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Literature has four subgenres :
Fiction, Drama, Poetry, and Literary Essay
Poetry
Literature---- Poetry: is a genre of literature written in verse and is fictional to express feelings and ideas.
Subgenres of Poetry are three : Lyric, Dramatic and narrative poetry.
Lyric Poetry : a short poem( by the poetic persona) that expresses personal feeling and thoughts but does Not represent dramatic scenes or narrative . It has rhythm and it use pictorial language.
A poem can be divided into stanzas{ a Stanza is a group of line – two or more- to express a certain feeling or idea
Fiction has four subgenres : Novel, Novella, Short story, and Micro fiction
The short story : is a brief , short, fictional narrative in prose
Elements of Fiction and Drama: Characters, theme, setting, plot, and Language and style , but Fiction ha other element narration.
1.Characters: people in literature
a. The protagonist : ( hero, heroine) : the main character
b. The Antagonist: a. a character who opposes the protagonist
b. a natural force ( winds, earthquakes ,flood, etc.)
c. a cultural or psychological factors
c. The villain: an evil character
( What type of character are there ?
a. a round character( a character who develops and surprises the readers or the audience)
b. a flat character ( a character with two characteristics and does Not change)
2. Narration : ( not in drama) is telling the story in two ways: the first is telling and the second is showing.
Types of narrators { the person who tells the story}:
a. A third person narrator : the outsider tells the story, the narrator does Not take part in the story. The third person narrator is trustworthy , a reliable narrator, and it could be omniscient ( all knowing narrator) , objective omniscient narrator , or objective narrator { like the eye of camera).
b. A first person narrator: the narrator is a character of the story. It is not reliable narrator and not omniscient narrator.
3. Setting : time ,place , and culture of the literary text.
4. Theme : the general ideas of the literary text.
5.plot:is an arrangement of events in literary texts.
Plot has five stages : Introduction, Rising Action , Climax, Falling Action and end.
Types of plot :
a. Chronological ( time sequence or order) plot
b. In media res plot: the plot begins near the middle or the end of the text with an important event the writer thinks he would attract the attention of the readers , and the writer fills the gap with the use of exposition or the flashbacks
6.Language and style:
a. Diction ( choice of words) and Syntax ( the order of words to form sentence)
b. Figures of Speech
1. Personification : to give the quality of a person to non human objects ( ideas , things , etc)
Examples : The night has a thousand eyes. ( stars)
The day has one eye. ( sun)
The spirit ( ghost) slept in its little bed beneath the earth.
2. Simile : to compare two unlike ( different) things with the use of ( as, like, as if , than) to stress the likeness between the two.
Example: Layla is like a red rose.
She is as a goddess.
Zaid is like a lion.
3. Metaphor : to compare two different things to stree the likeness between them
Examples : Layla is a red rose.
She is a goddess.
Zaid is a lion
4. Contrast : two opposed things , ideas , or characters represented to show a specific meaning or to understand one in comparing it with the other.
5. Foreshadowing : a hint or a clue to what will happen.
Example :Looking at the evening star, Ruthie and Bill drove to the west coast.
6. Symbol : a word or image to refer to something else
Example:
Michael gave a red rose to Emily. ( a symbol for love , romantic feelings)
7. Apostrophe: to address an absent person, a dead person , or nonhuman things such as an idea’ happiness’, or a thing ‘ Rose” for the sake of having a dialogue ( conversation).
Example: Kuwait, return to me my love.
Baba Jaber, come and see what happened to Kuwaitis.
8. Repetition: has two kinds :
a. Repetition of words , phrases , {or lines in poetry called 'refrains'} in order to give unity of voice
Example ' Alone , all alone'
b. Repetition of ideas or feelings to give a unity of meaning
Example While she thinks of unhappy experiences she looks sad.
9. Paradox : a statement has two ideas that seem impossible to happen but after a deep thought the statement seems true.
Example. Punishment is a road to justice.
' I may stand and rise ,o'erthrow me' in Donne's ' Batter My Heart.'
10. Oxymoron : it combines two contradictory elements.
Example: He is a wise fool.
11.Alliteration : the repetition of the initial consonant sounds through a sequence of words.
Example : ' First fight . ….'
12. Assonance : the repetition of a vowel sounds ( a, e, i, o, and u ) with different endings.
Example : The poet expresses his feelings in his poetry.
13. Allusion : a reference , directly or indirectly, history, the Koran, the Bible, literature and so forth to suggest the meaning or generalized implication in the story or the play and so forth.
Example : His mother remarried within six months of his father's death, Ali became sad and questioned his mother's love to his father, a situation that highlighted Hamlet's unhappiness .
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