal epidural morphine for post-thoracotomy pain. Anesth Analg 1988, 67:409-410
64. Broekema AA, Kuizenga K, Hennis PJ: Does epidural sufentanil provide effective analgesia per- and postoperatively for abdominal aortic surgery? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996, 40:20-25
65. Bromage PR, Camporesi E, Chestnut D: Epidural narcotics for postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg 1980, 59:473-480
66. Brownridge P, Frewin DB: A comparative study of techniques of postoperative analgesia following caesarean section and lower abdominal surgery. Anaesth Intens Care 1985, 13:123-130
67. Bruce DL, Gerken MV, Lyon GD: Postcholecystectomy pain relief by intrapleural bupivacaine in patients with cystic fibrosis. Anesth Analg 1987, 66:1187-1189
68. Brull SJ, Lieponis JV, Murphy MJ, Garcia R, Silverman DG: Acute and long-term benefits of iliac crest donor site perfusion with local anesthetics. Anesth Analg 1992, 74:145-147
69. Brunat G, Pouzeratte Y, Mann C, Didelot JM, Rochon JC, Eledjam JJ: Posterior perineal block with ropivacaine 0.75% for pain control during and after hemorrhoidectomy. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2003; 28:228-232
70. Buchholz M, Karl HW, Pomietto M, Lynn A: Pain scores in infants: a modified infant pain scale versus visual analog. J Pain Sympt Manag 1998, 15:117-124
71. Bugedo GJ, Carcamo CR, Mertens RA, Dagnino JA, Munoz HR: Preoperative percutaneous ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve block with 0.5% bupivacaine for post-herniorrhaphy pain management in adults. Reg Anesth 1990, 15:130-133
72. Buggy DJ, Hall NA, Shah J, Brown J, Williams J: Motor block during patient-controlled epidural analgesia with ropivacaine or ropivacaine/fentanyl after intrathecal bupivacaine for caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 2000, 85:468-470
73. Bunting P, McConachie I: Ilioinguinal nerve blockade for analgesia after caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1988, 61:773-775
74. Bunting P, McGeachie JF: Intercostal nerve blockade producing analgesia after appendicectomy. Br J Anaesth 1988, 61:169-172
75. Burns JW, Aitken HA, Bullingham R, McArdle C, Kenny G: Double-blind comparison of the morphine sparing effect of continuous and intermittent I.M. administration of ketorolac. Br J Anaesth 1991, 67:235-238
76. Burns JW, Hodsman NBA, McLintock TTC, Gillies GWA, Kenny GNC, McArdle CS: The influence of patient characteristics on the requirements for postoperative analgesia. Anaesthesia 1989, 44:2-6
77. Busch EH, Stedman PM: Epidural morphine for postoperative pain on medical-surgical wards - a clinical review. Anesthesiology 1987, 67:101-104
78. Bush DJ, Kramer DP: Intravascular migration of an epidural catheter during postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Anesth Analg 1993, 76:1150-1151
79. Callaghan P, Cheung YL, Yao KY, Chan SL: The effect of pre-operative information on post-operative anxiety, satisfaction with information, and demand for analgesia in Chinese men having transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). J Clin Nurs 1998, 7:479-480
80. Callesen T, Bech K, Thorup J, Andersen J, Nielsen R, Roikjaer O, Kehlet H: Cryoanalgesia: effect on postherniorrhaphy pain. Anesth Analg 1998, 87:896-899
81. Camp LD, O'Sullivan PS: Comparison of medical, surgical and oncology patients' descriptions of pain in nurses' documentation of pain assessments. J Adv Nurs 1987, 12:593-598
82. Campbell FA, Yentis S, Fear DW: Analgesic efficacy and safety of a caudal bupivacaine-fentanyl mixture in children. Can J Anaesth 1992, 39:661-664
83. Camu F, Debucquoy F: Alfentanil infusion for postoperative pain: A comparison of epidural and intravenous routes. Anesthesiology 1991, 75:171-178
84. Carabine UA, Milligan KR, Mulholland D, Moore J: Extradural clonidine infusions for analgesia after total hip replacement. Br J Anaesth 1992, 68:338-343
85. Carman D, Roach JW: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the relief of postoperative pain in children. Spine 1988, 13:109-110
86. Carney DE, Nicolette LA, Ratner MH, Minerd A, Baesl TJ: Ketorolac reduces postoperative narcotic requirements. J Pediatr Surg 2001, 36:76-79
87. Cartwright PD, Helfinger RG, Howell JJ, Siepmann KK: Introducing an acute pain service. Anaesthesia 1991, 46:188-191
88. Cataldo PA, Senagore AJ, Kilbride MJ: Ketorolac and patient controlled analgesia in the treatment of postoperative pain. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1993, 176:435-438
89. Caudle CL, Freid EB, Bailey AG, Valley RD, Lish MC, Azizkhan RG: Epidural fentanyl infusion with patient-controlled epidural analgesia for postoperative analgesia in children. J Pediatr Surg 1993, 28:554-558
90. Cervini P, Smith LC, Urbach DR: The effect of intraoperative bupivacaine administration on parenteral narcotic use after laparoscopic appendectomy. Surg Endosc 2002, 16:1579-1582
91. Chabas E, Gomar C, Villalonga A, Sala X, Taura P: Postoperative respiratory function in children after abdominal surgery. A comparison of epidural and intramuscular morphine analgesia. Anaesthesia 1998, 53:393-397
92. Chambers HG, Silver SM, Bucknell AL: Colonic pseudoobstruction associated with PCA after total joint arthroplasty. Orthopaed Related Res 1990, 254:255-260
93. Chambers WA, Mowbray A, Wilson J: Extradural morphine for the relief of pain following caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1983, 55:1201-1203
94. Chambers WA, Sinclair C, Scott D: Extradural morphine for pain after surgery. Br J Anaesth 1981, 53:921-925
95. Chan JHH, Heilpern GNA, Packham I, Trehan RK, Marsh GDJ, Knibb AA: A prospective randomized double-blind trial of the use of intrathecal fentanyl in patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery. Spine 2006; 31:2529-2533
96. Chan VW, Chung F, McQuestion M, Gomez M: Impact of patient-controlled analgesia on required nursing time and duration of postoperative recovery. Reg Anesth 1995, 20:506-514
97. Chan VWS, Chung F, Cheng DCH, Seyone C, Chung A, Kirby T: Analgesic and pulmonary effects of continuous intercostal nerve block following thoracotomy. Can J Anaesth 1991, 38:733-739
98. Chauvin M, Hongnat JM, Mourgeon E, Lebrault C, Bellenfant F, Alfonsi P: Equivalence of postoperative analgesia with patient-controlled intravenous or epidural alfentanil. Anesth Analg 1993, 76:1251-1258
99. Chen PP, Cheam EW, Ma M, Lam KK, Ngan Kee WD, Gin T: Patient-controlled pethidine after major upper abdominal surgery: comparison of the epidural and intravenous routes. Anaesthesia 2001, 56:1106-1112
100. Cherian MN, Mathews MP, Chandy MJ: Local wound infiltration with bupivacaine in lumbar laminectomy. Surg Neurol 1997, 47:120-122
101. Chester JF, Ravindranath K, White BD, Shanahan D, Taylor RS, Lloyd-Williams K: Wound perfusion with bupivacaine: Objective evidence for efficacy in postoperative pain relief. Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng 1989, 71:394-396
102. Chien BB, Burke RG, Hunter DJ: An extensive experience with postoperative pain relief using postoperative fentanyl infusion. Arch Surg 1991, 126:692-694
103. Chirwa S, MacLeod B, Day B: Intraarticular bupivacaine (Marcaine) after arthroscopic meniscectomy: A randomized double-blind controlled study. Arthroscopy 1989, 5:33-35
104. Chisakuta AM, George KA, Hawthorne CT: Postoperative epidural infusion of a mixture of bupivacaine 0.2% with fentanyl for upper abdominal surgery. A comparison of thoracic and lumbar routes. Anaesthesia 1995, 50:72-75
105. Choiniere M, Rittenhouse BE, Perreault S, Chartrand D, Rousseau P, Smith B, Pepler C: Efficacy and costs of patient-controlled analgesia versus regularly administered intramuscular opioid therapy. Anesthesiology 1998, 89:1377-1388
106. Christensen O, Chrsitensen P, Sonnenschein C, Nielsen PR, Jacobsen S: Analgesic effect of intraarticular morphine: a controlled, randomized and double-blind study. Acta Anaesth Scand 1996, 40:842-846
107. Christie JM, Chen GW: Secondary hyperalgesia is not affected by wound infiltration with bupivacaine. Can J Anaesth 1993, 40:1034-1037
108. Chrubasik J, Wiemers K: Continuous-plus-on-demand epidural infusion of morphine for postoperative pain relief by means of a small, externally worn infusion device. Anesthesiology 1985, 62:263-267
109. Cinar SO, Kum U, Cevizci N, Kayaoglu S, Oba S: Effects of levobupivacaine infiltration on postoperative analgesia and stress response in children following inguinal hernia repair. Eur J Anaesth 2009; 26:430-434
110. Clarke EB, French B, Bilodeau ML, Capasso VS, Edwards A, Empoliti J: Pain management knowledge, attitudes and clinical practice: The impact of nurses' characteristics and education. J Pain Symp Manage 1996, 11:18-31
111. Clarke H, Pereira S, Kennedy D, Andrion J, Mitsakakis N, Gollish J, Katz J, Kay J: Adding gabapentin to a multimodal regimen does not reduce acute pain, opioid consumption or chronic pain after total hip arthroplasty. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2009; 53:1073-1083
112. Clarke H, Pereira S, Kennedy D, Gilron I, Katz J, Gollish J, Kay J: Gabapentin decreases morphine consumption and improves functional recovery following total knee arthroplasty. Pain Res Manag 2009; 14:217-222
113. Cobby TF, Reid MF: Wound infiltration with local anaesthetic after abdominal hysterectomy. Br J Anaesth 1997, 78:431-432
114. Cohen DE, Van Duker B, Siegel S, Keon TP: Common peroneal nerve palsy associated with epidural analgesia. Anesth Analg 1993, 76:429-431
115. Cohen S, Amar D, Pantuck CB, Pantuck EJ, Weissman AB: Adverse effects of epidural 0.03% bupivacaine during analgesia after cesarean section. Anesth Analg 1992, 75:753-756
116. Cohen SE, Rothblatt AJ, Albright GA: Early respiratory depression with epidural narcotic and intravenous droperidol. Anesthesiology 1983, 59:559-560
117. Cohen SE, Subak LL, Brose WG, Halpern J: Analgesia after cesarean delivery: Patient evaluations and costs of five opioid techniques. Reg Anesth 1991, 16:141-149
118. Cohen SE, Tan S, White PF: Sufentanil analgesia following cesarean section: Epidural versus intravenous administration. Anesthesiology 1988, 68:129-134
119. Cohen SE, Woods WA: The role of epidural morphine in the postcesarean patient: Efficacy and effects on bonding. Anesthesiology 1983, 58:500-504
120. Coleman SA, Booker-Milburn J: Audit of postoperative pain control: influence of a dedicated acute pain nurse. Anaesthesia 1996, 51:1093-1096
121. Conroy JM, Othersen HB Jr, Dorman BH, Gottesman JD, Wallace CT, Brahen NH: A comparison of wound instillation and caudal block for analgesia following pediatric inguinal herniorrhaphy. J Pediatr Surg 1993, 28:565-567
122. Cooper DW, Ryall DM, McHardy FE, Lindsay SL, Eldabe SS: Patient-controlled extradural analgesia with bupivacaine, fentanyl, or a mixture of both, after Caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1996, 76:611-615
123. Cooper DW, Saleh U, Taylor M, Whyte S, Ryall D, Kokri MS, Desira WR, Day H, McArthur E: Patient-controlled analgesia: epidural fentanyl and i.v. morphine compared after caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1999, 82:366-370
124. Cooper DW, Turner G: Patient-controlled extradural analgesia to compare bupivacaine, fentanyl and bupivacaine with fentanyl in the treatment of postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 1993, 70:503-507
125. Crews JC, Hord AH, Denson DD, Schatzman C: A comparison of the analgesic efficacy of 0.25% levobupivacaine combined with 0.005% morphine, 0.25% levobupivacaine alone, or 0.005% morphine alone for the management of postoperative pain in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 1999, 89:1504-1509
126. Cross DA, Hunt JB: Feasibility of epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in a small community hospital. Anesth Analg 1991, 72:765-768
127. Cullen ML, Staren ED, El-Ganzouri A, Logas WG, Ivankovich AD, Economou SG: Continuous epidural infusion for analgesia after major abdominal operations: A randomized, prospective, double-blind study. Surg 1985, 98:718-728
128. Dahl V, Raeder JC, Erno PE, Kovdal A: Pre-emptive effect of pre-incisional versus post-incisional infiltration of local anaesthesia on children undergoing hernioplasty. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996, 40:847-851
129. Dal D, Kanbak M, Caglar M, Aypar U: A background infusion of morphine does not enhance postoperative analgesia after cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 2003; 50:476–479
130. Daley MD, Sandler AN, Turner KE, Vosu H, Slavchenko P: A comparison of epidural and intramuscular morphine in patients following cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1990, 72:289-294
131. Daltroy LH, Morlino CI, Eaton HM, Poss R, Liang MH: Preoperative education for total hip and knee replacement patients. Arthritis Care Res 1998, 11:469-478
132. Davis BD, Billings JR, Ryland RK: Evaluation of nursing process documentation. J Adv Nurs 1994, 19:960-968
133. Dawson P: Cardiac arrest following epidural overdose. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1995, 23:650-655
134. Dawson PJ, Libreri FC, Jones DJ, Libreri G, Bjorkstein AR, Royse CF: The efficacy of adding a continuous intravenous morphine infusion to patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) in abdominal surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 1995, 23:453-458
135. De Kock M, Scholtes JL: Postoperative P.C.A. in abdominal surgery. Analysis of 200 consecutive patients. Acta Anaesth Belg 1991, 42:85-91
136. de Leon-Casasola OA, Parker BM, Lema MJ, Harrison P, Massey J: Postoperative epidural bupivacaine-morphine therapy. Experience with 4,227 surgical cancer patients. Anesthesiology 1994, 81:368-375
137. De Mey JC, Strobbet J, Poelaert J, Hoebeke P, Mortier E: The influence of sufentanil and/or clonidine on the duration of analgesia after a caudal block for hypospadias repair surgery in children. Eur J Anaesth 2000, 17:379-382
138. Delaunay L, Leppert C, Dechaubry V, Levron J, Liu N, Bonnet F: Epidural clonidine decreases postoperative requirements for epidural fentanyl. Reg Anesth 1993, 18:176-180
139. Deneuville M, Bisserier A, Regnard JF, Chevalier M, Levasseur P, Herve P: Continuous intercostal analgesia with 0.5% bupivacaine after thoracotomy: a randomized study. Ann Thorac Surg 1993, 55:381-385
140. Diblasio CJ, Snyder ME, Kattan MW, Russo P: Ketorolac: safe and effective analgesia for the management of renal cortical tumors with partial nephrectomy. J Urol 2004; 171:1062-1065
