Smoking Habbits of Students



CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Chapter I

1.1 Introduction to Portfolio Investment

1.2 Methodology

1.3 Objectives of the Project Report

1.4 Limitations of the Project report

1.5 Scope of the project report.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Portfolio

Well, this is one avenue of finance where there is so much ambiguity about its existence with various fund or portfolio managers. An individual can have a number of portfolios built up through various managers; all viable. This is the beauty of portfolios. Thus it is defined as

“Collection of investments held by individual or institution”.

A portfolio could be build up by investment analysis which is very common with most institutions, whilst an individual will consult a financial advisor or financial institution which offers portfolio management services. The whole idea is to diversify your investments so as minimize risk and maximize returns. Portfolio can include following assets:

❖ Stocks

❖ Bonds

❖ Options

❖ Warrants

❖ Gold certificates

❖ Real estate

❖ Futures contracts

❖ Production facility etc.

One of the secrets to successful long-term investing is portfolio investing, or diversification. These are big words to use with your friends (or your financial adviser), but they're big words which simply mean "not putting all your eggs in one basket".

There are two primary reasons for portfolio investing or diversification:

1. Protecting your capital, and

2. Ensuring you're able to maximize your return and minimize your risk.

Most savings association uses a team approach when engaging in portfolio management service. The two key players in portfolio management are:

1) Account portfolio manager

2) Account administrator

The portfolio manager is responsible for the account investments. In fulfilling this responsibility, the portfolio manager must choose investments that are suitable for the account. In making these choices, the portfolio manager keeps in mind the investment management objective for the account while operating within defined risk parameters. In order to achieve the identified objectives, each account’s needs should be defined as specifically as possible. These needs and the account objectives are generally identified by the account administrator. Once the needs have been established and the account objectives identified, the portfolio manager can then design a portfolio that will achieve the desired rate of return, keeping within an acceptable level of risk.

Determining Account Objectives

The account administrator must determine the objectives of the account. This can be accomplished through a combination of discussions with the settlor and other interested parties, as well as a review of the governing account instrument. In order to establish the account objectives, the account administrator must first determine the specific income requirements and needs of the account and/or the beneficiaries.

The account administrator must carefully consider the amount of income that the beneficiaries need from the account. Although guidance for a specific amount may be found in the governing instrument, most instruments simply provide that the beneficiaries should receive income sufficient to maintain a standard of living to which they have grown accustomed or that sufficient income be generated to meet the ascertainable standards of health, education, maintenance and support. In order to determine this amount, the account administrator must be aware of the beneficiary’s current financial condition, including the beneficiary’s current and future expenses as well as income from other sources. Also important in determining the income requirements are the interests of the remainder beneficiaries in preserving and increasing the principal of the account. All this information must be weighted together and certain conclusions reached which is then passed on to the portfolio manager to devise an investment strategy that meets the needs of the account.

Designing the Portfolio

In designing a mix of assets for an account, the portfolio manager must consider the timing of probable distributions from the account. For example, if the account beneficiary is elderly or disabled, then the portfolio should contain enough liquid assets to meet expected medical expenses.

It may be in the best interest of a beneficiary to minimize income, estate and generation-skipping taxes and the portfolio manager should design a portfolio accordingly. For example, tax-sheltered investments such as municipal bonds may be more appropriate for an account whose beneficiaries are in a high tax bracket, other considerations being equal. Although the tax consequences of retaining, purchasing and selling investments should not be the primary determinant for investment decisions, the tax consequences of such actions may be significant and the portfolio manager should be aware of such effects.

Investment objectives should, to the extent possible, be related to the age of the beneficiaries and the expected duration of the account. Establishing long-term investment goals for fiduciary accounts, which terminate within a relatively short period, would be inappropriate. For example, an account that will remain in existence through several levels of beneficiaries (spouse, children, grandchildren) should ordinarily have different investment objectives than an account that will terminate within a short period of time.

There are various investment strategies that may be utilized by a portfolio manager to achieve the objectives of an account. If the account’s objective is to minimize risk, then a conservative strategy will provide stability of income and principal and will also allow as much opportunity for appreciation as it is consistent with that objective. If the objective is to provide large financial returns to the account, then a more aggressive strategy will provide higher yields or principal appreciation; however, this strategy requires a greater degree of risk and wider tolerance for losses to achieve the objective. Attainment of these or other objectives can in most cases be best achieved by adopting specific investment vehicles or an appropriate mix of those vehicles. The portfolio manager should carefully document the decision-making process to show how the chosen investment strategy will achieve the stated goals of the trust account.

Next, the portfolio manager must implement the investment strategy. The implementation should correspond closely to the initial review of assets required by 12 CFR §550.210, one purpose of which is to compare assets used to fund the trust or received from a prior trustee for suitability and compatibility with the needs of the account. Assuming some restructuring of the portfolio is necessary; the portfolio manager should develop and implement a systematic program for retaining assets, purchasing appropriate assets and/or disposing of assets that are unsuitable for achieving the investment objectives. This restructuring may involve an extended time period so as to avoid sharp initial losses, take advantage of market timing or avoid adverse tax consequences, such as large capital gains. Documentation of the decision-making regarding the restructuring process is a good risk management practice.

ASSET CLASSES

The asset classes considered in this report are more on generalization per say rather than specific consideration. These are classes which would be considered worth investing for any type of corpus as well as type of client such as

❖ Aggressive

❖ Moderate

❖ Defensive

1.2 METHODOLOGY

The methodology followed consists of

❖ Primary research

❖ Secondary research

Primary research basically involves two types of survey:

1) Investor survey

2) Industry opinion

Apart from this I have taken advice from:

• Mr. RAJ BANDARI, DIRECTOR – HEAD DEALINGS, NETWORTH STOCK BROKING Ltd.

• Mr. SANDEEP BAID, SENIOR FUND ACCOUNTANT, FRANKLINN TEMPLETON

• Mrs. RESHMA DIAZ, MCX ANALYST.

• Mr. PURNANAND, SUB-BROKER, MAN FINANCIALS LTD.

• Mr. MUKESH GUPTA, PORTFOLIO EXPERT.

• Mr. SAURABH CHAKRABORTY, PORTFOLIO MANAGER

• Mr. GAUTAM TAURANI, PORTFOLIO MANAGER, JPMORGAN

1.3Objectives of the Project Report

The basic idea of the report is to communicate the basis on which portfolio is built considering various factors such as;

• risk appetite,

• desired returns,

• key players involved behind constructing a portfolio, market fluctuations,

• calculation of returns and finally zeroing on the optimum portfolio.

Some of the major objectives of the project report as follows:-

➢ Identification of various investment vehicles available to the investors.

➢ Identification of factors determining appropriate asset class/vehicle.

➢ Determining appropriate investment strategy with respect to Risk and Return.

