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Chapter 18 Study Guide – The Later Middle Ages To whom did the power shift to and from whom in the Middle Ages?It shifted from the nobles to the kings and popes. Why did Medieval Christians fear excommunication? They feared that those that were cast out would not get to heaven.Why did the Christian church split? Bishops in eastern Europe refused to recognize the pope. During the Middle Ages whom did the popes come into conflict with? The kingsWhy were the Crusades fought? Who fought them? What was the outcome of Crusades? Muslims took control of Palestine; Christians and Muslims; Holy Land remained with Muslims Why did Byzantine Emperor ask the pope for help? Muslim Turks captured Jerusalem. What was the main reason Crusaders lost the holy land? They traveled long distances.What positive thing happened as a result of the Crusades? Trade between Europe and AsiaWhat took place at local churches during the Middle Ages? Markets, festivals, and religious ceremonies How are friars different than monks? Friars lived in villages while monks in Monasteries Who played the biggest role in the 1st universities in Europe? Church leaders Why did the nobles make King John sign the Magna Carta? Limit the king’s power How was England different than France in 100 Years War? English king lost power while the French kings gained power What was Black Death? How did it start? What fraction of the people died from it? Plague, fleas, 1/3 Whose rule ended in Spain around the year 1000? Muslim Moors What was the main goal of Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand? Make all of Spain Christian What happened to the Jews during the Middle Ages? They were discriminated against.Eastern Orthodox Church: Founded by those who agreed with the bishop of ConstantinoplePope Urban II: Called Christians to fight the Muslim Turks in the Crusadespilgrim: A person that journeys to a religious locationfriar: Religious worker who lived with the general publicSaint Thomas Aquinas: Believed rational thought could support Christian beliefsGothic Cathedral: Towering and majesticRight of Habeas Corpus: One cannot be jailed without a reason100 Years War: King of England invaded FranceJoan of Arc: France won the 100 Years War because of her great efforts.Pope Innocent III: Caused a 20 year war in france calling a crusade against hereticsSpanish Inquisition: Punish and kill heretics and non-Christians in SpainSaladin: Brilliant leader of the Muslim forcesexommunication: Cast out from the churchclergy: Church officialsauthority: Power, right to ruleheretics: People who hold religious ideas that oppose accepted church teachingsPalestine: The Holy Landconvents: Communities of nunsSaint Peter: The first popeKing Richard I: Crusader known for his courageCrusade: Latin for “Marked with a Cross”parliament: Lawmaking body that governs England ................
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