141. Dierking G, Duedahl TH, Rasmussen ML, Fomsgaard JS, Møiniche S, Rømsing J, Dahl JB: Effects of gabapentin on postoperative morphine consumption and pain after abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized, double-blind trial. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2004; 48:322-327
142. Dierking GW, Dahl JB, Kanstrup J, Dahl A, Kehlet H: Effect of pre- vs postoperative inguinal field block on postoperative pain after herniorrhaphy. Br J Anaesth 1992, 68:344-388
143. Dierking GW, Ostergaard E, Ostergard HT, Dahl JB: The effects of wound infiltration with bupivacaine versus saline on postoperative pain and opioid requirements after herniorrhaphy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994, 38:289-292
144. Dieudonne N, Gomola A, Bonnichon P, Ozier YM: Prevention of postoperative pain after thyroid surgery: a double-blind randomized study of bilateral superficial cervical plexus blocks. Anesth Analg 2001, 92:1538-1542
145. Ding Y, White PF: Post-herniorrhaphy pain in outpatients after pre-incision ilioinguinal-hypogastric nerve block during monitored anaesthesia care. Can J Anaesth 1995, 42:12-15
146. Dirks J, Fredensborg B, Christensen D, Fornsgaard JS, Flyger H, Dahl JB: A randomized study of the effects of single-dose gabapentin versus placebo on postoperative pain and morphine consumption after mastectomy. Anesthesiology 2002; 97:560-564
147. Doering S, Katzlberger F, Rumpold G, Roessler S, Hofstoetter B, Schatz DS, Behensky H, Krismer M, Luz G, Innerhofer P, Benzer H, Saria A, Schuessler G: Videotape preparation of patients before hip replacement surgery reduces stress. Psychosomatic Med 2000, 62:365-373
148. Donadoni R, Rolly G: Epidural sufentanil versus intramuscular buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia. A double-blind comparative trial. Anaesthesia 1987, 42:1171-1175
149. Doyle E, Harper I, Morton NS: Patient-controlled analgesia with low dose background infusions after lower abdominal surgery in children. Br J Anaesth 1993, 71:818-822
150. Doyle E, Robinson D, Morton NS: Comparison of patient-controlled analgesia with and without a background infusion after lower abdominal surgery in children. Br J Anaesth 1993, 71:670-673
151. Dryden C, McMenemin I, Duthie D: Efficacy of continuous intercostal bupivacaine for pain relief after thoracotomy. Br J Anaesth 1993, 70:508-510
152. Dyer RA, Camden-Smith K, James MFM: Epidural lidocaine with sufentanil and epinephrine for abdominal hysterectomy under general anaesthesia: respiratory depression and postoperative analgesia. Can J Anaesth 1992, 39:220-225
153. Edwards ND, Fletcher A, Cole JR, Peacock JE: Combined infusions of morphine and ketamine for postoperative pain in elderly patients. Anaesthesia 1993, 48:124-127
154. Edwinsson M, Arnbjornsson E, Ekman R: Psychological preparation program for children undergoing acute appendectomy. Pediatrics 1992, 82:30-36
155. Egbert AM, Parks LH, Short LM, Burnett ML: Randomized trial of postoperative patient-controlled analgesia vs intramuscular narcotics in frail elderly men. Arch Internal Med 1990, 150:1897-1903
156. Egbert LD, Battit GE, Welch CE, Bartlett MK: Reduction of postoperative pain by encouragement and instruction of patients. N Eng J Med 1964, 270:825-827
157. Ehnfors M, Smedby B: Nursing care as documented in patients' records. Scand J Caring Sci 1993, 7:209-220
158. Ejlersen E, Andersen HB, Eliasen K, Mogensen T: A comparison between preincisional and postincisional lidocaine infiltration and postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 1992, 74:495-498
159. Elander G, Hellstrom G: Analgesic administration in children and adults following open heart surgery. Scand J Caring Sci 1992, 6:17-21
160. El-Baz N, Faber LP, Ivankovich AD: Interpleural infusion of local anesthetic: A word of caution. Anesthesiology 1988, 68:809-810
161. El-Baz N, Goldin M: Continuous epidural infusion of morphine for pain relief after cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1987, 93:878-883
162. Ellis DJ, Millar WL, Reisner LS: A randomized double-blind comparison of epidural versus intravenous fentanyl infusion for analgesia after cesarean section. Anesthesiology 1990, 72:981-986
163. Ellis R, Haines D, Shah R, Cotton BR, Smith G: Pain relief after abdominal surgery: a comparison of i.m. morphine, sublingual buprenorphine and self-administered i.v. pethidine. Br J Anaesth 1982, 54:421-428
164. El-Naggar MA, Schaberg FJ, Phillips MR: Intrapleural regional analgesia for pain management in cholecystectomy. Arch Surg 1989, 124:568-570
165. El-Naggar MA: Bilateral intrapleural regional analgesia for postoperative pain control: A dose-finding study. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1989, 3:574-579
166. Elsass P, Eikard B, Junge J, Lykke J, Staun P, Feldt-Rasmussen M: Psychological effect of detailed preanesthetic information. Acta Anaesth Scand 1987, 31:579-583
167. Eng J, Sabanathan S: Continuous extrapleural intercostal nerve block and post-thoracotomy pulmonary complications. Scand J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992, 26:219-223
168. Engberg G: Respiratory performance after upper abdominal surgery. A comparison of pain relief with intercostal blocks and centrally acting analgesics. Acta Anaesth Scand1985, 29:427-433
169. Eriksson-Mjoberg M, Kristiansson M, Carlstrom K, Eklund J, Gustafsson LL, Olund A: Preoperative infiltration of bupivacaine--effects on pain relief and trauma response (cortisol and interleukin-6). Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1997, 41:466-472
170. Etches RC: Respiratory depression associated with patient-controlled analgesia: a review of eight cases. Can J Anaesth 1994, 41:125-132
171. Fanshawe MP: A comparison of patient controlled epidural pethidine versus single dose epidural morphine for analgesia after caesarean section. Anaesth Intensive Care 1999, 27:610-614
172. Farag H, Naguib M: Caudal morphine for pain relief following anal surgery. Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng 1989, 71:257-258
173. Felton G, Huss K, Payne EA, Srsic K: Preoperative nursing intervention with the patient for surgery: outcomes of three alternative approaches. Int J Nurs Studies 1976, 13:83-96
174. Finucane BT, Ganapathy S, Carli F, Pridham JN, Ong BY, Shukla RC, Kristoffersson AH, Huizar KM, Nevin K, Ahlen KG: Prolonged epidural infusions of ropivacaine (2 mg/mL) after colonic surgery: the impact of adding fentanyl. Anesth Analg 2001, 92:1276-1285
175. Fitzpatrick GJ, Moriarty DC: Intrathecal morphine in the management of pain following cardiac surgery. A comparison with morphine I.v. Br J Anaesth 1988, 60:639-644
176. Fleming BM, Coombs DW: A survey of complications documented in a quality-control analysis of patient-controlled analgesia in the postoperative patient. J Pain Sympt Manag 1992, 7:463-469
177. Flisberg P, Jakobsson J, Lundberg J: Apnea and bradypnea in patients receiving epidural bupivacaine-morphine for postoperative pain relief as assessed by a new monitoring method. J Clin Anesth 2002, 14:129-134
178. Foley WL, Edwards RC, Jacobs LF 3rd: Patient-controlled analgesia: a comparison of dosing regimens for acute postsurgical pain. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994, 52:155-159
179. Fong SY, Pavy TJ, Yeo ST, Paech MJ, Gurrin LC: Assessment of wound infiltration with bupivacaine in women undergoing day-case gynecological laparoscopy. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001, 26:131-136
180. Forster EL, Kramer JF, Loucy SD, Scudds RA, Novick RJ: Effect of TENS on pain, medications, and pulmonary function following coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Chest 1994, 106:1343-1348
181. Fortin R, Kirouac S: A randomized controlled trial of preoperative patient education. Int J Nurs Studies 1976, 13:11-24
182. Francois T, Blanloeil Y, Pillet F, Moren J, Mazoit X, Geay G, Douet MC: Effect of interpleural administration of bupivacaine or lidocaine on pain and morphine requirement after esophagectomy with thoracotomy: a randomized, double-blind and controlled study. Anesth Analg 1995, 80:718-723
183. Frank ED, McKay W, Rocco A, Gallo JP: Interpleural bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia following cholecystectomy: A randomized prospective study. Reg Anesth 1990, 15:26-30
184. Fredman B, Zohar E, Ganim T, Shalev M, Jedeikin R: Bupivacaine infiltration into the neurovascular bundle of the prostatic nerve does not improve postoperative pain or recovery following transvesical prostatectomy. J Urol 1998, 159:154-156
185. Frenette L, Boudreault D, Guay J: Interpleural analgesia improves pulmonary function after cholecystectomy. Can J Anaesth 1991, 38:71-74
186. Fuller JG, McMorland GH, Douglas MJ, Palmer L: Epidural morphine for analgesia after caesarean section: A report of 4880 patients. Can J Anaesth 1990, 37:636-640
187. Furdon SA, Eastman M, Benjamin K, Horgan MJ: Outcome measures after standardized pain management strategies in postoperative patients in the neonatal intensive care unit. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 1998, 12:58-69
188. Gall O, Aubineau JV, Berniere J, Desjeux L, Murat I: Analgesic effect of low-dose intrathecal morphine after spinal fusion in children. Anesthesiology 2001, 94:447-452
189. Galway JE, Caves PK, Dundee JW: Effect of intercostal nerve blockade during operation on lung function and the relief of pain following thoracotomy. Br J Anaesth 1975, 47:730-735
190. Gammon J, Mulholland C: Effect of preparatory information prior to elective total hip replacement on psychological coping outcomes. J Adv Nurs 1992, 24:303-308
191. Gaukroger PB, Tomkins DP, van der Walt JH: Patient-controlled analgesia in children. Anaesth Intens Care 1989, 17:264-268
192. Geller E, Chrubasik J, Graf R, Chrubasik S, Schulte-Monting J: A randomized double-blind comparison of epidural sufentanil versus intravenous sufentanil or epidural fentanyl analgesia after major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 1993, 76:1243-1250
193. Geller RJ: Meperidine in patient-controlled analgesia: A near-fatal mishap. Anesth Analg 1993, 76:655-657
194. Gemma M, Piccioni LO, Gioia L, Beretta L, Bussi M: Ropicacaine peritonsillar infiltration for analgesia after adenotonsillectomy in children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Otol Rhilol Laryngol 2009; 118:227-231
195. George KA, Chisakuta AM, Gamble JA, Browne GA: Thoracic epidural infusion for postoperative pain relief following abdominal aortic surgery: bupivacaine, fentanyl or a mixture of both? Anaesthesia 1992, 47:388-394
196. Ghanayem AJ, Bohlman HH: Transient paraplegia from intraoperative intercostal nerve block after transthoracic discectomy. Spine 1994, 19:1294-1296
197. Giannoni C, White S, Enneking FK, Morey T: Ropivacaine with or without clonidine improves pediatric tonsillectomy pain. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001, 127:1265-1270
198. Gibbs P, Purushotham A, Auld C, Cuschieri RJ: Continuous wound perfusion with bupivacaine for postoperative wound pain. Br J Surg 1988, 75:923-924
199. Girotra S, Kumar S, Rajendran KM: Caudal buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia in children: a comparison with intramuscular buprenorphine. Acta Anaesth Scand 1993, 37:361-364
200. Girotra S, Kumar S, Rajendran KM: Postoperative analgesia in children who have genito-urinary surgery. A comparison between caudal buprenorphine and bupivacaine. Anaesthesia 1990, 45:406-408
201. Gjessing J, Tomlin PJ: Postoperative pain control with intrathecal morphine. Anaesthesia 1981, 36:268-276
202. Glass PSA, Estok P, Ginsberg B, Goldberg JS, Sladen RN: Use of patient-controlled analgesia to compare the efficacy of epidural to intravenous fentanyl administration. Anesth Analg 1992, 74:345-351
203. Glenski JA, Warner MA, Dawson B, Kaufman B: Postoperative use of epidurally administered morphine in children and adolescents. Mayo Clin Proc 1984, 59:530-533
204. Gohl MR, Moeller RK, Olson RL, Vacchiano CA: The addition of interscalene block to general anesthesia for patients undergoing open shoulder procedures. AANA J 2001, 69:105-109
205. Goldsher M, Podoshin L, Fradis M, Malatskey S, Gerstel R, Vaida S, Gaitini L: Effects of peritonsillar infiltration on post-tonsillectomy pain. A double-blind study. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1996, 105:868-870
206. Gould TH, Crosby DL, Harmer M, Lloyd SM, Lunn JN, Rees GA, Roberts DE, Webster JA: Policy for controlling pain after surgery: Effect of sequential changes in management. BMJ 1992, 305:1187-1193
207. Goulding FJ: Penile block for postoperative pain relief in penile surgery. J Urology 1981, 126:337
208. Gozal Y, Shapira SC, Gozal D, Magora F: Bupivacaine wound infiltration in thyroid surgery reduces postoperative pain and opioid demand. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1994, 38:813-815
209. Graham JL, King R, McCaughey W: Postoperative pain relief using epidural morphine. Anaesthesia 1980, 35:158-160
210. Grant RP, Dolman JF, Harper JA, White SA, Parsons DG, Evans KG, Merrick CP: Patient-controlled lumber epidural fentanyl compared with patient-controlled intravenous fentanyl for post-thoracotomy pain. Can J Anaesth 1992, 39:214-219
211. Grass JA, Sakima NT, Valley M, Fischer K, Jackson C, Walsh P, Bourke DL: Assessment of ketorolac as an adjuvant to fentanyl patient-controlled epidural analgesia after radical retropubic prostatectomy. Anesthesiology 1993, 78:642-648
212. Griffin MJ, Brennan L, McShane AJ: Preoperative education and outcome of patient controlled analgesia. Can J Anaesth 1998, 45:943-948
213. Grover VK, Mathew PJ, Yaddanapudi S, Sehgal S: A single dose of preoperative gabapentin for pain reduction and requirement of morphine after total mastectomy and axillary dissection: randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial. J Postgrad Med 2009; 55:257-260
214. Guinard JP, Mavrocordatos P, Chiolero R, Carpenter RL: A randomized comparison of intravenous versus lumbar and thoracic epidural fentanyl for analgesia after thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 1992, 77:1108-1115
215. Guler T, Unlugenc H, Gundogan Z, Ozalevli M, Balcioglu O, Topcuoglu MS: A background infusion of morphine enhances patient-controlled analgesia after cardiac surgery. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51:718-722
216. Gurel A, Unal N, Elevli M, Eren A: Epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief in anorectal surgery. Anesth Analg 1986, 65:499-502
217. Gustafsson LL, Friberg-Nielsen S, Garle M, Mohall A, Rane A, Schildt B, Symreng T: Extradural and parenteral morphine: Kinetics and effects in postoperative pain. A controlled clinical study. Br J Anaesth 1982, 54:1167-1174