➢ Construction of optimum Portfolio’s with respect to various types of Investors/clients. (Aggressive, Moderate & Defensive)

Since Equity investments are considered to be one the most widely used investment alternative available to the investors, my project report mainly focuses on Equity investments (in constructing portfolio’s) apart from theoretical explanation of various investment options available to the investors. However in our Portfolio due to the high risk free rates, the investments are diversified in to equities across sectors.

1.4 Limitations of Project Report

The study has certain limitation/constraints which have led to the obstruction, of widening the scope and objectives of the study.

• Limited industries are only covered in the study.

• The analysis is based on selective technical tools.

• Only equity investments are considered for portfolio construction

• The risk and return of scrip’s selected are analyzed as per BSE indexes only.

1.5 Scope of the Investment

As financial markets become more sophisticated and complex, investors need a financial intermediary who provides the required knowledge and professional expertise on successful investing. Portfolio management services are emerging as the favorite investment vehicle, it is because of many advantages it has over other forms and avenues of investing, particularly for the investor who has limited resources available in terms of capital and ability to carry out detailed research and market monitoring. The following are the major advantages of portfolio investment:

• Portfolio diversification

• Professional management

• Reduction/diversification of risk

• Reduction of transaction costs

• Liquidity

• Convenience and flexibility

• Safety

• Tailor made portfolio’s…etc

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

LITERATURE REVIEW

REVIEW 1 :

Investing in Private Equity Funds: A Survey

Ludovic Phalippou

University of Oxford - Said Business School; University of Oxford - Oxford-Man Institute of Quantitative Finance

Abstract:     

This literature review covers the issues faced by private equity fund investors. It shows what has currently been established in the literature and what has yet to be investigated. In particular, it shows the many important questions to be answered by future research. The survey shows that the average investor has obtained poor returns from investments in private equity funds, potentially because of excessive fees. Overall, investors need to gain familiarity with actual risk, past return, and specific features of private equity funds. Increased familiarity will improve the sustainability of this industry that plays such a central role in the economy.

REVIEW 2 :

Equity investment management and benchmarking at EDHEC-Risk Institute.

Type : EDHEC Publication

Dates :

Created on January 16, 2013Under the responsibility of Frédéric Blanc-Brude, Research Director at EDHEC Risk Institute—Asia, this chair examines the investment characteristics of infrastructure equity investment from the point of view of institutional investors.

This research chair aims to bring clarity to institutional investors and regulators about the nature and investment profile of underlying infrastructure assets and of different types of investment funds using infrastructure as an underlying asset. In the context of the current shift towards alternative investment amongst institutional investors, this work will benefit the entire investment management community and help improve asset allocation and portfolio construction decisions.

This research will follow three directions concurrently. First, by helping the investment management industry to better appreciate the financial economics and investment characteristics of underlying infrastructure investments, be they standalone projects or integrated utilities, we aim to contribute to improved investment vehicle design by intermediaries and to enhanced usage of infrastructure equity in long-term asset allocation decisions.

Second, in the context of the regulatory changes affecting long-term investors, we aim to develop theoretical insights allowing for finer risk assessment and valuation of infrastructure equity. The objective is to assist institutional investors in the design, calibration and update of internal models that adequately account for the specificities of equity infrastructure investment when determining risk-based solvency and capital requirements.

Finally, we aim to discuss the bases for a cash flow-reporting standard with the industry and engage in a wide-ranging effort to collect new data from investors in infrastructure equity, and work towards the development of meaningful and useful performance and risk benchmarks.

This foundation paper starts from the empirical observation that infrastructure investing has not proven straightforward for institutional investors and that investment performance has so far seemed out of sync with their expectations. It makes two important contributions to the approach of infrastructure equity investment: firstly, using fundamental results and insights from economics and corporate finance, it shows that underlying infrastructure equity investments are not real assets as is sometimes argued, but financial assets representing rights to contractually determined cash flows. Secondly, it reviews the past decade of academic research on investment vehicles using infrastructure equity as an underlying and shows that the infrastructure equity beta has so far remained elusive and that passive investment solutions remain to be built. This research chair is dedicated to promoting research supporting such developments.

REVIEW 3 :

Private Equity Fund Investing

Author info.

Filip Wijkström

Associate Professor

Director of Research

Stockholm School of Economics

Carin Holmquist

Professor

Director of Center for Entrepreneurship

and Business Creation

Stockholm School of Economics

Abstract

Private equity investing (PE) has experienced a rapid growth on a global scale over the

past several decades and has become a significant industry. But while scholars have

devoted considerable effort to studying the area of risk capital investing into

businesses, research about private equity as an asset class is surprisingly scarce. The

aim of the dissertation is to address this gap by enhancing the understanding of PE

fund investing in general, and specifically about how heterogeneity in investor-specific

characteristics and entry order strategies may impact performance.

Outside of the PE literature, the major theoretical framework for the dissertation

has been derived from the entry order streams of research. By cross-fertilizing theories

about first mover advantages (FMA) with ideas stemming from the imitation literature,

a developed research model and thereby a richer set of tools to theoretically explain

entry order behaviors and outcomes in environments less prevalent for existing FMA

research has been developed.

The strategy pursued to achieve the dissertation’s objectives was to apply both

inductive and deductive research approaches. In order to provide a rich and

comprehensive understanding of private equity as an asset class, a qualitative study was

undertaken based on in-depth interviews with institutional PE fund investors. In

addition, in order to facilitate a thorough investigation of the links between

organizational characteristics, entry order and performance, a quantitative study was

also carried out. Hypotheses were tested through the statistical analysis of unique data

covering all PE funds raised in Sweden between 1983 and 2003, collected within the

frame for this dissertation.

Based on a comprehensive set of interviews with PE fund investors, in-depth

insights about variances in motives for investing in the asset class, ways of working,

and investment strategies were acquired. One of the more interesting findings from

this study is that there seem to be two significantly divergent investment strategies that

lead to satisfactory performances when investing in PE funds: (i) to be a devoted,

highly skilled and independent investor, or (ii) to copy the behaviors and decisions of

other investors who are perceived as having high skills and thus have attained

prominence in the market. This, in turn, suggests that organization-specific

characteristics determine which strategy will be the optimal choice for a certain

investor.

REVIEW 4 :

The Relevance of Index Funds for Pension Investment in Equities

Aurthor info.

Ajay Shah and Kshama Fernandes

Abstract

The rise of index funds has been one of the most remarkable phenomena in the fund

industry over the past 25 years. The traditional rationale for the success of index funds is based

on market efficiency, net of transaction costs. In addition, we focus on the role played by agency

conflicts between fund managers and investors, which are hard to resolve given the low power of

statistical tests of performance.

Most of the empirical evidence about the superiority of index funds is from the United

States. We discuss issues in the application of index funds in developing countries, and the

policy issues in the financial sector that impact on the enabling market infrastructure for index

funds. Finally, we apply these ideas to thinking about the relevance of index funds in pension

investment.

