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BENCHMARK SC.912.L.16.13Describe the basic anatomy and physiology of the human reproductive system. Describe the process of human development from fertilization to birth and major changes that occur in each trimester of pregnancy.Students will describe the process of human development from thezygotic stage to the end of the third trimester and birth.From 0-90 days it is called an embryoAfter 90 days it is called a fetusZygote –when the sperm penetrates the ova (fertilization)Students will identify and/or describe the basic anatomy andphysiology of the human reproductive system.Items referring to the male human reproductive system are limited tothe seminal vesicle, prostate gland, vas deferens, urethra, epididymis,scrotum, penis, and testes.Small Tommy eats very special prunes unlike Paul.Scrotum testticle epididymis vas deferen Seminal Vesicle Prostate urethra penisItems referring to the female human reproductive system are limitedto the ovaries, oviduct (fallopian tube), uterus, cervix, and vagina. 476250000Vagina-birth canalUterus – for the zygote(fertilized egg) to implant(implantation)Fallopian tube – where fertilization occursOvary- produces an egg(ova)Very crazy UFO.Vagina Cervix uterus fallopian tube, ovaryItems assessing the function of the placenta, umbilical cord, amnioticsac, and amniotic fluid are limited to how these structures relate tothe development of the fetus.Umbilical Cord-tube for respiration, nourishment , and excretion between embryo and motherPlacenta- is the embryo’s organ for respiration, nourishment , and excretion Amniotic sac- a fluids fluid filled sac(cushions and protects embryo)Amniotic fluid- the fluid around the fetus is for protection and to maintain temperature.Items assessing the production of hormones in the context of thephysiology of the human reproductive system are limited to aconceptual understanding of the production of hormones.Estrogen, progesterone (female) from ovaryTestosterone (male) from testicleItems may refer to the early stages of development (implantation,morula, blastocyst, gastrulation, neurulation) but will not assess thedefinition of these terms.Implantation -zygote becomes fused into the placentamorula - A morula is an embryo at an early stage of embryonic development, blastocyst-hallow ball of cellsgastrulation- morula pinches in creating the 3 germ layers. These three germ layers are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endodermneurulation- the formation of the nervous systemItems referring to changes in each trimester are limited to normalhuman development.The second and third trimesters are devoted to growth and maturation. Fetal Development During The First TrimesterThe most dramatic changes and development occur during the first trimester. During the first eight weeks, a fetus is called an embryo. The embryo develops rapidly and by the end of the first trimester it becomes a fetus that is fully formed, weighing approximately 1/2 to one ounce and measuring, on average, three to four inches in length.Just as each child grows and matures at different rates and at different times, so does that same child as it begins its life in the womb. The chart provided below provides benchmarks for most normal pregnancies. However, each fetus develops differently.by the end of 4 weeksall major systems and organs begin to form the neural tube (which becomes the brain and spinal cord), the digestive system, and the heart and circulatory system begin to form the beginnings of the ex and ears are developing tiny limb buds appear (which will develop into arms and legs) the heart is beating by the end of 8 weeksBy the end of the 8 weekall major body systems continue to develop and function, including the circulatory, nervous, digestive, and urinary systems the embryo is taking on a human shape, although the head is larger in proportion to the rest of the body the mouth is developing tooth buds (which will become baby teeth) the ex, nose, mouth, and ears are becoming more distinct the arms and legs are clearly visible the fingers and toes are still webbed but can be clearly distinguished the main organs continue to develop and you can hear the baby's heartbeat using an instrument called a Doppler the bones begin to develop and the nose and jaws are rapidly developing the embryo is in constant motion but cannot be felt by the mother By the end of the 12 weekThe child is now a fetusDevelopment of a childFetus after 12 weeks and is no longer called an embryoFetal Development During The Second TrimesterNow that all the major organs and systems have formed in the fetus, the following six months will be spent growing. The weight of the fetus will multiply more than seven times over the next few months, as the fetus becomes a baby that can survive outside of the uterus.By the end of the second trimester, the fetus will be about 13 to 16 inches long and weighs about 2 to 3 pounds. Fetal development during the second trimester includes the following:The fetus kicks, moves, and can turn from side to side. The ex have been gradually moving to the front of the face and the ears have moved from the neck to the sides of the head. The fetus can hear the mother's voice. A creamy white substance (called vernix caseosa, or simply vernix) begins to appear on the fetus and helps to protect the thin fetal skin. Vernix is gradually absorbed by the skin, but some may be seen on babies even after birth. The fetus is developing reflexes such as swallowing and sucking. The fetus can respond to certain stimuli. The placenta is fully developed. The brain will undergo its most important period of growth from the 5th month on. Fingernails have grown on the tips of the fingers and toes, and the fingers and toes are fully separated. The fetus goes through cycles of sleep and wakefulness. Skin is wrinkly and red, covered with soft, downy hair (called lanugo). Hair is growing on the head of the fetus. Fat begins to form on the fetus. Eyelids are beginning to open and the eyebrows and eyelashes are visible. Fingerprints and toeprints have formed. Rapid growth is continuing in fetal size and weight.third trimesterDuring the third trimester, the fetus continues to grow in size and weight. The lungs are still maturing and the fetus begins to position itself head-down. By the end of the third trimester, the fetus is about 19 to 21 inches long and weighs, on average, six to nine pounds. Fetal development during the third trimester includes:The fetus can see and hear. The brain continues to develop. The bones of the skull remain soft to make it easier to pass through the birth canal. For many babies, the irises of the ex are slate blue. The permanent eye color will not appear until several days or weeks after birth. The fetus can suck its thumb and has the ability to cry. By 38 to 40 weeks, the lungs have matured completely. A. ovaryB. uterusC. vaginaD. amniotic sac ................
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