218. Haberkern CM, Lynn AM, Geiduschek JM, Nespeca MK, Jacobson LE, Bratton SL, Pomietto M: Epidural and intravenous bolus morphine for postoperative analgesia in infants. Can J Anaesth 1996, 43:1203-1210
219. Hamza MA, White PF, Ahmed HE, Ghoname EA: Effect of the frequency of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on the postoperative opioid analgesic requirement and recovery profile. Anesthesiology 1999, 91:1232-1238
220. Hannibal K, Galatius H, Hansen A, Obel E, Ejlersen E: Preoperative wound infiltration with bupivacaine reduces early and late opioid requirement after hysterectomy. Anesth Analg 1996, 83:376-381
221. Harmer M, Davies KA: The effect of education, assessment and a standardised prescription on postoperative pain management. The value of clinical audit in the establishment of acute pain services. Anaesthesia 1998, 53:424-430
222. Harrison DM, Sinatra R, Morgese L, Chung JH: Epidural narcotic and patient-controlled analgesia for post-cesarean section pain relief. Anesthesiology 1988, 68:454-457
223. Hartrick CT, Bourne MH, Gargiulo K, Damaraju CV, Vallow S, Hewitt DJ: Fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system for acute-pain management after orthopedic surgery: a comparative study with morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006; 31:546-554
224. Harukuni I, Yamaguchi H, Sato S, Naito H: The comparison of epidural fentanyl, epidural lidocaine, and intravenous fentanyl in patients undergoing gastrectomy. Anesth Analg 1995, 81:1169-1174
225. Hasenbos M, Simon M, van Egmond J, Folgering H, van Hoorn P: Postoperative analgesia by nicomorphine intramuscularly versus high thoracic epidural administration. Effects on ventilatory and airway occlusion pressure responses to CO2. Acta Anaesth Scand 1986, 30:426-430
226. Hasenbos M, van Egmond J, Gielen M, Crul JF: Post-operative analgesia by epidural versus intramuscular nicomorphine after thoracotomy. Part I. Acta Anaesth Scand 1985, 29:572-576
227. Hasenbos M, van Egmond J, Gielen M, Crul JF: Post-operative analgesia by epidural versus intramuscular nicomorphine after thoracotomy. Part II. Acta Anaesth Scand 1985, 29:577-582
228. Hasenbos M, van Egmond J, Gielen M, Crul JF: Post-operative analgesia by high thoracic epidural versus intramuscular nicomorphine after thoracotomy. Part III. The effects of per- and post-operative analgesia on morbidity. Acta Anaesth Scand 1987, 31:608-615
229. Hashimi H, Stewart AL, Ah-Fat G: Continuous intercostal nerve block for postoperative analgesia after surgical treatment of the upper part of the abdomen. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1991, 173:116-118
230. Heard SO, Edwards TW, Ferrari D, Hanna D, Wong PC, Liland A, Willock MM: Analgesic effects of intraarticular bupivacaine or morphine after arthroscopic knee surgery: A randomized, prospective double-blind study. Anesth Analg 1992, 74:822-826
231. Henderson RC, Campion ER, DeMasi RA, Taft TN: Postathroscopy analgesia with bupivacaine: A prospective, randomized blinded evaluation. Am J Sports Med 1990, 18:614-617
232. Henderson SK, Matthew EB, Cohen H, Avram MJ: Epidural hydromorphone: A double-blind comparison with intramuscular hydromorphone for postcesarean section analgesia. Anesthesiology 1987, 66:825-830
233. Henneberg SW, Hole P, Madsen de Haas I, Jensen PJ: Epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993, 37:664-667
234. Herbland A, Cantini O, Reynier P, Valat P, Jougon J, Arimone Y, Janvier G: The bilateral superficial cervical plexus block with 0.75% ropivacaine administered before or after surgery does not prevent postoperative pain after total thyroidectomy. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006; 31:34-39
235. Herr KA, Mobily PR: Comparison of selected pain assessment tools for use with the elderly. Applied Nurs Res 1993, 6:39-46
236. Hinkle AJ: Percutaneous inguinal block for the outpatient management of post-herniorrhaphy pain in children. Anesthesiology 1987, 67:411-413
237. Hjortso E, Vester-Andersen T, Moller IW, Lunding M: Epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief. Acta Anaesth Scand 1982, 26:528-530
238. Hjortso NC, Lund C, Mogensen T, Bigler D, Kehlet H: Epidural morphine improves pain relief and maintains sensory analgesia during continuous epidural bupivacaine after abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 1986, 65:1033-1036
239. Ho ST, Wang TJ, Tang JS, Liaw WJ, Ho CM: Pain relief after arthroscopic knee surgery: intravenous morphine, epidural morphine, and intra-articular morphine. Clin J Pain 2000, 16:105-109
240. Hobbs GJ, Roberts FL: Epidural infusion of bupivacaine and diamorphine for postoperative analgesia. Use on general surgical wards. Anaesthesia 1992, 47:58-62
241. Hodsman NBA, Kenny GNC, McArdle CS: Patient controlled analgesia and urinary retention. Br J Surg 1988, 75:212
242. Hoenecke HR Jr, Pulido PA, Morris BA, Fronek J: The efficacy of continuous bupivacaine infiltration following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 2002, 18:854-858
243. Horn EP, Schroeder F, Wilhelm S, Wappler F, Sessler DI, Uebe B, Standl T, Schulte am Esch J: Wound infiltration and drain lavage with ropivacaine after major shoulder surgery. Anesth Analg 1999, 89:1461-1466
244. Howard EC, Murray GR, Calvey TN, Williams NE: Prolonged release extradural morphine. Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng1985, 67:8-10
245. Huang YM, Wang CM, Wang CT, Lin WP, Horng LC, Jiang CC: Perioperative celecoxib administration for pain management after total knee arthroplasty - a randomized, controlled study. BMC Musculoskelet Discord 2008; 9:77
246. Hubler M, Litz RJ, Sengebusch KH, Kreinecker I, Frank MD, Hakenberg OW, Albrecht DM: A comparison of five solutions of local anaesthetics and/or sufentanil for continuous, postoperative epidural analgesia after major urological surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2001, 18:450-457
247. Hubler M, Litz RJ, Sengebusch KH, Kreinecker I, Frank MD, Hakenberg OW, Albrecht DM: A comparison of five solutions of local anaesthetics and/or sufentanil for continuous, postoperative epidural analgesia after major urological surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2001, 18:450-457
248. Huffnagle HJ, Norris MC, Leighton BL, Arkoosh VA: Ilioinguinal iliohypogastric nerve blocks--before or after cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia? Anesth Analg 1996, 82:8-12
249. Hullett B, Chambers N, Preuss J, Zamudio I, Lange J, Pascoe E, Ledowski T: Monitoring electrical skin conductance: a tool for the assessment of postoperative pain in children? Anesthesiology 2009; 111:513-517
250. Husted S, Djurhuus JC, Husegaard HC, Jepsen J, Mortensen J: Effect of postoperative extradural morphine on lower urinary tract function. Acta Anaesth Scand 1985, 29:183-185
251. Idvall E, Ehrenberg A: Nursing documentation of postoperative pain management. J Clin Nurs 2002, 11:734-742
252. Ilahi OA, Davidson JP, Tullos HS: Continuous epidural analgesia using fentanyl and bupivacaine after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop 1994, 299:44-52
253. Inagaki Y, Mashimo T, Yoshiya I: Segmental analgesic effect and reduction of halothane MAC from epidural fentanyl in humans. Anesth Analg 1992, 74:856-864
254. Ittichaikulthol W, Virankabutra T, Kunopart M, Khamhom W, Putarawuthichai P, Rungphet S: Effects of pregabalin on post-operative morphine consumption after abdominal hysterectomy with/without salphingo-oophorectomy: a randomized, double-blind trial. J Med Assoc Thailand 2009; 92:1318-1323
255. Jacobson L, Chabal C, Brody MC: A dose-response study of intrathecal morphine: Efficacy, duration, optimal dose, and side effects. Anesth Analg 1988, 67:1082-1088
256. Jacobson L, Kokri MS, Pridie AK: Intrathecal diamorphine: A dose-response study. Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng 1989, 71:289-292
257. Jacobson L, Phillips PD, Hull CJ, Conacher ID: Extradural versus intramuscular diamorphine. A controlled study of analgesic and adverse effects in the postoperative period. Anaesthesia 1983, 38:10-18
258. Javery KB, Ussery TW, Steger HG, Colclough GW: Comparison of morphine and morphine with ketamine for postoperative pain. Can J Anaesth 1996, 43:212-215
259. Jebeles JA, Reilly JS, Gutierrez JF, Bradley EL Jr, Kissin I: Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy pain reduction by local bupivacaine infiltration in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1993, 25:149-154
260. Jebeles JA, Reilly JS, Gutierrez JF, Bradley EL Jr., Kissin I: The effect of pre-incisional infiltration of tonsils with bupivacaine on the pain following tonsillectomy under general anesthesia. Pain 1991, 47:305-308
261. Jeffs SA, Hall JE, Morris S: Comparison of morphine alone with morphine plus clonidine for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia. Br J Anaesth 2002, 89:424-427
262. Jensen BH: Caudal block for post-operative pain relief in children after genital operations. A comparison between bupivacaine and morphine. Acta Anaesth Scand 1981, 25:373-375
263. Jensen JE, Conn RR, Hazelrigg G, Hewett JE: The use of transcutaneous neural stimulation and isokinetic testing in arthroscopic knee surgery. Am J Sports Med 1985, 13:27-33
264. Jensen PJ, Siem-Jorgensen P, Nielsen TB, Wichmand-Nielsen H, Wintherreich E: Epidural morphine by the caudal route for postoperative pain relief. Acta Anaesth Scand 1982, 26:511-513
265. Johansen M, Harbo G, Illum P: Preincisional infiltration with bupivacaine in tonsillectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1996, 122:261-263
266. Johansson A, Axelson J, Ingvar C, Luttropp H-H, Lundberg J: Preoperative ropivacaine infiltration in breast surgery. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000, 44:1093-1098
267. Johansson B, Glise H, Hallerback B, Dalman P, Kristoffersson A: Preoperative local infiltration with ropivacaine for postoperative pain relief after cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 1994, 78:210-214
268. Johansson B, Hallerback B, Stubberod A, Janbu T, Edwin B, Glise H, Solhaug JH: Preoperative local infiltration with ropivacaine for postoperative pain relief after inguinal hernia repair. A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Surg 1997, 163:371-378
269. Jokela R, Ahonen J, Tallgren M, Haanpaa M, Korttila K: A randomized controlled trial of perioperative administration of pregabalin for pain after laparoscopic hysterectomy. Pain 2008; 134:106-112
270. Jokela R, Ahonen J, Tallgren M, Haanpaa M, Korttila K: Premedication with pregabalin 75 or 150 mg with ibuprofen to control pain after day-case gynaecological laparoscopic surgery. Br J Anaesth 2008; 100:834-840
271. Jones MD, Aronsson DD, Harkins JM, Smail DF, Haugh LD: Epidural analgesia for postoperative pain control in children. J Pediatr Orthop 1998, 18:492-496
272. Jones SEF, Beasley JM, Macfarlane DWR, Davis JM, Hall-Davies G: Intrathecal morphine for postoperative pain relief in children. Br J Anaesth 1984, 56:137-140
273. Jones SF, White A: Analgesia following femoral neck surgery. Lateral cutaneous nerve block as an alternative to narcotics in the elderly. Anaesthesia 1985, 40:682-685
274. Jorgensen BC, Andersen HB, Engquist A: Influence of epidural morphine on postoperative pain, endocrine-metabolic, and renal responses to surgery. A controlled study. Acta Anaesth Scand 1982, 26:63-68
275. Jorgensen H, Fomsgaard JS, Dirks J, Wetterslev J, Andreasson B, Dahl JB: Effect of epidural bupivacaine vs combined epidural bupivacaine and morphine on gastrointestinal function and pain after major gynaecological surgery. Br J Anaesth 2001, 87:727-732
276. Joshi W, Reuben SS, Kilaru PR, Sklar J, Maciolek H: Postoperative analgesia for outpatient arthroscopic knee surgery with intraarticular clonidine and/or morphine. Anesth Analg 2000, 90:1102-1106
277. Joucken K, Michel L, Schoevaerdts JC, Mayne A, Randour P: Cryoanalgesia for post-thoracotomy pain relief. Acta Anaesth Belg 1987, 38:179-183
278. Kalia PK, Madan R, Saksena R, Batra RK, Gode GR: Epidural pentazocine for postoperative pain relief. Anesth Analg 1983, 62:949-950
279. Kalso E: Effects of intrathecal morphine, injected with bupivacaine, on pain after orthopaedic surgery. Br J Anaesth 1983, 55:415-421
280. Kambam JR, Hammon J, Parris WCV, Lupinetti FM: Intrapleural analgesia for post-thoracotomy pain and blood levels of bupivacaine following intrapleural injection. Can J Anaesth 1989, 36:106-109
281. Kampe S, Weigand C, Kaufmann J, Klimek M, Konig DP, Lynch J: Postoperative analgesia with no motor block by continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine 0.1% and sufentanil after total hip replacement. Anesth Analg 1999, 89:395-398
282. Kanbak M, Akpolat N, Ocal T, Doral MN, Ercan M, Erdem K: Intraarticular morphine administration provides pain relief after knee arthroscopy. Eur J Anaesth 1997, 14:153-156
283. Karaman S, Gunusen I, Uyar M, Firat V: The effect of pre-operative lornoxicam and ketoprofen application on the morphine consumption of post-operative patient-controlled analgesia. J Int Med Res 2006; 34:168-175
284. Karaman Y, Kebapci E, Gurkan A: The preemptive analgesic effect of lornoxicam in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a randomized controlled study. Int J Surg 2008; 6:193-196
285. Kastrossios H, Mogg GAG, Triggs EJ, Higbie JWA: Interpleural bupivacaine infusion compared with intravenous pethidine infusion after cholecystectomy. Anaesth Intens Care 1991, 19:539-545
286. Kato J, Ogawa S, Katz J, Nagai H, Kashiwazaki M, Saeki H, Suzuki H: Effects of presurgical local infiltration of bupivacaine in the surgical field on postsurgical wound pain in laparoscopic gynecologic examinations: a possible preemptive analgesic effect. Clin J Pain 2000, 16:12-17
287. Katz J, Kavanagh BP, Sandler AN, Nierenberg H, Boylan JF, Friedlander M, Shaw BF: Preemptive analgesia. Clinical evidence of neuroplasticity contributing to postoperative pain. Anesthesiology 1992, 77:439-446
288. Kawamata M, Omote K, Namiki A: Bilateral interpleural injection of lidocaine after bilateral lung surgery through median sternotomy in four patients. Anesth Analg 1992, 75:1046-1049
289. Kawana Y, Sato H, Shimada H, Fujita N, Ueda Y, Hayashi A, Araki Y: Epidural ketamine for postoperative pain relief after gynecologic operations: A double-blind study and comparison with epidural morphine. Anesth Analg 1987, 66:735-738
290. Ke RW, Portera SG, Bagous W, Lincoln SR: A randomized, double-blinded trial of preemptive analgesia in laparoscopy. Obstet Gynecol 1998, 92:972-975