REVIEW 5:

Social Security Investment in Equities I: Linear Case

Peter Diamond, Jean Geanakoplos

NBER Working Paper No. 7103

Issued in April 1999

NBER Program(s):   EFG

Social Security trust fund portfolio diversification to include some equities reduces the equity premium by raising the safe real interest rate. This requires changes in taxes. Under the hypothesis of constant marginal returns to risky investments, trust fund diversification lowers the price of land, increases aggregate investment, and raises the sum of household utilities, suitably weighted. It makes workers who do not own equities on their own better off, though it may hurt some others since changed taxes and asset values redistribute wealth across contemporaneous households and across generations. In our companion paper we reconsider the effects of diversification when there are decreasing marginal returns to safe and risky investment. Our analysis uses a two-period overlapping generations general equilibrium model with two types of agents, savers and workers who do not save. The latter represent approximately half of all workers who hold no equities whatsoever.

REVIEW 6 :

Information costs and home bias: an analysis of US holdings of foreign equities

• Alan G Ahearne,

• William L Griever,

• Francis E Warnock

• Division of International Finance, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, Stop 42A, 20th and C Streets NW, Washington, DC 20551, USA

Abstract

We test extant hypotheses of the home bias in equity holdings using high quality cross-border holdings data and quantitative measures of barriers to international investment. The effects of direct barriers to international investment, when statistically significant, are not economically meaningful. More important are information asymmetries that owe to the poor quality and low credibility of financial information in many countries. While a direct measure of information costs is not available, some foreign firms have reduced these costs by publicly listing their securities in the United States, where investor protection regulations elicit standardized, credible financial information. A proxy for the reduction in information asymmetries—the portion of a country’s market that has a public US listing—is a major determinant of a country’s weight in US investors’ portfolios. Foreign countries whose firms do not alleviate information costs by opting into the US regulatory environment are more severely underweighted in US equity portfolios.

REVIEW 7 :

U.S. Equity Investment in Emerging Stock Markets

1. Linda L. Tesar and

2. Ingrid M. Werner

Abstract

This article examines U.S. equity flows to emerging stock markets from 1978 to 1991 and draws three main conclusions. First, despite the recent increase in U.S. equity investment in emerging stock markets, the U.S. portfolio remains strongly biased toward domestic equities. Second, of the fraction of the U.S. portfolio that is allocated to foreign equity investment, the share invested in emerging stock markets is roughly proportional to the share of the emerging stock markets in the global market capitalization value. Third, the volatility of U.S. transactions in emerging-market equities is higher than in other foreign equities. The normalized volatility of U.S. transactions appears to be falling over time, however, and we find no relation between the volume of U.S. transactions in foreign equity and local turnover rates or volatility of stock returns.

REVIEW 8 :

An Information Based Explanation of the Domestic Bias in International Equity Investment

Thomas Gehrig

The Scandinavian Journal of Economics

Vol. 95, No. 1 (Mar., 1993), pp. 97-109

The Scandinavian Journal of Economics © 1993

Abstract:

The domestic bias in international equity investment presents a major challenge to asset pricing models building on the assumption of symmetrically informed investors. Some further evidence on the home bias is provided and the question of why foreign exchange risk or capital controls are not sufficient to explain the full effect is discussed. A simple noisy rational expectations model is introduced where, even in equilibrium, investors remain incompletely informed. It is shown that the domestic bias arises quite naturally when investors are on average better informed about domestic stocks

Chapter II

2.1 Types of portfolio

2.2 Asset Classes

2.3 Equity

2.3 Concept of Risk and Returns

2.1 TYPES OF PORTFOLIO

To add a broader perspective to portfolio investment we have considered 3 types of investors:

1) Aggressive: The type of portfolio constructed for an aggressive investor would include majority of its investments into equities as shown.

2) Moderate: This type of portfolio would see a striking balance of investments between equities, mutual funds, gold etc.

3) Defensive: This type of portfolio will have a stable return with minimum risk involved with most of the investments in fix deposit’s (FD’s), bonds etc, however in our portfolio due to the high risk free rates, the investments are diversified into equities across sectors.

We have also designed an ideal portfolio according to our analysis and the industry feedback that we received after the surveys and interviews. The ideal portfolio is modeled on the aggressive portfolio due to high rewards and sustainable risk.

The basic idea of the report is to communicate the basis on which portfolio is built considering various factors such as; risk appetite, desired returns, key players involved behind constructing a portfolio, market fluctuations, calculation of returns and finally zeroing on the optimum portfolio. Thus there are 4 portfolios been designed and the last portfolio is the ideal one according to the analysis, surveys and industry opinion.

2.2 ASSET CLASSES

Investors can sell their mutual fund on any business day and receive the current market value on their investments within a short period of time (within 3 to 5 days).

❖ Affordability

The minimum initial investment for a mutual fund is fairly low for most of the funds (as low as Rs. 500 for some schemes). Mutual funds are liable to special set of regulatory, accounting and tax rules. Unlike most other types of business entities, they are not taxed on their income as long as they distribute substantially all of it to their shareholders. Also the type of income they earn is often unchanged as it passes through to the shareholders. Mutual fund distributions of tax-free municipal bond income are also tax-free to the shareholder. Taxable distributions can be either ordinary income or capital gains, depending on how the fund earned those distributions.

NET ASSET VALUE

The net asset value or NAV, is the current market value of fund’s holdings, usually expressed as per-share amount. For most funds the NAV is determined daily, after the close of trading on some specific financial exchange. This is not a thumb rule to be followed. Some funds update it multiple times days during the trading day. In case of open-end funds the shares are sold and redeemed at NAV so the orders are processed only after the NAV is determined. Close end-funds may trade at a price a higher or lower than the NAV; this i

Plans

❖ Fixed income plans (FMPS).

❖ Gold exchange traded funds.

❖ Systematic investment plans (SIP).

2.2.3 EQUITY

Stock market can be viewed as a market for trading of company stock and derivatives of the same. Both these securities are listed on stock exchange as well as those only traded privately.

Equity investment

This generally refers to buying and selling or of holding of shares of stock market. This activity could be carried out by individuals as well as firms and funds in anticipation of income from dividends capital gain as the value of stock rises.

When the investment is in infant companies, it is referred to as venture capital investing and is generally understood to be higher risk than investment in listed going-concern situations.

Direct holdings and pooled funds

The equities held by private individuals are often held via mutual funds or other forms of pooled investment vehicle, many of which have quoted prices that are listed in financial newspapers and magazine. The mutual funds are typically managed by prominent fund management firms (e.g. Fidelity or Vanguard)

Pros

❖ Access to professional investor skills and obtaining diversification of holdings.

❖ Regular written reports.

❖ Dividend payments.

Cons

❖ Fees payable to the manager at entry, annually and exit.

❖ Over diversify.

2.3 THE CONCEPT OF RISK & RETURNS

The primary objective of any investor is to maximize his returns and

minimize his risk from his investments, subject to various constraints, of course.

Return is a kind of motivation, inspiring the investor in the form of rewards, for undertaking the investment. The importance of returns in any investment decision can be traced to the following factors:

❖ It enables investors to compare alternative investments in terms of what they have to offer the investor.

❖ Measurement of historical returns enables the investors to assess how well they have done.

❖ Measurement of past returns also helps in estimation of future returns.

This reveals that there are 2 types of returns:

1) Realized or Historical returns

2) Expected returns.

❖ Realized Return:

This is ex-post (after the fact) return, or return that was or could have been earned. For example, a deposit of Rs. 1000/- in a bank on Jan 1, at a stated annual interest rate of 10% will be worth Rs 1,100 exactly a yr later. The historical or realized return in this case is 10%.

❖ Expected return:

This is the return from an asset that investor anticipate or expect to earn over some future period. The expected return is subject to uncertainty or risk and may or may not occur. The investor compensates for the uncertainty in returns and the timing of those returns by requiring an expected return is sufficiently high to offset the risk or uncertainty.

Components of Return

What constitutes the return on any investment? Return is basically made up of 2 components:

❖ The periodic cash receipts or income on the investment in the form of interest, dividends, etc. The term yield is often used in connection with this component of return. Yield refers to the income derived from a security in relation to its price, usually its purchase price. For example, the yield on a 10% bond at a purchase price of Rs. 900 is 11.11%.

❖ The appreciation (depreciation) in price of the asset is referred to as capital gain (loss). This is the difference between the purchase price and the price at which the asset can be sold.Many investors have capital gains as their primary objective and expect this component to be larger than the income component.

2.3.1 MEASURING THE RATE OF RETURN

The rate of return is the total return the investor receives during the holding period stated as a percentage of the purchase price of the investment at the beginning of the holding period. In other words, it is the income from the security in the form of cash flows and the difference in price of the security between the holding periods expressed as

percentage of purchase price of the security at the beginning of the holding period.

The general equation for calculating the rate of return is shown below:

k = Dt + (Pt - Pt-1)

Pt-1

Where, k = Rate of return

Pt = Price of the security at time‘t’ i.e. at the end of the holding

Period.

Pt-1 = Price of the security at time ‘t-1’ i.e. at the beginning of the

Holding period or purchase price.

Dt = Income or cash flows receivable from the security at time‘t’.

Rate of return are usually stated at an annual percentage rate to allow comparison of returns between securities. Let us first look at the calculation of rate of return of an equity stock then a bond.

STOCK’S RATE OF RETURN

What are 2 components of return from shares? The first component “Dt” is the income in cash from dividends and the second component is the price change (appreciation and depreciation).

Illustration 1: If a share of ACC is purchased for Rs. 3,850 on FEB 8 of last yr and sold for Rs, 3800 on FEB 9 of this yr and the company paid a dividend of Rs.35 for the yr, how do we calculate the rate of return?

k = 35 + ( 3800-3580) / 3580 = 7.12%

RATE OF RETURN OF BOND

In the case of bonds, instead of dividends, the investor is entitled to payments of interest annually or semi-annually, based on the coupon rate. The investor also benefits if there is an appreciation on the price of the bond.

Probabilities and Rates of Return:

What are probabilities? A probability is a number that describes the chances of an event taking place. Probabilities are governed by 5 rules and range from 0 to 1.

❖ A probability can never be larger than 1. In other words maximum probability of an event taking place is 100%.

❖ The sum total of probabilities must be equal to 1.

❖ A probability can never be a negative number.

❖ If an outcome is certain to occur, it is assigned a probability of 1, while impossible outcomes are assigned a probability of 0.

❖ The possible outcomes must be mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive.

How does probability affect the rate of return? In a world of uncertainty, the expected return may or may materialize. In such situation, the expected rate of return for any asset is the weighted average rate of return using the probability of each rate of return as the weight. The expected rate of return ‘k’ is calculated by summing the products of rates of return and their respective probabilities. This can be mathematically stated as follows:

n

k =∑ Pi ki

i=1

Where, k= Expected rate of return.

Pi = probability associated with the ith possible outcome.

ki = rate of return from the ith possible outcome.

n = number of possible outcomes

RISK

Risk and return go hand in hand in investments and finance. One cannot talk about returns without talking about risk, because, investments decisions always involve a trade-off between risk and return. Risk can be defined as “the chance that the actual outcome from an investment will differ from the experienced outcome”. This means that, the more variable the possible outcomes that can occur, the greater the risk.

RISK AND EXPECTED RATE OF RETURN

The width of a probability of rates of return is a measure of risk. The wider the probability distribution, the greater is the risk or greater the variability of return the greater the variance.

SOURCES OF RISK

What are the various sources of risk? What are the factors which make any financial asset risky? Let us look at some of general sources of risk.

❖ Interest rate risk: It is the variability in a security’s return resulting from changes in the level of interest rates. Other things being equal, security prices move inversely to the interest rates. The reason for this is related to the valuation of securities. This risk affects bondholders more directly than equity investors.

❖ Market risk: Market risk refers to the variability of returns due to the influence and fluctuations in securities market. All securities are exposed to market risk but equity shares get the most affected. The risk includes a wide range of factors exogenous to securities themselves like expressions, wars, politics, etc

❖ Inflation risk: With the rise in inflation there is reduction of purchasing power , hence this is also referred to as purchasing power risk and affects all securities. This risk is also directly related to interest rate risk, as interest rates go up with inflation.

❖ Business risk: This refers to the risk of doing business in particular industry or environment and it gets transferred to the investors who invest in the business or company.

❖ Financial risk: Financial risk arises when companies resort to financial leverage or the use of debt financing. The more the company resorts to debt financing, the greater is the financial risk.

❖ Liquidity risk: This risk is associated with the secondary market in which the particular security is traded. A security which can be bought or sold quickly without significant price concessions is considered liquid. The greater the uncertainty about the time element and the price concession, the, greater the liquidity risk. Securities which have ready markets like treasury bills have lesser liquidity risk.

MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL RISK

Risk is associated with the dispersion in the likely outcomes. Dispersion refers to variability. If an asset’s returns have no variability, it has no risk. An investor analyzing series of returns on an investment over a period of years needs to know something about the variability of its returns or in other words the asset’s total risk. There are different ways to measure variability of returns.

The range of the returns, i.e. the difference ways between the highest possible rate of return and the lowest possible rate of return is one measure, but range is based on only 2 extreme values.

The variance of an asset’s rate can be found as the sum of the squared deviation of each possible rate of return from the expected rate of return multiplied by the probability that the rate of return occurs.

VAR (k) = ∑i=1 to n Pi (ki – k )2

Where, VAR(k) = Variance of returns

Pi = Probability associated with the ith possible outcome

ki = rate of return from ith possible outcome.

k = expected rate of return

n = number of years.