291. Ke RW, Portera SG, Bagous W, Lincoln SR: A randomized, double-blinded trial of preemptive analgesia in laparoscopy. Obstet Gynecol 1998, 92:972-975
292. Keenan DJM, Cave K, Langdon L, Lea RE: Comparative trial of rectal indomethacin and cryoanalgesia for control of early postthoracotomy pain. Br Med J 1983, 287:1335-1337
293. Kempe AR, Gelazis R: Patient anxiety levels: an ambulatory surgery study. AORN 1983, 41:390-396
294. Kenady DE, Wilson JF, Schwartz RW, Bannon CL, Wermeling D: A randomized comparison of patient-controlled versus standard analgesic requirements in patients undergoing cholecystectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992, 174:216-220
295. Khoury GF, Chen ACN, Garland DE, Stein C: Intraarticular morphine, bupivacaine, and morphine/bupivacaine for pain control after knee videoarthroscopy. Anesthesiology 1992, 77:263-266, 1992
296. King I, Tarsitano B: The effect of structured and unstructured pre-operative teaching: a replication. Nurs Res 1982, 31:324-329
297. Kleiman RL, Lipman AG, Hare BD, MacDonald SD: PCA vs. regular IM injections for severe postop pain. Am J Nurs 1987, Nov:1491-1492
298. Klein JR, Heaton JP, Thompson JP, Cotton BR, Davidson AC, Smith G: Infiltration of the abdominal wall with local anaesthetic after total abdominal hysterectomy has no opioid-sparing effect. Br J Anaesth 2000, 84:248-249
299. Klinck JR, Lindop MJ: Epidural morphine in the elderly. A controlled trial after upper abdominal surgery. Anaesthesia 1982, 37:907-912
300. Knoerl DV, Faut-Callahan M, Paice J, Shott S: Preoperative PCA teaching program to manage postoperative pain. Medsurg Nurs 1999, 8:25-33
301. Knowles P, Hancox D, Letheren M, Eddleston J: An evaluation of intercostal nerve blockade for analgesia following renal transplantation. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1998, 15:457-461
302. Knudsen WP, Boettcher R, Vollmer WM, Griggs DK: A comparison of patient-controlled and intramuscular morphine in patients after abdominal surgery. Hosp Pharm 1993, 28:117-122
303. Kotzer AM, Coy J, LeClaire AD: The effectiveness of a standardized educational program for children using patient-controlled analgesia. J Soc Pediatr Nurs 1998, 3:117-126
304. Kountakis SE: Effectiveness of perioperative bupivacaine infiltration in tonsillectomy patients. Am J Otolaryngol 2002, 23:76-80
305. Krane EJ, Jacobson LE, Lynn AM, Parrot C, Tyler DC: Caudal morphine for postoperative analgesia in children: A comparison with caudal bupivacaine and intravenous morphine. Anesth Analg 1987, 66: 647-653
306. Krane EJ: Delayed respiratory depression in a child after caudal epidural morphine. Anesth Analg 1988, 67:79-82
307. Kreitzer JM, Kirschenbaum LP, Eisenkraft JB: Epidural fentanyl by continuous infusion for relief of postoperative pain. Clin J Pain 1989, 5:283-290
308. Kristensen BB, Christensen DS, Ostergaard M, Skjelsager K, Nielsen D, Mogensen TS: Lack of postoperative pain relief after hysterectomy using preperitoneally administered bupivacaine. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999, 24:576-580
309. Krone SC, Chan VW, Regan J, Peng P, Poate EM, McCartney C, Miniaci A: Analgesic effects of low-dose ropivacaine for interscalene brachial plexus block for outpatient shoulder surgery-a dose-finding study. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001, 26:439-443
310. Kumar TP, Jacob R: A comparison of caudal epidural bupivacaine with adrenaline and bupivacaine with adrenaline and pethidine for operative and postoperative analgesia in infants and children. Anaesth Intensive Care 1993, 21:424-428
311. Kundra P, Gurnani A, Bhattacharya A: Preemptive epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief after lumbar laminectomy. Anesth Analg 1997, 85:135-138
312. Kussman BD, Sethna NF: Pethidine-associated seizure in a healthy adolescent receiving pethidine for postoperative pain control. Paediatr Anaesth 1998, 8:349-352
313. Kwan A: Overdose of morphine during PCA. Anaesthesia 1995, 50:919
314. LaBaron S, Zeltzer L: Assessment of acute pain and anxiety in children and adolescents by self-report, observer reports, and a behavior checklist. J Consult Clin Psych 1984, 52:729-738
315. Laitinen J, Nuutinen L: Failure of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and indomethacin to reduce opiate requirement following cholecystectomy. Acta Anaesth Scand 1991, 35:700-705
316. Lam KK, Chan MT, Chen PP, Kee WD: Structured preoperative patient education for patient-controlled analgesia. J Clin Anesth 2001, 13:465-469
317. Lange MP, Dahn MS, Jacobs LA: Patient-controlled analgesia versus intermittent analgesia dosing. Heart Lung 1988, 17:495-498
318. Langer JC, Shandling B, Rosenberg M: Intraoperative bupivacaine during outpatient hernia repair in children: A randomized double blind trial. J Ped Surg 1987, 22:267-270
319. Lanz E, Theiss D, Riess W, Sommer U: Epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia: A double-blind study. Anesth Analg 1982, 61:236-240
320. Lauretti GR, Mattos AL, Reis MP, Pereira NL: Combined intrathecal fentanyl and neostigmine: therapy for postoperative abdominal hysterectomy pain relief. J Clin Anesth 1998, 10:291-296
321. Laurito CE, Kirz LI, VadeBoncouer TR, Riegler FX, Citron GM, Segil LJ, Pelligrino DA: Continuous infusion of interpleural bupivacaine maintains effective analgesia after cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 1991, 72:516-521
322. Lawrie SC, Forbes DW, Akhtar TM, Morton NS: Patient-controlled analgesia in children. Anaesthesia 1990, 46:1074-1076
323. Lee A, Boon D, Bagshaw P, Kempthorne P: A randomised double-blind study of interpleural analgesia after cholecystectomy. Anaesthesia 1990, 46:1028-1031
324. Lee A, Simpson D, Whitfield A, Scott DB: Postoperative analgesia by continuous extradural infusion of bupivacaine and diamorphine. Br J Anaesth 1988, 60:845-850
325. Lee IO, Kim SH, Kong MH, Lee MK, Kim NS, Choi YS, Lim SH: Pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: the effect and timing of incisional and intraperitoneal bupivacaine. Can J Anaesth 2001, 48:545-550
326. Lee VC, Abram SE: Interpleural administration of bupivacaine for post-thoracotomy analgesia. Anesthesiology 1987, 66:586
327. Lehmann KA, Gerhard A, Horrichs-Haermeyer G, Grond S, Zech D: Postoperative patient-controlled analgesia with sufentanil: analgesic efficacy and minimum effective concentrations. Acta Anaesth Scand 1991, 35:221-226
328. Lehmann KA, Heinrich C, van Heiss R: Balanced anesthesia and patient-controlled postoperative analgesia with fentanyl: minimum effective concentrations, accumulation and acute tolerance. Acta Anaesth Belg 1988, 39:11-23
329. Lehmann KA, Kratzenberg U, Schroeder-Bark B, Horrichs-Haermeyer G: Postoperative patient-controlled analgesia with tramadol: Analgesic efficacy and minimum effective concentrations. Clinical J Pain 1990, 6:212-220
330. Lehmann KA, Ribbert N, Horrichs-Haermeyer G: Postoperative patient-controlled analgesia with alfentanil: analgesic efficacy and minimum effective concentrations. J Pain Sympt Management 1990, 5:249-258
331. Lehmann KA, Tenbuhs B, Hoeckle W: Patient-controlled analgesia with piritramid for the treatment of postoperative pain. Acta Anaesth Belg 1986, 37:247-257
332. Lejus C, Surbled M, Schwoerer D, Renaudin M, Guillaud C, Berard L, Pinaud M: Postoperative epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl: hourly pain assessment in 348 paediatric cases. Paediatr Anaesth 2001, 11:327-332
333. Leung CC, Chan YM, Ngai SW, Ng KF, Tsui SL: Effect of pre-incision skin infiltration on post-hysterectomy pain—a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Anaesth Intensive Care 2000, 28:510-516
334. Levack ID, Holmes JD, Robertson GS: Abdominal wound perfusion for the relief of postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 1986, 58:615-619
335. Lilja Y, Ryden S, Fridlund B: Effects of extended preoperative information on perioperative stress: an anaesthetic nurse intervention for patients with breast cancer and total hip replacement. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 1998, 14:276-282
336. Lin PC, Lin LC, Lin JJ: Comparing the effectiveness of different educational programs for patients with total knee arthroplasty. Orthop Nurs 1997, 16:43-49
337. Liu SS, Allen HW, Olsson GL: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with bupivacaine and fentanyl on hospital wards: prospective experience with 1,030 surgical patients. Anesthesiology 1998, 88:688-695
338. Liu SS, Carpenter RL, Mackey DC, Thirlby RC, Rupp SM, Shine TS, Feinglass NG, Metzger PP, Fulmer JT, Smith SL: Effects of perioperative analgesic technique on rate of recovery after colon surgery. Anesthesiology 1995, 83:757-765
339. Logas WG, El-Baz N, El-Ganzouri A, Cullen M, Staren E, Faber LP, Ivankovich AD: Continuous thoracic epidural analgesia for postoperative pain relief following thoracotomy: A randomized prospective study. Anesthesiology 1987, 67:787-791
340. Looi-Lyons LC, Chung FF, Chan VW, McQuestion M: Respiratory depression: an adverse outcome during patient controlled analgesia therapy. J Clin Anesth 1996, 8:151-156
341. Loper KA, Ready LB, Downey M, Sandler AN, Nessly M, Rapp S, Badner N: Epidural and intravenous fentanyl infusions are clinically equivalent after knee surgery. Anesth Analg 1990, 70:72-75
342. Lorenzini C, Moreira LB, Ferreira MB: Efficacy of ropivacaine compared with ropivacaine plus sufentanil for postoperative analgesia after major knee surgery. Anaesthesia 2002, 57:424-428
343. Lovstad RZ, Stoen R: Postoperative epidural analgesia in children after major orthopaedic surgery. A randomised study of the effect on PONV of two anaesthetic techniques: low and high dose i.v. fentanyl and epidural infusions with and without fentanyl. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001, 45:482-488
344. Lubenow TR, Tanck EN, Hopkins EM, McCarthy RJ, Ivankovich AD: Comparison of patient-assisted epidural analgesia with continuous-infusion epidural analgesia for postoperative patients. Reg Anesth 1994, 19:206-211
345. Macintyre PE, Jarvis DA: Age is the best predictor of postoperative morphine requirements. Pain 1996, 64:357-364
346. Macintyre PE, Runciman WB, Webb RK: An acute pain service in an Australian teaching hospital: the first year. Med J Aust 1990, 153:417-422
347. Mackintosh C, Bowles S: Evaluation of a nurse-led acute pain service. Can clinical nurse specialists make a difference? J Adv Nurs 1997, 25:30-37
348. Macrae DJ, Munishankrappa S, Burrow LM, Milne MK, Grant IS: Double-blind comparison of the efficacy of extradural diamorphine, extradural phenoperidine and i.m. diamorphine following caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1987, 59:354-359
349. Madej TH, Watson NC, Martin BC: Large dose epidural sufentanil. Management of postoperative pain with few side effects. Anaesthesia 1987, 42:1204-1206
350. Mahon SV, Berry PD, Jackson M, Russell GN, Pennefather SH: Thoracic epidural infusions for post-thoracotomy pain: a comparison of fentanyl-bupivacaine mixtures vs. fentanyl alone. Anaesthesia 1999, 54:641-646
351. Mahoney OM, Noble PC, Davidson J, Tullos HS: The effect of continuous epidural analgesia on postoperative pain, rehabilitation, and duration of hospitalization in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthopaed Rel Res 1990, 260:30-37
352. Major CP Jr, Greer MS, Russell WL, Roe SM: Postoperative pulmonary complications and morbidity after abdominal aneurysmectomy: a comparison of postoperative epidural versus parenteral opioid analgesia. Am Surg 1996, 62:45-51
353. Malinow AM, Mokriski BLK, Nomura MK, Kaufman MA, Snell JA, Sharp GD, Howard RA: Effect of epinephrine on intrathecal fentanyl analgesia in patients undergoing postpartum tubal ligation. Anesthesiology 1990, 73:381-385
354. Malviya S, Pandit UA, Merkel S, Voepel-Lewis T, Zang L, Siewert M, Tait AR, Muraszko K: A comparison of continuous epidural infusion and intermittent intravenous bolus doses of morphine in children undergoing selective dorsal rhizotomy. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999, 24:438-443
355. Mann LJ, Young GR, Williams JK, Dent OF, McCaughan BC: Intrapleural bupivacaine in the control of postthoracotomy pain. Ann Thorac Surg 1992, 53:449-454
356. Mansour NY, Bennetts FE: An observational study of combined continuous lumbar plexus and single-shot sciatic nerve blocks for post-knee surgery analgesia. Reg Anesth 1996, 21:287-291
357. Marsh GD, Huddy SP, Rutter KP: Bupivacaine infiltration after haemorrhoidectomy. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1993, 38:41-42
358. Martin LV: Postoperative analgesia after circumcision in children. Br J Anaesth 1982, 54:1263-1266
359. Matsota P, Livanios S, Marinopoulou E: Intercostal nerve block with Bupivacaine for post-thoracotomy pain relief in children. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2001, 11:219-222
360. Maunuksela EL, Olkkola KT, Korpel R: Measurement of pain in children with self-reporting and behavioural assessment. Clinl PharmTherapeutics 1987, 42:137-141
361. Maurer K, Ekatodramis G, Hodler J, Rentsch K, Perschak H, Borgeat A: Bilateral continuous interscalene block of brachial plexus for analgesia after bilateral shoulder arthroplasty. Anesthesiology 2002, 96:762-764
362. McCoy EP, Furness G, Wright MC: PCA with and without background infusion. Anaesthesia 1993, 48:256-265
363. McDonald DD, Freeland M, Thomas G, Moore J: Testing a preoperative pain management intervention for elders. Res Nurs Health 2001, 24:402-409
364. McGrath D, Thurston N, Wright D, Preshaw R, Fermin P: Comparison of one technique of patient-controlled postoperative analgesia with intramuscular meperidine. Pain 1989, 37:265-270
365. McIlvaine WB, Chang JHT, Jones M: The effective use of intrapleural bupivacaine for analgesia after thoracic and subcostal incisions in children. J Ped Surg1988, 23:1184-1187
366. McIlvaine WB, Knox RF, Fennessey PV, Goldstein M: Continous infusion of bupivacaine via intrapleural catheter for analgesia after thoracotomy in children. Anesthesiology 1988, 69:261-264
367. McLoughlin J, Kelley CJ: Study of the effectiveness of bupivicaine infiltration of the ilioinguinal nerve at the time of hernia repair for post-operative pain relief. Br J Clin Prac 1989, 43:281-283
368. McNeely JK, Hoffman GM, Eckert JE: Postoperative pain relief in children from the parascalene injection technique. Reg Anesth 1991, 16:20-22
369. McNeely JK, Trentadue NC: Comparison of patient-controlled analgesia with and without nighttime morphine infusion following lower extremity surgery in children. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1997, 13:268-273.
370. McNicol LR: Lower limb blocks for children. Lateral cutaneous and femoral nerve blocks for postoperative pain relief in paediatric practice. Anaesthesia 1986, 41:27-31
371. McNicol LR: Sciatic nerve block for children. Sciatic nerve block by the anterior approach for postoperative pain relief. Anaesthesia 1985, 40:410-414
372. Mehnert JH, Dupont TJ, Rose DH: Intermittent epidural morphine instillation for control of postoperative pain. Am J Surg 1983, 146:145-151, 1983
373. Menigaux C, Guignard B, Fletcher D, Sessler DI, Levron JC, Chauvin M: More epidural than intravenous sufentanil is required to provide comparable postoperative pain relief. Anesth Analg 2001, 93:472-476
374. Miaskowski C, Crews J, Ready LB, Paul SM, Ginsberg B: Anesthesia-based pain services improve the quality of postoperative pain management. Pain 1999, 80:23-29
375. Michelet P, Guervilly C, Helaine A, Avaro JP, Blayac D, Gaillat F, Dantin T, Thomas P, Kerbaul F: Adding ketamine to morphine for patient-controlled analgesia after thoracic surgery: influence on morphine consumption, respiratory function, and nocturnal desaturation. Br J Anaesth 2007; 99:396-403
376. Miguel R, Barlow I, Morrell M, Scharf J, Sansusi D, Fu E: A prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of epidural and intravenous sufentanil infusions. Anesthesiology 1994, 81:346-352
377. Milligan KR, Fogarty DJ: The characteristics of analgesic requirements following subarachnoid diamorphine in patients undergoing total hip replacement. Reg Anesth 1993, 18:114-117
378. Modig J, Paalzow L: A comparison of epidural morphine and epidural bupivacaine for postoperative pain relief. Acta Anaesth Scand 1981, 25:437-441
379. Molliex S, Haond P, Baylot D, Prades JM, Navez M, Elkhoury Z, Auboyer C: Effect of pre- vs postoperative tonsillar infiltration with local anesthetics on postoperative pain after tonsillectomy. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996, 40:1210-1215
380. Morisaki H, Masuda J, Fukushima K, Iwao Y, Suzuki K, Matsushima M: Wound infiltration with lidocaine prolongs postoperative analgesia after haemorrhoidectomy with spinal anaesthesia. Can J Anaesth 1996, 43:914-918
381. Motsch J, Graber E, Ludwig K: Addition of clonidine enhances postoperative analgesia from epidural morphine: A double-blind study. Anesthesiology 1990, 73:1067-1073
382. Mourisse J, Hasenbos MA, Gielen MJ, Moll JE, Cromheecke GJ: Epidural bupivacaine, sufentanil or the combination for post-thoracotomy pain. Acta Anaesth Scand 1992, 36:70-74
383. Mozell EJ, Sabanathan S, Mearns AJ, Bickford-Smith PJ, Majid MR, Zografos G: Continuous extrapleural intercostal nerve block after pleurectomy. Thorax 1991, 46:21-24
384. Mulroy MF, Burgess FW, Emanuelsson BM: Ropivacaine 0.25% and 0.5%, but not 0.125%, provide effective wound infiltration analgesia after outpatient hernia repair, but with sustained plasma drug levels. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999, 24:136-141
385. Mulroy MF, Larkin KL, Batra MS, Hodgson PS, Owens BD: Femoral nerve block with 0.25% or 0.5% bupivacaine improves postoperative analgesia following outpatient arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament repair. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2001, 26:24-29
386. Munro HM, Walton SR, Malviya S, Merkel S, Voepel-Lewis T, Loder RT, Farley FA: Low-dose ketorolac improves analgesia and reduces morphine requirements following posterior spinal fusion in adolescents. Can J Anaesth 2002, 49:461-466
387. Murdoch CJ, Crooks BA, Miller CD: Effect of the addition of ketamine to morphine in patient-controlled analgesia. Anaesthesia 2002, 57:484-488
388. Murphy DF, Graziotti P, Chalkiadis G, McKenna M: Patient-controlled analgesia: a comparison with nurse-controlled intravenous opioid infusions. Anaesth Intensive Care 1994, 22:589-592
389. Murphy DF: Continuous intercostal nerve blockade for pain relief following cholecystectomy. Br J Anaesth 1983, 55:521-524
390. Myles PS, Buckland MR, Cannon GB, Bujor MA, Langley M, Breaden A, Salamonsen RF, Davis BB: Comparison of patient-controlled analgesia and nurse-controlled infusion analgesia after cardiac surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 1994, 22:672-678
391. Naulty JS, Datta S, Ostheimer GW, Johnson MD, Burger GA: Epidural fentanyl for postcesarean delivery pain management. Anesthesiology 1985, 63:694-698
392. Ng KP, Chow YF: Brachial plexus block for ipsilateral shoulder pain after thoracotomy. Anaesth Intensive Care 1997, 25:74-76
393. Ngan Kee WD, Lam KK, Chen PP, Gin T: Comparison of patient-controlled epidural analgesia with patient-controlled intravenous analgesia using pethidine or fentanyl. Anaesth Intensive Care 1997, 25:126-132
394. Niruthisard S, Somboonviboon W, Thaithumyanon P, Mahutchawaroj N, Chaiyakul A: Maternal and neonatal effects of single-dose epidural anesthesia with lidocaine and morphine for cesarean delivery. J Med Assoc Thai 1998, 81:103-109
395. Nolan JP, Dow AA, Parr MJ, Dauphinee K, Kalish M: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia following post-traumatic pelvic reconstruction: A comparison with continuous epidural analgesia. Anaesthesia 1992, 47:1037-1041
396. Notcutt WG, Morgan RJ: Introducing patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain control into a district general hospital. Anaesthesia 1990; 45:401–406
397. Nozaki-Taguchi N, Oka T, Kochi T, Taguchi N, Mizuguchi T: Apnoea and oximetric desaturation in patients receiving epidural morphine after gastrectomy: a comparison of intermittent bolus and patient controlled administration. Anaesth Intensive Care 1993, 21:292-297
398. Nunn JF, Slavin G: Posterior intercostal nerve block for pain relief after cholecystectomy: Anatomical basis and efficacy. Br J Anaesth 1980, 52:253-260
399. Oden RV, Karagianes TG: Postoperative myocardial ischemia possibly masked by epidural fentanyl analgesia. Anesthesiology 1991, 74:941-943
400. O'Halloran P, Brown R: Patient-controlled analgesia compared with nurse-controlled infusion analgesia after heart surgery. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 1997, 13:126-129
401. O'Hanlon DM, Colbert ST, Keane PW, Given FH: Preemptive bupivacaine offers no advantages to postoperative wound infiltration in analgesia for outpatient breast biopsy. Am J Surg 2000, 180:29-32
402. Organowski S, Duncan PG: Clinical differences in spinal opioid efficacy. Can J Anaesth 1989, 36:448-449
403. Orntoft S, Longreen A, Moiniche S, Dhal JB: A comparison of pre- and postoperative tonsillar infiltration with bupivacaine on pain after tonsillectomy. A pre-emptive effect? Anaesthesia 1994, 49:151-154
404. Orr IA, Keenan DJ, Dundee JW, Patterson CC, Greenfield AA: Post-thoracotomy pain relief: Combined use of cryoprobe and morphine infusion techniques. Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng 1983, 65:366-369
405. Owen H, Galloway D, Mitchell K: Analgesia by wound infiltration after surgical excision of benign breast lumps. Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng 1985, 67:114-115
406. Owen H, Kluger MT, Ilsley AH, Baldwin AM, Fronsko RR, Plummer JL: The effect of fentanyl administered epidurally by patient-controlled analgesia, continuous infusion, or a combined technique of oxyhaemoglobin saturation after abdominal surgery. Anaesthesia 1993, 48:20-25
407. Owen H, Szekely SM, Plummer JL, Cushnie JM, Mather LE: Variables of patient-controlled analgesia: 2. concurrent infusion. Anaesthesia 1989, 44:11-13
408. Oxorn DC, Whatley GS: Post-cholecystectomy pulmonary function following interpleural bupivacaine and intramuscular pethidine. Anaesth Intens Care 1989, 17:440-443
409. Paech MJ, Goy R, Chua S, Scott K, Christmas T, Doherty DA: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of preoperative oral pregabalin for postoperative pain relief after minor gynecological surgery. Anesth Analg 2007; 105:1449-1453
410. Paech MJ, Moore JS, Evans SF: Meperidine for patient-controlled analgesia after cesarean section. Intravenous versus epidural administration. Anesthesiology 1994, 80:1268-1276
411. Paech MJ, Westmore MD: Postoperative epidural fentanyl infusion--is the addition of 0.1% bupivacaine of benefit? Anaesth Intensive Care 1994, 22:9-14
412. Palmer CM: Continuous intrathecal sufentanil for postoperative analgesia. Anesth Analg 2001, 92:244-245
413. Palmes D, Rottgermann S, Classen C, Haier J, Horstmann R: Randomized clinical trial of the influence of intraperitoneal local anesthesia on pain after laparoscopic surgery. Br J Surg 2007; 94:824-832
414. Pandey CK, Sahay S, Gupta D, Ambesh SP, Singh RB, Raza M, Singh U, Singh PK: Preemptive gabapentin decreases postoperative pain after lumbar discoidectomy. Can J Anaesth 2004; 51):986-989
415. Pandey CK, Singhal V, Kumar M, Lakra A, Ranjan R, Pal R, Raza M, Singh U, Singh PK: Gabapentin provides effective postoperative analgesia whether administered pre-emptively or post-incision. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52:827-831
416. Papaziogas B, Argiriadou H, Papagiannopoulou P, Pavlidis T, Georgiou M, Sfyra E, Papaziogas T: Preincisional intravenous low-dose ketamine and local infiltration with ropivacaine reduces postoperative pain after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 2001, 15:1030-1033
417. Parker RK, Holtmann B, White PF: Effects of a nighttime opioid infusion with PCA therapy on patient comfort and analgesic requirements after abdominal hysterectomy. Anesthesiology 1992, 76:362-367
418. Parker RK, Holtmann B, White PF: Patient-controlled analgesia: Does a concurrent opioid infusion improve pain mangement after surgery? JAMA 1991, 266:1947-1952
419. Parker RK, Sawaki Y, White PF: Epidural patient-controlled analgesia: Influence of bupivacaine and hydromorphone basal infusion on pain control after cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 1992, 75:740-746
420. Parker RK, White PF: Epidural patient-controlled analgesia: an alternative to intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for pain relief after cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 1992, 75:245-251
421. Partridge BL, Stabile BE: The effects of incisional bupivacaine on postoperative narcotic requirements, oxygen saturation and length of stay in the post-anesthesia care unit. Acta Anaesth Scand 1990, 34:486-491
422. Passchier J, Rupreht J, Koenders ME, Olree M, Luitwieler RL, Bonke B: Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) leads to more postoperative pain relief, but also to more fatigue and less vigour. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1993, 37:659-663
423. Patel JM, Lanzafame RJ, Williams JS, Mullen BV, Hinshaw JR: The effect of incisional infiltration of bupivacaine hydrochloride upon pulmonary functions, atelectasis and narcotic need following elective cholecystectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1983, 157:338-340
424. Pellicano M, Zullo F, Di Carlo C, Zupi E, Nappi C: Postoperative pain control after microlaparoscopy in patients with infertility: a prospective randomized study. Fertil Steril 1998, 70:289-292
425. Perez-Woods R, Grohar JC, Skaredoff M, Rock SG, Tse AM, Tomich P, Polich S: Pain control after cesarean birth: Efficacy of patient-controlled analgesia vs traditional therapy (IM morphine). J Perinatol 1991, 11:174-181
426. Perriss BW, Latham BV, Wilson IH: Analgesia following extradural and i.m. pethidine in post-caesarean section patients. Br J Anaesth 1990, 64:355-357
427. Pesut B, Johnson J: Evaluation of an acute pain service. Can J Nurs Adm 1997, 10:86-107
428. Pettersson N, Berggren P, Larsson M, Westman B, Hahn RG: Pain relief by wound infiltration with bupivacaine or high-dose ropivacaine after inguinal hernia repair. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999, 24:569-575
429. Pettersson N, Emanuelsson BM, Reventlid H, Hahn RG: High-dose ropivacaine wound infiltration for pain relief after inguinal hernia repair: a clinical and pharmacokinetic evaluation. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998, 23:189-196
430. Pettersson N, Perbeck L, Brismar B, Hahn RG: Sensory and sympathetic block during interpleural analgesia. Reg Anesth 1997, 22:313-317
431. Picard P, Bazin JE, Conio N, Ruiz F, Schoeffler P: Ketorolac potentiates morphine in postoperative patient-controlled analgesia. Pain 1997, 73:401-406
432. Planner RS, Cowie RW, Babarczy AS: Continuous epidural morphine analgesia after radical operations upon the pelvis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1988, 166:229-232
433. Plummer JL, Owen H, Ilsley AH, Tordoff K: Sustained-release iboprofen as an adjunct to morphine patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg 1996, 83:92-96