A third and most popular way of measuring variability of returns is standard deviation. The standard deviation denoted by sigma is simply the square root of variance of the rates of return

Sigma = √VAR (k) = [ ∑i=1 to n Pi (ki – k)2]1/2The standard deviation and variance are conceptually equivalent quantitative measures of total risk. Standard deviation is preferred to range because of the following advantages.

❖ Unlike the range, standard deviation considers every possible event and assigns each a weight equal to its probability.

❖ Standard deviation is a very familiar concept and many calculators and computers are programmed to calculate it.

❖ Standard deviation is a measure of dispersion around the expected value. This is in absolute consensus with the definition of risk as “variability of returns”.

❖ Standard deviation is obtained as the square root of squared differences multiplied by their probabilities. This facilitates comparison of risk as measured by standard deviation and expected returns as both are measured in the same costs. This is why standard deviation is preferred to variance as a measure of risk.

DIVERSIFIABLE AND NON-DIVERSIFIABLE RISK

The fact returns on stocks do not move in perfect tandem means that risk can be reduced by diversification. But the fact that there is some positive correlation means that in practice risk can never be reduced to zero. So, there is a limit on the amount of risk that can be reduced through diversification. This can be traced to 2 major reasons.

Degree of correlation

The amount of risk reduction depends on the degree of positive correlation between stocks. The lower the degree of positive correlation, the greater is the amount of risk reduction that is possible.

The number of stocks in the portfolio

The amount of risk reduction achieved by diversification also depends on the number of stocks in the portfolio. As the number of stocks increases, the diversifying effect of each additional stock diminishes as shown in figure below.

The following illustration explains the above:-

Risk

Total risk portfolio

Diversifiable

Non-diversifiable

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Number of securities in the portfolio

As the figure indicates, the major benefits of diversification are obtained with the 1st 10 to 12 stocks, provided they are drawn from industries that are not closely related. Additions to the portfolio beyond this point continue to reduce total risk but benefits are diminishing.

From the figure it is also apparent that it is the diversifiable risk that is being reduced unlike the non-diversifiable risk which remains constant whatever your portfolio is. What are diversifiable or non-diversifiable risks? The risk of any individual stock can be separated into 2 components:

❖ Diversifiable risk

❖ Non-diversifiable risk.

Non-diversifiable is that type of risk that is related to general economy or the stock market as a whole and hence cannot be eliminated by diversification. These are also referred to as market risk or systematic risk.

Factors determining Non-diversifiable risk

❖ Major changes in tax rates

❖ War and calamities

❖ An increase or decrease in inflation rates

❖ A change in economic policy

❖ Industrial recession

❖ An increase in international oil prices, etc.

Factors determining Diversifiable risk

❖ Company strike

❖ Bankruptcy of a major supplier

❖ Death of a key company officer

❖ Unexpected entry of new competitor into the market etc.

.

CHAPTER 3

INDUSTRY PROFILE

COMPANY PROFILE

3.1 INDUSTRY PROFILE

Stock Market Basics:-

Understanding the stock market starts with a basic understanding stocks. A stock represents partial ownership of a company – the smallest share possible. Company's issues stocks to raise capital and investors who buy stock are actually buying a portion of the company. Ownership, even a small share, gives investors rights to a say in how the company is run and a share in the profits (if any). While stocks give owners certain rights, they do not carry obligation in case the company defaults or faces a lawsuit. In a worst-case scenario the stock will become worthless but that is the limit to the investor's liability.

Companies issue stocks to raise capital. They may need a cash injection to expand or to acquire new properties. Each stock issue is limited to a certain number of shares, and when they are issued they are given a par value. The market quickly adjusts that par value according the perceived health of the company and its potential for growth.

Investors usually buy stocks because they believe the company will continue to grow and the value of their shares will rise accordingly. Investors who acquire stock in a new company are taking more of a risk than buying shares of well-established companies but the potential gain is much greater. Those who bought Microsoft shares early in the game (and did not sell them) saw an exponential rise in their value.

Stock Market Trading:-

The phrase Stock Market Trading is commonly used to encompass both the physical location for buying and selling (trading) stocks as well as the overall activity of the market within a certain country. When we hear an expression such as the stock market was down today it refers to the combined stock market trading activity of many stock exchanges i.e. the New York Stock Exchanges (NYSE) NASDAQ etc, in the United States.

Stock Exchange is the term for the physical location where the actual activity of stock trading/share trading or investing in stocks takes place. Most countries have many different stock exchanges and usually a particular company's stocks are traded on only one exchange, although large corporations may be listed in several different locations.

Stock Exchanges:-

Stock exchanges exist throughout the world. It is possible to buy or sell stocks on any of them by having trading accounts with the various stock trading programs. You can also get stock trading information from these exchanges. The only restriction is the opening hours of each exchange. For example, NYSE and NASDAQ allow stock market trading operations from 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time from Monday to Friday. Other exchanges have similar opening hours based on their local time. If you want to trade on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange your order will be executed sometime between 9:30 p.m. and 4:00 a.m. New York Time.

The major stock exchanges of the world are located in Japan (Tokyo Stock Exchange), India (Bombay Stock Exchange), Europe (London Stock Exchange, Frankfurt Stock Exchange, and SWX Swiss Exchange), the People's Republic of China (Shanghai Stock Exchange) and the United States. The major exchanges in the US are the NYSE, NASDAQ, and Amax.

By providing a centralized, ready market for the exchange of securities, stock exchanges greatly facilitate the financing of business through flotation of stocks and bonds. However, speculative stock market trading can sometimes accentuate the instability of an economy.

The reality of the Great Depression was emphasized by the stock market crash in 1929. Federal laws administered by the Securities and Exchange Commission regulate the interstate sale of securities and certain stock exchange practices in the United States.

Stock market trading closely follows the economy of a country. When the economy is doing well, the market is bullish. Bull markets occur during times of high economic production, low unemployment and low inflation. Bear markets, on the other hand, follow downtrends in the economy. When inflation and unemployment see an upturn, stock prices start falling. Hence, to keep investments safe, savvy investors track various economic indices, stock trading information, and stock market trends.

Fluctuations in stock prices are also driven by supply and demand, which in turn are determined to a large extent on investor psychology. Seeing a stock rise in price may cause investors to jump on the bandwagon and this rush to buy drives the price even faster. A falling price can have the same effect. These are short-term fluctuations. Stock prices tend to normalize after such runs. Hence, to predict possible upturns or downturns in the stock markets, it becomes imperative to track and analyze stock trading information.

The stock exchange is only one of many opportunities to invest. Other popular markets include the Foreign Exchange Market (FOREX), the Futures Market, and the Options Market.

The FOREX is the biggest (in terms of value of trades) investment market in the world. FOREX traders buy one currency against another and can profit from small changes in value. Most FOREX trades are entered and exited in one 24-hour span, and traders have to keep a close watch on the market in order to make profitable trades.