434. Pobereskin LH, Sneyd JR: Wound infiltration with bupivacaine after surgery to the cervical spine using a posterior approach. Br J Anaesth 2000, 84:87-88
435. Pouzeratte Y, Delay JM, Brunat G, Boccara G, Vergne C, Jaber S, Fabre JM, Colson P, Mann C: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia after abdominal surgery: ropivacaine versus bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 2001, 93:1587-1592
436. Punt CD, van Neer P, de Lange S: Pressure sores as a possible complication of epidural analgesia. Anesth Analg 1991, 73:657-659
437. Rademaker BM, Sih IL, Kalkman CJ, Henny CP, Filedt Kok JC, Endert E, Zuurmond WW: Effects of interpleurally administered bupivacaine 0.5% on opioid analgesic requirements and endocrine response during and after cholecystectomy: A randomized double-blind controlled study. Acta Anaesth Scand 1991, 35:108-112
438. Radhakrishnan M, Bithal PK, Chaturvedi A: Effect of preemptive gabapentin on postoperative pain relief and morphine consumption following lumbar laminectomy and discectomy: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2005; 17:125-128
439. Raggi R, Dardik H, Mauro AL: Continuous epidural anesthesia and postoperative epidural narcotics in vascular surgery. Am J Surg 1987, 154:192-197
440. Raja SN, Dickstein RE, Johnson CA: Comparison of postoperative analgesic effects of intraarticular bupivacaine and morphine following arthroscopic knee surgery. Anesthesiology 1992, 77:1143-1147
441. Rapchuk IL, O'Connell L, Liessmann CD, Cornelissen HR, Fraser JF: Effect of gabapentin on pain after cardiac surgery: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Anaesth Intensive Care 2010; 38:445-451
442. Rawal N, Sjostrand U, Christoffersson E, Dahlstrom B, Arvill A, Rydman H: Comparison of intramuscular and epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in the grossly obese: Influence on postoperative ambulation and pulmonary function. Anesth Analg 1984, 63:583-592
443. Rawal N, Sjostrand U, Dahlstrom B: Postoperative pain relief by epidural morphine. Anesth Analg 1981, 60:726-731
444. Rawal N, Sjostrand UH, Dahlstrom B, Nydahl PA, Ostelius J: Epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief: A comparative study with intramuscular narcotic and intercostal nerve block. Anesth Analg 1982, 61:93-98
445. Ready LB, Chadwick HS, Ross B: Age predicts effective morphine dose after abdominal hysterectomy. Anesth Analg 1987, 66:1215-1218
446. Ready LB, Loper KA, Nessly M, Wild L: Postoperative epidural morphine is safe on surgical wards. Anesthesiology 1991, 75:452-456
447. Ready LB, Oden R, Chadwick HS, Benedetti C, Rooke GA, Caplan R, Wild LW: Development of an anesthesiology-based postoperative pain management service. Anesthesiology 1988, 68:100-106
448. Ready LB: Acute pain: lessons learned from 25,000 patients. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1999, 24:499-505
449. Reeves M, Lindholm DE, Myles PS, Fletcher H, Hunt JO: Adding ketamine to morphine for patient-controlled analgesia after major abdominal surgery: a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2001, 93:116-120
450. Reiestad F, Stromskag K: Interpleural catheter in the management of postoperative pain. Reg Anesth 1986, 11:89-91
451. Reinoso-Barbero F, Saavedra B, Hervilla S, de Vicente J, Tabares B, Gomez-Criado MS: Lidocaine with fentanyl, compared to morphine, marginally improves postoperative epidural analgesia in children. Can J Anaesth 2002, 49:67-71
452. Reiz S, Ahlin J, Ahrenfeldt B, Andersson M, Andersson S: Epidural morphine for postoperative pain relief. Acta Anaesth Scand 1981, 25:111-114
453. Reuben SS, Connelly NR, Lurie S, Klatt M, Gibson CS: Dose-response of ketorolac as an adjunct to patient-controlled analgesia morphine in patients after spinal fusion surgery. Anesth Analg 1998, 87:98-102
454. Reuben SS, Connelly NR, Steinberg R: Ketorolac as an adjunct to patient-controlled morphine in postoperative spine surgery patients. Reg Anesth 1997, 22:343-346
455. Reuben SS, Steinberg RB, Cohen MA, Kilaru PA, Gibson CS: Intraarticular morphine in the multimodal analgesic management of postoperative pain after ambulatory anterior cruciate ligament repair. Anesth Analg 1998, 86:374-378
456. Robertson J: Pediatric pain assessment: validation of multidimensional tool. Pediatr Nursing 1993, 19:209-213
457. Robinson RJ, Brister S, Jones E, Quigly M: Epidural meperidine analgesia after cardiac surgery. Can Anaesth Soc J 1986, 33:550-555
458. Rockemann MG, Seeling W, Brinkmann A, Goertz AW, Hauber N, Junge J, Georgieff M: Analgesic and hemodynamic effects of epidural clonidine, clonidine/morphine, and morphine after pancreatic surgery--a double-blind study. Anesth Analg 1995, 80:869-874
459. Rodgers BM, Webb CJ, Stergios D, Newman BM: Patient-controlled analgesia in pediatric surgery. J Ped Surg 1988, 23:259-262
460. Rosaeg OP, Bell M, Cicutti NJ, Dennehy KC, Lui AC, Krepski B: Pre-incision infiltration with lidocaine reduces pain and opioid consumption after reduction mammoplasty. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998, 23:575-579
461. Rosaeg OP, Suderman V, Yarnell RW: Early respiratory depression during caesarean section following epidural meperidine.Can J Anaesth 1992, 39:71-74
462. Rose DK, Cohen MM, Yee DA: Changing the practice of pain management. Anesth Analg 1997, 84:764-772
463. Rosen MA, Hughes SC, Shnider SM, Abboud TK, Norton M, Dailey PA, Curtis JD: Epidural morphine for the relief of postoperative pain after cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 1983, 62:666-672
464. Rosenberg M, Curtis L, Bourke DL: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the relief of postoperative pain. Pain 1978, 5:129-133
465. Rosenberg PH, Ssheinin BMA, Lepantalo MJA, Lindfors O: Continuous intraplerual infusion of bupivacaine for analgesia after thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 1987, 67:811-813
466. Ross DA, Drasner K, Weinstein PR, Flaherty JF, Barbaro NM: Use of intrathecally administered morphine in the treatment of postoperative pain after lumbar spinal surgery: A prospective, double-blind, placebo- controlled study. Neurosurgery 1991, 28:700-704, 1991
467. Rosseel PM, van den Broek WG, Boer EC, Prakash O: Epidural sufentanil for intra-and postoperative analgesia in thoracic surgery: a comparative study with intravenous sufentanil. Acta Anaesth Scand 1988, 32:193-198
468. Rosseland LA, Stubhaug A, Skoglund A, Breivik H: Intraarticular morphine for pain after knee arthroscopy. Acta Anaesth Scand 1999, 43:252-257
469. Rostaing S, Bonnet F, Levron JC, Vodinh J, Pluskwa F, Saada M: Effect of epidural clonidine on analgesia and pharmacokinetics of epidural fentanyl in postoperative patients. Anesthesiology 1991, 75:420-425
470. Roulson CJ, Bennett J, Shaw M, Carli F: Effect of extradural diamorphine on analgesia after caesarean section under subarachnoid block. Br J Anaesth 1993, 71:810-813
471. Roy-Shapira A, Amoury RA, Ashcraft KW, Holder TM, Sharp RJ: Transient quadriceps paresis following local inguinal block for postoperative pain control. J Ped Surg 1985, 20:554-555
472. Russell AW, Owen H, Ilsley AH, Kluger MT, Plummer JL: Background infusion with patient-controlled analgesia: effect on postoperative oxyhaemoglobin saturation and pain control. Anaesth Intensive Care 1993, 21:174-179
473. Russell WC, Ramsay AH, Fletcher DR: The effect of incisional infiltration of bupivacaine upon pain and respiratory function following open cholecystectomy. Aust N Z J Surg 1993, 63:756-759
474. Rybro L, Schurizek BA, Petersen TK, Wernberg M: Postoperative analgesia and lung function: A comparison of intramuscular with epidural morphine. Acta Anaesth Scand 1982, 26:514-518
475. Sabanathan S, Mearns AJ, Smith PJB, Eng J, Berrisford RG, Bibby SR, Majid MR: Efficacy of continuous extrapleural intercostal nerve block on post-thoracotomy pain and pulmonary mechanics. Br J Surg 1990, 77:221-226
476. Sabanathan S, Smith PJB, Pradhan GN, Hashimi H, Eng JB, Mearns AJ: Continuous intercostal nerve block for pain relief after thoracotomy. Annals of Thoracic Surgery 1988, 46:425-426
477. Safran D, Kuhlman G, Orhant EE, Castelain MH, Journois D: Continuous intercostal blockade with lidocaine after thoracic surgery: Clinical and pharmacokinetic study. Anesth Analg 1990, 70:345-349
478. Salantera S, Lauri S, Salmi TT, Aantaa R: Nursing activities and outcomes of care in the assessment, management, and documentation of children's pain. J Pediatr Nurs 1999, 14:408-415
479. Salomaki TE, Laitinen JO, Nuutinen LS: A randomized double-blind comparison of epidural versus intravenous fentanyl infusion for analgesia after thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 1991, 75:790-795
480. Salomaki TE, Laitinen JO, Vainionpaa V, Nuutinen LS: 0.1% bupivacaine does not reduce the requirement for epidural fentanyl infusion after major abdominal surgery. Reg Anesth 1995, 20:435-443
481. Sanansilp V, Lertakyamanee J, Udompunturak S: Cost-effectiveness analysis of patient-controlled analgesia, intramuscular q.i.d. injection and p.r.n. injection for postoperative pain relief. J Med Assoc Thai 1995, 78:600-604
482. Sandler AN, Stringer D, Panos L, Badner N, Friedlander M, Koren G, Katz J, Klein J: A randomized, double-blind comparison of lumbar epidural and intravenous fentanyl infusions for postthoracotomy pain relief: Analgesic, pharmacokinetic, and respiratory effects. Anesthesiology 1992, 77:626-634
483. Sarma VJ, Bostrom UV: Intrathecal morphine for the relief of post-hysterectomy pain--a double-blind, dose-response study. Acta Anaesth Scand 1993, 37:223-227
484. Sartain JB, Barry JJ: The impact of an acute pain service on postoperative pain management. Anaesth Intensive Care 1999, 27:375-380
485. Scheinin B, Asantila R, Orko R: The effect of bupivacaine and morphine on pain and bowel function after colonic surgery. Acta Anaesth Scand 1987, 31:161-164
486. Schneider RF, Villamena PC, Harvey J, Surick BG, Surick IW, Beattie EJ: Lack of efficacy of intrapleural bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia following thoracotomy. Chest 1993, 103:414-416
487. Schoem SR, Watkins GL, Kuhn JJ, Alburger JF, Kim KZ, Thompson DH: Control of early postoperative pain with bupivacaine in adult local tonsillectomy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1993, 119:292-293
488. Schoem SR, Watkins GL, Kuhn JJ, Thompson DH: Control of early postoperative pain with bupivacaine in pediatric tonsillectomy. Ear Nose Throat J 1993, 72:560-563
489. Schug S, Torrie J: Safety assessment of postoperative pain management by an acute pain service. Pain 1993, 55:387-391
490. Schug SA, Sidebotham DA, McGuinnety M, Thomas J, Fox L: Acetaminophen as an adjunct to morphine by patient-controlled analgesia in the management of acute postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 1998, 87:368-372
491. Scott DA, Beilby DS, McClymont C: Postoperative analgesia using epidural infusions of fentanyl with bupivacaine. A prospective analysis of 1,014 patients. Anesthesiology 1995, 83:727-737
492. Scott DA, Blake D, Buckland M, Etches R, Halliwell R, Marsland C, Merridew G, Murphy D, Paech M, Schug SA, Turner G, Walker S, Huizar K, Gustafsson U: A comparison of epidural ropivacaine infusion alone and in combination with 1, 2, and 4 microg/mL fentanyl for seventy-two hours of postoperative analgesia after major abdominal surgery. Anesth Analg 1999, 88:857-864
493. Scott NB, Mogensen T, Bigler D, Lund C, Kehlet H: Continuous thoracic extradural 0.5% bupivacaine with or without morphine: Effect on quality of blockade, lung function and the surgical stress response. Br J Anaesth 1989, 62:253-257
494. Scott NB, Mogensen T, Greulich A, Hjortso NC, Kehlet H: No effect of continuous i.p. infusion of bupivacaine on postoperative analgesia, pulmonary function and the stress response to surgery. Br J Anaesth 1988, 61:165-168
495. Seltzer JL, Larijani GE, Goldberg ME, Marr AT: Intraplerual bupivacaine - a kinetic and dynamic evaluation. Anesthesiology1987, 67:798-800
496. Semple AJ, Macrae DJ, Munishankarappa S, Burrow LM, Milne MK, Grant IS: Effect of the addition of adrenaline to extradural diamorphine analgesia after caesarean section. Br J Anaesth 1988, 60:632-638
497. Serpell MG, Millar FA, Thomson MF: Comparison of lumbar plexus block versus conventional opioid analgesia after total knee replacement. Anaesthesia 1991, 46:275-277
498. Serpell MG, Thompson MF: Comparison of piroxicam with placebo in the management of pain after total hip replacement. Br J Anaesth 1989, 63:354-356