Futures & Options:-

The Futures Market is a market of contracts to buy and sell goods at specified prices and times. It exists because buyers and sellers of goods wish to lock in prices for future delivery, but market conditions can make the actual futures contract fluctuate considerably

in value. Most investors in the futures market are not interested in the actual goods - only in the profit that can be realized in trading the contracts.

The Options Market is similar to the Futures Market in that an option is a contract that gives you the right (but not the obligation) to trade a stock at a certain price before a specified date. They can be traded on their own or purchased as a form of insurance against price fluctuations within a certain time frame.

All three of these markets are quite risky and require considerable knowledge and experience to prevent substantial losses. They also require close attention to market movements. Stock Investments, on the other hand, are less risky because movements of the market are usually gradual. Although short-term investment strategies are possible, most view stocks as long-term investments. But whatever your financial objectives may be, try to track stock trading information. This will help you in maximizing your profits and keeping your investments safe.

Stock Trading Strategies:-

There are two basic ways to trade the stock market – shooting in the barrel or using effective stock trading strategies to determine which stocks to buy, when to sell, and how to protect your investment dollars. Needless to say, strategies outperform barrel shooting by a large margin. There are, however, hundreds of stock market trading strategies to choose from. Of all of these, there are a couple of tried and trued methods that have worked well for investors over many years. The nubile investor is advised to investigate some of these basic strategies and see for himself how they perform. New stock trading strategies can be explored once the basic ones are well.

Hedging – A good stock market strategy:

Hedging is a one of the better stock trading strategies to follow if your objective is capital protection. Hedging is a way of protecting an investment by reducing the risks involved in holding a particular stock. The risk that the price of the stock will drop can be offset by buying a put option that allows you to sell at the stock at a particular price within a certain time frame. If the price of the stock falls, the value of the put option will increase. If you have a broad portfolio, buying put options against individual stocks can be an expensive stock market investing strategy to follow. A better option may be to buy a put option on the stock market itself. This protects you against general market declines. Another way to hedge against market declines is to sell financial futures like the S&P 500 futures.

Dogs of the Dow – Stock market trading strategies of the past:

This is a strategy that became popular during the 1990s. The idea was to buy the best-value stocks in the Dow Industrial Average by choosing the 10 stocks that have the lowest P/E ratios and the highest dividend yields. The companies on the Dow Index are mature

Companies that offer reliable investment performance. The idea is that the lowest 10 on the Dow had the most potential for growth over the coming year.

A new twist on the Dogs of the Dow is the Pigs of the Dow. This stock market investing strategy selects the worst 5 Dow stocks by looking at the percentage of price decline in the previous year. As with the Dogs, the idea is that the Pigs stand tore bound more than the others.

Buying on Margin – One of the Risky stock trading strategies

Buying on margin means to buy stocks with borrowed money – usually from your broker. Margin gives you more return than if you were to pay the full cost outright because you receive more stock for a lower initial investment. Margin buying can also be risky because if the stock loses value your losses will be correspondingly greater. When buying on margin the investor should have stop-loss orders in place to limit losses in the case of market reversal. The amount of margin should be limited to about 10% of the value of your total account.

Dollar Cost and Value Averaging – A Good Strategies

Dollar cost averaging involves investing a fixed dollar amount on a regular basis. An example would be buying shares of a mutual fund on a monthly basis. If the fund drops in price the investor will receive more shares for his money. Conversely, when the price is higher, the fixed amount will buy fewer shares. An alternative to this is value averaging. The investor decides on a regular value he wishes to invest. For example, he may wish to invest $100 a month in a mutual fund. When the price of the fund is high he puts a higher dollar amount in the fund and when the price is low he spends less money. This averages out his investment to the original $100 per month. Stock Trading Strategies like Value averaging almost always outperforms dollar cost averaging as a percentage return on the money invested. When used as part of a broader trading strategy, it can help secure the growth of your investment fund.

Stock Market Indexes:-

Stock indexes are a statistical average of a particular stock exchange or sector. Indexes are composed of stocks which have something in common – they are all part of the same exchange; they are part of the same industry; or they represent companies of a certain size or location.

There are many different stock indexes, the most common in the United States being the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the NYSE Composite index, and the S&P 500 Composite Stock Price Index. Stock indexes give an overall perspective about the economic health of a particular industry or stock exchange.

There are several different ways to calculate indexes. An index based solely on the price of stocks is called a 'price weighted index'. This type of index does not take into consideration the importance of any particular stock or the size of the company. An index, which is 'market value weighted', on the other hand, takes into account the size of the companies. That way, price shifts of small companies have less influence than those of larger companies. Another type of index is the 'market-share weighted' index. This type of index is based on the number of shares rather than their total values.

Stock Trading Systems:-

By following a stock trading system, market condition will at times be favorable to buy and at other times be favorable to sell. Clearly defined conditions give 'signals' that the educated investor can read and act on. Signals are not as crucial for the long-term investor. For these people, market conditions and the value of particular companies can be watched on a daily basis. For day-traders, however, signals are crucial for acting quickly on stock market movements.

Investors who treat trading as a full-time job have the time to watch the market movements for signals. Oftentimes, however, signals can be automated and integrated into trading software. The investor can choose which signals to be alerted about and they will automatically appear on screen. Software signals are usually only available by subscription and some services charge hundreds of dollars a year for a complete package. This includes trading software and access to up-to-the-minute charts for the latest information about the stock market.

Investors who don't have the time to watch the market closely can subscribe to services, which publish signals on a daily or hourly basis. These stock-trading systems may employ market analysts who may follow several indicators to arrive at a particular signal. More commonly, however, their systems are completely automated with signals being generated by software, which examines market conditions. Some of these services have a better track record than others – it's a good idea to research them before signing up.

With any third-party signal provider it pays to know how the signals are being generated. Since there are such a large number of market indicators some of them may contradict each other. In addition, a particular indicator may send out conflicting signals depending on the time frame.

Market conditions also play an important part on the accuracy of indicators. During upswings in the market, for example, trend indicators will send out buy signals but longer-term oscillator indicators will view the market as being overbought and send out a sell

Signal. Generally speaking, trend indicators are most accurate during trend conditions and oscillators are best during times of transition. Both types of indicators are often in variance with the other.

To overcome these problems, try to find a signal generator that uses at least 3 market indicators for verification. Signals that are verified by 3 different indicators are strong and tend to be accurate. It is also important to look at signals from varying time frames. An upswing may simply be a short-term correction and the market may afterwards continue its downward movement. Taking a broad view of market conditions allows you to see these variations more clearly.

Depending on the type of stock trading system you sign up for, signals can be delivered by email on a daily basis, available for viewing on a website, or be integrated into your trading software so that popes appear on your screen for particular signals that you are watching.