499. Sevarino FB, McFarlane C, Sinatra RS: Epidural fentanyl does not influence intravenous PCA requirements in the post-caesarean patient. Can J Anaesth 1991, 38:450-453
500. Sevarino FB, Sinatra RS, Paige D, Silverman DG: Intravenous ketorolac as an adjunct to patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for management of postgynecologic surgical pain. J Clin Anesth 1994, 6:23-27
501. Shah MK: Acute pain service, Kandang Kerbau Hospital, 1995: a first year's experience. Singapore Med J 1997, 38:375-378
502. Shandling B, Steward DJ: Regional analgesia for postoperative pain in pediatric outpatient surgery. J Ped Surg 1980, 15:477-480
503. Shapiro A, Zohar E, Hoppenstein D, Ifrach N, Jedeikin R, Fredman B: A comparison of three techniques for acute postoperative pain control following major abdominal surgery. J Clin Anesth 2003; 15:345-350
504. Shayevitz JR, Merkel S, O'Kelly SW, Reynolds PI, Gutstein HB: Lumbar epidural morphine infusions for children undergoing cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1996, 10:217-224
505. Shelly MP, Park GR: Intercostal nerve blockade for children. Anaesthesia 1987, 42:541-544
506. Shipton EA, Beeton AG, Minkowitz HS: Introducing a patient-controlled analgesia-based acute pain relief service into southern Africa--the first 10 months. S Afr Med J 1993, 83:501-505
507. Shuldham CM, Fleming S, Goodman H: The impact of pre-operative education on recovery following coronary artery bypass surgery. A randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur Heart J 2002, 23:666-674
508. Shulman M, Sandler AN, Bradley JW, Young PS, Brebner J: Postthoracotomy pain and pulmonary function following epidural and systemic morphine. Anesthesiology 1984, 61:569-575
509. Shulman MS, Sandler A, Brebner J: The reversal of epidural morphine induced somnolence with physostigmine. Can Anaesth Soc J 1984, 31:678-680
510. Sidebotham D, Dijkhuizen MR,Schug SA: The safety and utilization of patient-controlled analgesia. J Pain Symptom Manage 1997; 14: 202–209
511. Silomon M, Claus T, Huwer H, Biedler A, Larsen R, Molter G: Interpleural analgesia does not influence postthoracotomy pain. Anesth Analg 2000, 91:44-50
512. Silvasti M, Pitkanen M: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia versus continuous epidural analgesia after total knee arthroplasty. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001, 45:471-476
513. Sinatra R, Chung KS, Silverman DG, Brull SJ, Chung J, Harrison DM, Donielson D, Weinstock A: An evaluation of morphine and oxymorphone administered via patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) or PCA plus basal infusion in postcesarean-delivery patients. Anesthesiology 1989, 71:502-507
514. Sinclair R, Westlander G, Cassuto J, Hedner T: Postoperative pain relief by topical lidocaine in the surgical wound of hysterectomized patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996, 40:589-594
515. Singelyn FJ, Lhotel L, Fabre B: Pain relief after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a comparison of intraarticular analgesia, suprascapular nerve block, and interscalene brachial plexus block. Anesth Analg 2004; 99:589-592
516. Singelyn FJ, Seguy S, Gouverneur JM: Interscalene brachial plexus analgesia after open shoulder surgery: continuous versus patient-controlled infusion. Anesth Analg 1999, 89:1216-1220
517. Singelyn FJ, Vanderelst PE, Gouverneur JM: Extended femoral nerve sheath block after total hip arthroplasty: continuous versus patient-controlled techniques. Anesth Analg 2001, 92:455-459
518. Slattery PJ, Harmer M, Rosen M, Vickers MD: An open comparison between routine and self-administered postoperative pain relief. Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng 1983, 65:18-19
519. Smedstad KG, Beattie WS, Blair WS, Buckley DN: Postoperative pain relief and hospital stay after total esophagectomy. Clin J Pain 1992, 8:149-153
520. Smith ID, Klubien KE, Wood MLB, Macrae DJ, Carli F: Diamorphine analgesia after caesarean section: comparison of intramuscular and epidural administration of four dose regimens. Anaesthesia 1991, 46:973-976
521. Smythe M, Loughlin K, Schad RF, Lucarroti RL: Patient-controlled analgesia versus intramuscular analgesic therapy. Am J Hosp Pharm 1994, 51:1433-1440
522. Smythe MA, MB Zak, O'Donnell MP, Schad RF, Dmuchowski CF: Patient-controlled analgesia versus patient-controlled analgesia plus continuous infusion after hip replacement surgery. Ann Pharmacother 1996, 30:224-227
523. Snell CC, Fothergill-Bourbonnais F, Durocher-Hendriks S: Patient controlled analgesia and intramuscular injections: a comparisons of patient pain experiences and postoperative outcomes. J Adv Nurs 1997, 25:681-690
524. Srivastava U, Kumar A, Saxena S, Mishra AR, Saraswat N, Mishra S: Effect of preoperative gabapentin on postoperative pain and tramadol consumption after minilap open cholecystectomy: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2010; 27:331-335
525. Stacey BR, Rudy TE, Nelhaus D: Management of patient-controlled analgesia: a comparison of primary surgeons and a dedicated pain service. Anesth Analg 1997, 85:130-134
526. Stadler M, Schlander M, Braeckman M, Nguyen T, Boogaerts JG: A cost-utility and cost-effectiveness analysis of an acute pain service. J Clin Anesth 2004; 16:159-167
527. Stamer UM, Maier C, Grond S, Veh-Schmidt B, Klaschik E, Lehmann KA: Tramadol in the management of post-operative pain: a double-blind, placebo- and active drug-controlled study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1997, 14:646-654
528. Stein C, Comisel K, Haimerl E, Yassouridid A, Lehrberger K, Herz A, Peter K: Analgesic effect of intraarticular morphine after arthroscopic knee surgery. N Engl J Med 1991, 325:1123-1126
529. Stenseth R, Sellevold O, Breivik H: Epidural morphine for postoperative pain: Experience with 1085 patients. Acta Anaesth Scand 1985, 29:148-156
530. Stevens RD, Van Gessel E, Flory N, Fournier R, Gamulin Z: Lumbar plexus block reduces pain and blood loss associated with total hip arthroplasty. Anesthesiology 2000, 93:115-121
531. Stoddart PA, Cooper A, Russell R, Reynolds F: A comparison of epidural diamorphine with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia using the Baxter infusor following caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1993, 48:1086-1090
532. Stone PA, Macintyre PE, Jarvis DA: Norpethidine toxicity and patient controlled analgesia. Br J Anaesth 1993, 71:738-740
533. Stoneham MD, Cooper R, Quiney NF, Walters FJ: Pain following craniotomy: a preliminary study comparing PCA morphine with intramuscular codeine phosphate. Anaesthesia 1996, 51:1176-1178
534. St-Onge S, Fugere F, Girard M: Bupivacaine decreases epidural meperidine requirements after abdominal surgery. Can J Anaesth 1997, 44:360-366
535. Story DA, Shelton AC, Poustie SJ, Colin-Thome NJ, McIntyre RE, McNicol PL: Effect of an anaesthesia department led critical care outreach and acute pain service on postoperative serious adverse events. Anaesthesia 2006; 61:24-28
536. Stuart JC, MacGregor FB, Cairns CS, Chandrachud HR: Peritonsillar infiltration with bupivacaine for paediatric tonsillectomy. Anaesth Intensive Care 1994, 22:679-682
537. Stuart-Taylor ME, Billingham IS, Barrett RF, Church JJ: Extradural diamorphine for postoperative analgesia: audit of a nurse-administered service to 800 patients in a district general hospital. Br J Anaesth 1992, 68:429-432
538. Subramaniam B, Pawar DK, Kashyap L: Pre-emptive analgesia with epidural morphine or morphine and bupivacaine. Anaesth Intensive Care 2000, 28:392-398
539. Sun HL, Wu CC, Lin MS, Chang CF, Mok MS: Combination of low-dose epidural morphine and intramuscular diclofenac sodium in postcesarean analgesia. Anesth Analg 1992, 75:64-68
540. Sun HL, Wu CC, Lin MS, Chang CF: Effects of epidural morphine and intramuscular diclofenac combination in postcesarean analgesia: A dose-range study. Anesth Analg 76:284-288, 1993
541. Sunshine A, Roure C, Olson N, Laska EM, Zorrilla C, Rivera J: Analgesic efficacy of two ibuprofen-codeine combinations for the treatment of postepisiotomy and postoperative pain. Clin Pharm Ther 1987, 42:374-380
542. Sury MR, Mcluckie A, Booker PD: Local analgesia for infant pyloromyotomy: Does wound infiltration with bupivacaine affect postoperative behaviour? Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng 1990, 72:324-327
543. Sutters KA, Shaw BA, Gerardi JA, Hebert D: Comparison of morphine patient-controlled analgesia with and without ketorolac for postoperative analgesia in pediatric orthopedic surgery. Am J Orthop 1999, 28:351-358
544. Sveticic G, Farzanegan F, Zmoos P, Smoos S, Eichenberger U, Curatolo M: Is the combination of morphine with ketamine better than morphine alone for postoperative intravenous patient-controlled analgesia? Anesth Analg 2008; 106:287-293
545. Symreng T, Gomez MN, Rossi N: Intrapleural bupivacaine vs. saline after thoracotomy - Effects on pain and lung function - a double-blind study. J Cardiothorac Anesth 1989, 3:144-149
546. Tamsen A, Hartvig P, Dahlstrom B, Lindstrom B, Holmdahl MH: Patient controlled analgesic therapy in the early postoperative period. Acta Anaesth Scand 1979, 23:462-470
547. Tamsen A, Hartvig P, Fagerlund C, Dahlstrom B, Bondesson U: Patient-controlled analgesic therapy: Clinical experience. Acta Anaesth Scand 1982, 74:157-160
548. Tamsen A, Harvig P, Fagerlund C, Dahlstrom B: Patient-controlled analgesic therapy, part II. Individual analgesic demand and analgesic plasma concentrations of pethidine in postoperative pain. Clin Pharm 1982, 7:164-175
549. Taylor A, Healy M, McCarroll M, Moriarty DC: Intrathecal morphine: one year's experience in cardiac surgical patients. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 1996, 10:225-228
550. Teddy PJ, Fabinyi GC, Kerr JH, Briggs M: Bupivacaine infiltration after lumbar laminectomy: Local infiltration in the control of early postoperative lumbar laminectomy pain. Anaesthesia 1981, 36:380-383
551. Thind GS, Wells JCD, Wilkes RG: The effects of continuous intravenous naloxone on epidural morphine analgesia. Anaesthesia 1986, 41:582-585
552. Thomas DFM, Lambert WG, Williams KL: The direct perfusion of surgical wounds with local anaesthetic solution: An approach to postoperative pain? Ann Royal Coll Surg Eng 1983, 65:226-229
553. Thomas DW, Owen H: Patient-controlled analgesia - the need for caution. Anaesthesia 1988, 4:770-772
554. Thoren T, Sundberg A, Wattwil M, Garvill JE, Jurgensen U: Effects of epidural bupivacaine and epidural morphine on bowel function and pain after hysterectomy. Acta Anaesth Scand 1989, 33:181-185
555. Tierney E, Lewis G, Hurtig JB, Johnson D: Femoral nerve block with bupivacaine 0.25 per cent for postoperative analgesia after open knee surgery. Can J Anaesth 1987, 34:455-458
556. Tighe SQ, Bie JA, Nelson RA, Skues MA: The acute pain service: effective or expensive care? Anaesthesia 1998, 53:397-403
557. Timmons ME, Bower FL: Effect of structured preoperative teaching on patients' use of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and their management of pain. Orthoped Nurs 1993, 12:23-31
558. Tobias JD, Deshpande JK, Wetzel RC, Solca M: Intrathecal morphine as an adjunct to anesthesia for head and neck surgery. South Med J 1990, 83:649-652
559. Toivonen J, Permi J, Rosenberg PH: Effect of preincisional ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve block on postoperative analgesic requirement in day-surgery patients undergoing herniorrhaphy under spinal anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001, 45:603-607
560. Torda TA, Hann P, Mills G, De Leon G, Penman D: Comparison of extradural fentanyl, bupivacaine and two fentanyl-bupivacaine mixtures of pain relief after abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 1995, 74:35-40
561. Tordoff SG, Brossy M, Rowbotham DJ, James JN, James R, Raphael JH: The effect of pre-incisional infiltration with lignocaine on postoperative pain after molar teeth extraction under general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 1996, 51:585-587
562. Tree-Trakarn T, Pirayavaraporn S: Postoperative pain relief for circumcision in children: Comparison among morphine, nerve block, and topical analgesia. Anesthesiology 1985, 62:519-522
563. Trotter TN, Hayes-Gregson P, Robinson S, Cole L, Coley S, Fell D: Wound infiltration of local anaesthetic after lower segment caesarean section. Anaesthesia 1991, 46:404-407
564. Tsui SL, Chan CS, Chan AS, Wong SJ, Lam CS, Jones RD: Postoperative analgesia for oesophageal surgery: A comparison of three analgesic regimens. Anaesth Intens Care 1991, 19:329-337
565. Tsui SL, Irwin MG, Wong CM, Fung SK, Hui TW, Ng KF, Chan WS, O'Reagan AM: An audit of the safety of an acute pain service. Anaesthesia 1997, 52:1042-1047
566. Tsui SL, Tong WN, Irwin M, Ng KF, Lo JR, Chan WS, Yang J: The efficacy, applicability and side-effects of postoperative intravenous patient-controlled morphine analgesia: an audit of 1233 Chinese patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 1996, 24:658-664
567. Turner GA, Chalkiadis G: Comparison of preoperative with postoperative lignocaine infiltration on postoperative analgesic requirements. Br J Anaesth 1994, 72:541-543
568. Turner RE: An evaluation of patient-controlled analgesia in adults undergoing cardiac surgery. S Afr Med J 1994, 84:807-811
569. Tzeng JI, Mok MS: Combination of intramuscular Ketorolac and low dose epidural morphine for the relief of post-caesarean pain. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1994, 23:10-13
570. Vade Boncouer TR, Riegler FX, Gautt RS, Weinberg GL: A randomized, double-blind comparison of the effects of interpleural bupivacaine and saline on morphine requirements and pulmonary function after cholecystectomy. Anesthesiology 1989, 71:339-343
571. Valley RD, Bailey AG: Caudal morphine for postoperative analgesia in infants and children: A report of 138 cases. Anesth Analg 1991, 72:120-124
572. van den Nieuwenhuyzen MC, Burm AG, Vletter AA, Stienstra R, van Kleef JW: Epidural vs. intravenous infusion of alfentanil in the management of postoperative pain following laparotomies. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1996, 40:1112-1118
573. van Essen EJ, Bovill JG, Ploeger EJ: Extradural clonidine does not potentiate analgesia produced by extradural morphine after meniscectomy. Br J Anaesth 1991, 66:237-241
574. van Lersberghe C, Camu F, de Keersmaecker E, Sacre S: Continuous administration of fentanyl for postoperative pain: a comparison of the epidural, intravenous, and transdermal routes. J Clin Anesth 1994, 6:308-314
575. van Raay JJ, Roukema JA, Lenderink BW: Intraoperative wound infiltration with bupivacaine in patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy. Arch Surg 1992, 127:457-459
576. VanDercar DH, Martinez AP, De Lisser EA: Sleep apnea syndromes: A potential contraindication for patient-controlled analgesia. Anesthesiology 1991, 74:623-624
577. Vandermeersch E: Epidural patient controlled analgesia with bupivacaine and sufentanil. Acta Anaesth Belg 1992, 43:71-74
578. Vanstrum GS, Bjornson KM, Ilko R: Postoperative effects of intrathecal morphine in coronary artery bypass surgery. Anesth Analg 1988, 67:261-267
579. Vasan NR, Stevenson S, Ward M: Preincisional bupivacaine in posttonsillectomy pain relief: a randomized prospective study. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002, 128:145-149
580. Vercauteren M, Lauwers E, Meert T, DeHert S, Adriaensen H: Comparison of epidural sufentanil plus clonidine with sufentanil alone for postoperative pain relief. Anaesthesia 1990, 45:531-534
581. Vercauteren MP, Coppejans HC, ten Broecke PW, Van Steenberge AL, Adriaensen HA: Epidural sufentanil for postoperative patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with or without background infusion: a double-blind comparison. Anesth Analg 1995, 80:76-80
582. Vercauteren MP, Saldien V, Bosschaerts P, Adriaensen HA: Potentiation of sufentanil by clonidine in PCEA with or without basal infusion. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1996, 13:571-576
583. Vercauteren MP, Van Den Bergh L, Kartawiadi SL, Van Boxem K, Hoffmann VL: Addition of bupivacaine to sufentanil in patient-controlled epidural analgesia after lower limb surgery in young adults: effect on analgesia and micturition. Reg Anesth Pain Med 1998, 23:182-188
584. Vercauteren MP, Vandeput DM, Meert TF, Adriaensen HA: Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with sufentanil following caesarean section: the effect of adrenaline and clonidine admixture. Anaesthesia 1994, 49:767-771
585. Vetter TR, Heiner EJ: Intravenous ketorolac as an adjuvant to pediatric patient-controlled analgesia with morphine. J Clin Anesth 1994, 6:110-113
586. Victory RA, Gajraj NM, Van Elstraete A, Pace NA, Johnson ER, White PF: Effect of preincision versus postincision infiltration with bupivacaine on postoperative pain. J Clin Anesth 1995, 7:192-196
587. Vinson-Bonnet B, Coltat JC, Fingerhut A, Bonnet F: Local infiltration with ropivacaine improves immediate postoperative pain control after hemorrhoidal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum 2002, 45:104-108
588. Wahab A, Ibrahim M, Farag H, Naguib M: Epidural morphine for pain relief after lumbar laminectomy. Spine 1986, 11:1024-1026
589. Waikakul W, Chumniprasas K: Direct epidural morphine injection during lumbar discectomy for postoperative analgesia. J Medical Assoc Thailand 1992, 75:428-433
590. Wang B, Tang J, White PF, Naruse R, Sloninsky A, Kariger R, Gold J, Wender RH: Effect of the intensity of transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation on the postoperative analgesic requirement. Anesth Analg 1997, 85:406-413
591. Wang F, Shen X, Liu Y, Xu S, Guo X: Continuous infusion of butorphanol combined with intravenous morphine patient-controlled analgesia after total abdominal hysterectomy: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2009; 26:28-34
592. Wang JJ, Ho ST, Hu OY: Comparison of intravenous nalbuphine infusion versus saline as an adjuvant for epidural morphine. Reg Anesth 1996, 21:214-218
593. Wang JM, Knarr DC, Raj PP, Denson D: Continuous epidural methadone for the management of postoperative pain after lower abdominal surgery. Reg Anesth 1992, 17:26-28
594. Ward JA, Paul SM: The word-graphic rating scale as a measure of children's and adolescents' pain intensity. Res Nurs Health 1991, 14:361-371
595. Watts RW, Fletcher IA, Kiroff GK, Weber C, Owen H, Plummer JL: The introduction of patient-controlled analgesia into an isolated rural hospital. Aust N Z J Surg 1995, 65:588-591
596. Watt-Watson J, Stevens B, Costello J, Katz J, Reid G: Impact of preoperative education on pain management outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a pilot. Can J Nurs Res 2000, 31:41-56
597. Weightman WM: Respiratory arrest during epidural infusion of bupivacaine and fentanyl. Anaesth Intens Care 1991, 19:282-284
598. Weis OF, Sriwatanakul K, Alloza JL, Weintraub M, Lasagna L: Attitudes of patients, housestaff, and nurses toward postoperative analgesic care. Anesth Analg 1983, 62:70-74
599. Welch DB, Hrynaszkiewicz A: Postoperative analgesia using epidural methadone: Administration by the lumbar route for thoracic pain relief. Anaesthesia 1981, 36:1051-1054
600. Welchew EA, Breen DP: Patient-controlled on-demand epidural fentanyl: A comparison of patient-controlled on-demand fentanyl delivered epidurally or intravenously. Anaesthesia 1991, 46:438-441
601. Welchew EA, Thornton JA: Continuous thoracic epidural fentanyl: A comparison of epidural fentanyl with intramuscular papaveretum for postoperative pain. Anaesthesia 1982, 37:309-316
602. Welchew EA: On-demand analgesia: A double-blind comparison of on-demand intravenous fentanyl with regular intramuscular morphine. Anaesthesia 1983, 38:19-25
603. Weldon BC, Connor M, White PF: Pediatric PCA: The role of concurrent opioid infusions and nurse-controlled analgesia. Clin J Pain 1993, 9:26-33
604. Welte M, Haimerl E, Groh J, Briegel J, Sunder-Plas L, Herz A, Peter K, Stein C: Effect of interpleural morphine on postoperative pain and pulmonary function of thoracotomy. Br J Anaesth 1992, 69:637-639
605. Wheatley RG, Madej TH, Jackson IJB, Hunter D: The first year's experience of an acute pain service. Br J Anaesth 1991, 67:353-359
606. Wheatley RG, Shepherd D, Jackson IJ, Madej TH, Hunter D: Hypoxaemia and pain relief after upper abdominal surgery: Comparison of i.m. and patient-controlled analgesia. Br J Anaesth 1992, 69:558-561
607. White CL, Pokrupa RP, Chan MH: An evaluation of the effectiveness of patient-controlled analgesia after spinal surgery. J Neurosci Nurs 1998, 30:225-232
608. White CL: Changing pain management practice and impacting on patient outcomes. Clin Nurse Spec 1999, 13:166-172
609. White PF, Parker RK: Is the risk of using "basal" infusion with patient-controlled analgesia therapy justified? Anesthesiology 1992, 76:489
610. White PF: Mishaps with patient-controlled analgesia. Anesthesiology 1987, 66:81-83
611. Wiebalck A, Brodner G, Van Aken H: The effects of adding sufentanil to bupivacaine for postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Anesth Analg 1997, 85:124-129
612. Wiesel S, Grillas R: Patient-controlled analgesia after laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy. Can J Anaesth 1995, 42:37-40
613. Wilder-Smith CH, Schuler L: Postoperative analgesia: pain by choice? The influence of patient attitudes and patient education. Pain 1992, 50:257-262
614. Wilson JF, Brockopp GW, Kryst S, Steger H, Witt WO: Medical students' attitudes toward pain before and after a brief course on pain. Pain 1992, 50:251-256
615. Wilson JF: Behavioral preparation for surgery: benefit or harm? J Behavioral Med 1981, 4:79-101
616. Wilson PT, Lloyd-Thomas AR: An audit of extradural infusion analgesia in children using bupivacaine and diamorphine. Anaesthesia 1993, 48:718-723
617. Wolf AR, Hughes D, Hobbs AJ, Prys-Roberts C: Combined morphine-bupivacaine caudals for reconstructive penile surgery in children: Systemic absorption of morphine and postoperative analgesia. Anaesth Intens Care 1991, 19:17-21
618. Wolf AR, Hughes D, Wade A, Mather SJ, Prys-Roberts C: Postoperative analgesia after paediatric orchidopexy: Evaluation of a bupivacaine-morphine mixture. Br J Anaesth 1990, 64:430-435
619. Wong AK, Bissonnette B, Braude BM, Macdonald RM, St-Louis PJ, Fear DW: Post-tonsillectomy infiltration with bupivacaine reduces immediate postoperative pain in children. Can J Anaesth 1995, 42:770-774
620. Woodhouse A, Mather LE: The influence of age upon opioid analgesic use in the patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) environment. Anaesthesia 1997, 52:949-955
621. Woods MP, Rayburn WF, McIntosh DG, Scott JC Jr, Smith ML, Anderson JR: Nalbuphine after major gynecologic surgery: Comparison of patient-controlled analgesia and intramuscular injections. J Reprod Med 1991, 36:647-650
622. Wright JE: Controlled trial of wound infiltration with bupivacaine for postoperative pain relief after appendicectomy in children. Br J Surg 1993, 80:110-111
623. Writer WD, Hurtig JB, Evans D, Needs RE, Hope CE, Forrest JB: Epidural morphine prophylaxis of postoperative pain: Report of a double-blind multicentre study. Can Anaesth Soc J 1985, 32:330-338
624. Wust HJ, Bromage PR: Delayed respiratory arrest after epidural hydromorphone. Anaesthesia 1987, 42:404-406
625. Yamaguchi H, Watanabe S, Harukuni I, Hamaya Y: Effective doses of epidural morphine for relief of postcholecystectomy pain. Anesth Analg 1991, 72:80-83
626. Yamaguchi H, Watanabe S, Motokawa K, Ishizawa Y: Intrathecal morphine dose-response data for pain relief after cholecystectomy. Anesth Analg 1990, 70:168-171
627. Yamauchi M, Asano M, Watanabe M, Iwasaki S, Furuse S, Namiki A: Continuous low-dose ketamine improves the analgesic effects of fentanyl patient-controlled analgesia after cervical spine surgery. Anesth Analg 2008; 107:1041-1044
628. Youngstrom PC, Cowan RI, Sutheimer C, Eastwood DW, Yu JC: Pain relief and plasma concentrations from epidural and intramuscular morphine in post-cesarean patients. Anesthesiology 1982, 57:404-409
629. Zacharias M, Pfeifer MV, Herbison P: Comparison of two methods of intravenous administration of morphine for postoperative pain relief. Anesth Intens Care 1990, 18:205-209
630. Zakine J, Samarcq D, Lorne E, Moubarak M, Montravers P, Beloucif S, Dupont H: Postoperative ketamine administration decreases morphine consumption in major abdominal surgery: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Anesth Analg 2008; 106:1856-1861
631. Zenz M, Piepenbrock S, Otten B, Otten G, Neuhaus R: Epidural morphine analgesia: I. Postoperative phase. Anaesthesist 1981, 30:77-82
632. Zimmerman DL, Stewart J: Postoperative pain management and acute pain service activity in Canada. Can J Anaesth 1993, 40:568-575
................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related searches
- acute complex regional pain syndrome
- acute abdominal pain icd 10
- acute pain syndrome icd 10
- acute on chronic pain icd 10
- acute on chronic back pain icd 10
- icd 10 code acute pain unspecified
- acute lumbar pain icd 10 code
- acute back pain icd 10
- acute back pain icd 10 code
- acute pain trauma icd 10
- non acute pain icd 10
- acute pain signs and symptoms