Companies, which provide signals usually, offer their services on a monthly basis. Some are quite expensive – as high as several hundred dollars a month. These are obviously aimed at the professional trader but other services are also available at more reason able costs.

The value of these stock-trading systems has to be weighed by the individual investor. They can be a great time saver but they may also encourage laziness when it comes to analyzing the market. A knowledgeable trader should have the tools necessary to judge the effectiveness of a signal system and do some of the calculations himself to keep on top of the market.

Stock Market Prices:-

In glancing through the stock market prices listed in the newspaper one might wonder how stocks are priced and what affects price movement? After all, there is a wide variety of prices and some well-known companies are traded for relatively low prices while obscure listings.

To a certain extent stock market prices are determined by investor confidence but that confidence in turn is based on real or perceived performance. Companies report their financial status on a quarterly basis when they disclose cash flow, sales and earnings. These hard numbers are the foundation of a company's worth, but investor speculation can undermine or override actual financial data.

Rumors abound on the stock market, and if there is news that a company is about to make a strategic move buyers may flock to buy that stock. As with any other market, the principal of supply and demand applies. If there is a sudden upsurge in investor interest, the price of a stock will rise accordingly. Conversely, fear among investors can cause a stock price to plummet. In the long run, however, company performance and worth are the biggest factors in determining stock prices.

Stock market prices are available from many sources. Newspapers carry market summaries of the day's movements and online sources can provide current prices around the clock. Stockbrokers can also provide stock market quotes– either online or by telephone in the case of full-service brokers.

A stock market quote table in a newspaper or Internet web site is full of useful information that can help the investor make decisions about buying or selling stocks. Being able to read a stock table is a necessary skill for anyone interested in the stock market.

A typical stock market quote table looks something like this:

Latest Change 52 Weeks

|Symbol |Price |Net |

|1 |Bombay Stock Exchange |1875 |

|2 |Hyderabad Stock Exchange. |1943 |

|3 |Ahmedabad Share and Stock Brokers Association. |1957 |

|4 |Calcutta Stock Exchange Association Limited. |1957 |

|5 |Delhi Stock Exchange Association Limited. |1957 |

|6 |Madras Stock Exchange Association Limited. |1957 |

|7 |Indoor Stock Brokers Association. |1958 |

|8 |Bangalore Stock Exchange. |1963 |

|9 |Cochin Stock Exchange. |1978 |

|10 |Pune Stock Exchange Limited. |1982 |

|11 |U.P Stock Exchange Association Limited. |1982 |

|12 |Ludhiana Stock Exchange Association Limited. |1983 |

|13 |Jaipur Stock Exchange Limited. |1984 |

|14 |Gauhathi Stock Exchange Limited. |1984 |

|15 |Mangalore Stock Exchange Limited. |1985 |

|16 |Maghad Stock Exchange Limited, Patna. |1986 |

|17 |Bhuvaneshwar Stock Exchange Association Limited. |1989 |

|18 |Over the Counter Exchange of India, Bombay. |1989 |

|19 |Saurasthra Ketch Stock Exchange Limited. |1990 |

|20 |Vadodara Stock Exchange Limited. |1991 |

|21 |Coimbatore Stock Exchange Limited. |1991 |

|22 |Meerut Stock Exchange Limited. |1991 |

|23 |National Stock Exchange Limited. |1992 |

|24 |Integrated Stock Exchange. |1999 |

(Table-1)

3.2 COMPANY PROFILE

About Networth Stock broking Ltd.

Ever since its inception in 1993, Networth Stock Broking Limited (NSBL) has sought to provide premium financial services and information, so that the power of investment is vested with the client. They equip those who invest with them to make intelligent investment decisions, providing them with the flexibility to either tap company’s extensive knowledge and expertise, or make their own decisions.

NSBL made its debut into the financial world by servicing Institutional clients, and proved its high scalability of operations by growing exponentially over a short period of time. Now, powered by a top-notch research team and a network of experts, they provide an array of retail broking services across the globe - spanning India, Middle East, Europe and America. They are a Depository participant at Central Depository Services India (CDSL) and National Securities Depository (NSDL)

Their strong support, technology-driven operations and business units of research, distribution and advisory coalesce to provide you with a one-stop solution to cater to all broking and investment needs. Their customers have been participating in the booming commodities markets with membership at the Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX) and National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX) through Networth Stock Com Ltd.

NSBL is a member of the National Stock Exchange of India Ltd (NSE) and the Bombay Stock Exchange Ltd (BSE) on the Capital Market and Derivatives (Futures & Options) segment. It is also a listed company at the BSE. Networth Stock Broking Limited (NSBL) has sought to provide premium financial services and information

NETWORTH’s Team of Experts

Owing to the vision and expertise of their team of experts, Networth has established itself as one of the premier financial services organization in India. Networth professionals form the backbone of the organization, pooling together their expertise from top financial service and broking houses.

A strong team of professionals, experienced and qualified pool of human resources drawn from top financial service & broking houses form the back bone of their sizeable infrastructure. Highly technology oriented, the company's scalability of operations and the highest level of service standards has ensured rapid growth in the number of locations & the clients serviced in a very short span of time.

Key Persons of Networth

S.P. Jain - Chairman & Managing Director

SathyanRajan - Director & Head – Sales

J. Gopalakrishnan- Vice President & Southern Region Head

Girish V Dev- Director & COO

Raj Bhandari- Director & Head – Dealing

Corporate overview

• Networth is a listed entity on the BSE since 1994

• The company is professionally managed with experience of over a decade in broking and advisory services

• Networth is a member of BSE, NSE, MCX, NCDEX, AMFI, CDSL

• Current network in India with 256 branches and franchise. Presence in major metros and cities

• Empanelled with prominent domestic Mutual Funds, Insurance Companies, Banks, Financial Institutions and Foreign Financial Institutions.

• Strong experienced professional team

• 50000+ strong and growing client base

• Average daily broking turnover of around INR 5 billion

• AUM with Investment Advisory Services of around INR 6 billion

Infrastructure

• A corporate office and 3 divisional offices in CBD of Mumbai which houses state-of-the-art dealing room, research wing & management and back offices.

• All of 256 branches and franchisees are fully wired and connected to hub at Corporate office at Mumbai. Add on branches also will be wired and connected to central hub

• Web enabled connectivity and software in place for net trading.

• 200 operative ID’s for dealing room

• State of the Art accounting and billing system, on line risk management system in place with 100% redundancy back up.

• In house technology back up team to ensure un-interrupted connectivity.

Products and services portfolio

• Retail and institutional broking

• Research for institutional and retail clients

• Distribution of financial products

• Corporate finance

• Net trading

• Depository services

• Commodities Broking

[pic]

[pic]

The Networth connectivity with 256 branches and growing

Networth Research Products

• India Daily Notes – Market Insight for the day

• Market Musing – What’s Hot and What’s not !!!

• Bullion Tracker – Analysis of trends in Gold & Silver

• Economy Pulse – Monthly overview of macro factors

• Company-Specific Reports – Detailed fundamental report subsequent to plant visit & management meet

• Pre-Quarter Result Previews – Result preview of companies under coverage

• Result Update – Post result review of companies under coverage

• Stock Stance - Management Visit Note

• Theme-Based Reports –Budget Analysis, Dividend

NSBL - Objectives of the Company:

❖ To increase its investors all over the country

❖ To provide better services to their clients

❖ To maintain good relation with the clients

❖ Increasing the profits of the company

❖ To lead their transactions under the control Act of Securities Exchange Board of India 1992

NSBL - Product / Service produced:

Here the product means service relate to the company the company Brokerage Services. Its hasspreaded across over the country with experienced and expertized in the Brokerage services rendered by the Brokers in their Branches to their Investors.

NSBL – Market Research:

Market research is one of important Methodology for finding the problem and make analyze and interpret and solve the problem. In every area it has sharing the contribution towards successing the projects / problems.

In the NSBL company has also adopted this technique by Research analysts to these brokers utilizes and understands their researches then they will moving in a right path. The research analysts analyses the company performance and what are the company’s stocks are moving why the company’s scrips prices are fluctuating and what are the effects for this situations under the circumstances. Then the company successfully operating their activities produce of good operating Results.

NSBL – Operating Results:

The Operating Results of the NSBL company is satisfactory compare to its competitors are India Bulls, Networth Stock Broking ltd, India info line etc., They are giving quality services to their clients and improving their retained gains. Through this they are creating new clients through adopting different strategies for attracting the clients towards its business then its future glorious.

NSBL – Future Outlook:

Its future will be Glorious because it has recently launches new service to

expand its business i.e., NSBL - INSURANCE it tie ups with other insurance companies like Reliance insurance and Bajaj life insurance to gather the customers towards their company to other insurance companies they will gain the profit like the company NSBL

planned for the future make its fruitful.

CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS

AND

PRESENTATION

Chapter IV

4.2. Survey Analysis

4.3. Asset Profile

4.3 SURVEY ANALYSIS

[pic]

The above chart shows the breakup of the investment experience of the investors. As seen from the graph, majority investors lie under nil experience and experience less than 3 years. This undermines the importance of portfolio investment service to tap the market and develop the investing habits of the people.

[pic]

The above graph shows the break up of the age of the people surveyed in order to understand the age factor in planning the portfolio for the investors. The age determines a quotient in the investment pattern in terms of the sectoral investments within the different asset classes. The age factor is an important determinant of the stage of investment of the investor in order to plan the portfolio of the investor. It helps to evaluate the factors such as risk appetite and need of funds.

[pic]

The above graph illustrates the monthly disposable income among the respondents. As we can observe that most of the investors fall under less than Rs.10000 while the no of respondents under Rs. 10000-20000 is stood at 8 ( the second most). The investors whose disposable income between Rs. 20000-50000 is less which account to 4 respondents only, while only 1 investor disposable income is more than Rs. 50000.

The above graph can be interpreted as an equal need among investors for capital appreciation as well regular income from the investments. As you can observe from the figure above showing an equal no; of respondents responds their objective as capital appreciation and regular income. This shows the broader division of investors objective into two aspects as mentioned above.

[pic]

This is an important indicator of the liquidity preference of the investors which helps to determine effective portfolio construction. The above figure shows the withdrawal period of the investors. It can be observed from the above figure that most of the investors withdraw their savings within a short duration of 2 years (i.e. 12 respondents) and good no; of people withdraw their savings from 2-5 years (i.e. 5 respondents). It is quite interesting to observe that only one respondent wish to withdraw his savings from 5-10 years of span. Respondents who have long term investment objective opted for more than 10 years as their withdrawal period.

4.2 Asset Profile

4.2.1 ICICI Bank Ltd.

The following chart is the graphical representation of the stock performance of ICICI Bank Ltd for the period of one year.

[pic]

Open: Rs.575

Close: Rs.913

Low: Rs.440

High: Rs.995

Returns:

High = [(High – Open) / Open] %

Normal = [(Close – Open) / Open] %

Low = [(Low – Open) / Open] %

| |Probability of occurrence (pi) |Returns (ki) | (Pi x ki) |

|High |0.2 |60% |12 |

|Normal |0.6 |42% |25.2 |

|Low |0.2 |-42% |-8.4 |

Mean = ∑ (Pi x ki) = 28.8 %

| |Returns (ki) % |(ki – K) |(ki – K).(ki – K) |(pi).(ki – K) (ki – K) |

|High |60 |40 |1600 |320 |

|Normal |42 |22 |484 |290.4 |

|Low |-42 |-62 |3844 |768.8 |

Standard Deviation = √∑ (pi).(ki – K) (ki – K) = 37.14 %

❖ K represents the arithmetic mean of the returns.

❖ The probability of 20% is given to a high/low return due to the volatile nature of the equity in comparison with mutual funds and debt instruments.

❖ The consideration for the expected returns is based on the past realized returns and is calculated thereof. Also, open price is the price is the price of the stock at the beginning of the period and close is the last traded price in the period.

❖ The second consideration is the close price which is taken for equating the normal rate of return for the period defined.

❖ The returns for 3 years and 5 years are calculated by annual compounding of the returns for one year.

4.2.8 BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS Ltd.

The following chart is the graphical representation of the stock performance of Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd for the period of one year.

[pic]

Open: Rs.1950

Close: Rs.2700

High: Rs.2710

Low: Rs.1600

Returns:

High = [(High – Open) / Open] %

Normal = [(Close – Open) / Open] %

Low = [(Low – Open) / Open] %

| |Probability of occurrence (pi) |Returns (ki) |(Pi x ki) |

|High |0.2 |40% |8 |

|Normal |0.6 |38% |22.8 |

|Low |0.2 |-17% |3.4 |

Mean = ∑ (Pi x ki) = 34.2 %

| |Returns (ki) % |(ki – K) |(ki – K).(ki – K) |(pi).(ki – K) (ki – K) |

|High |40 |20 |400 |80 |

|Normal |38 |18 |324 |194.4 |

|Low |-17 |-37 |1369 |273.8 |

Standard Deviation = √∑ (pi).(ki – K) (ki – K) = 23 %

❖ K represents the arithmetic mean of the returns.

❖ The probability of 20% is given to a high/low return due to the volatile nature of the equity in comparison with mutual funds and debt instruments.

❖ The consideration for the expected returns is based on the past realized returns and is calculated thereof. Also, open price is the price is the price of the stock at the beginning of the period and close is the last traded price in the period.

❖ The second consideration is the close price which is taken for equating the normal rate of return for the period defined.

❖ The returns for 3 years and 5 years are calculated by annual compounding of the returns for one year.

4.2.9 HDFC Ltd.

The following chart is the graphical representation of the stock performance of HDFC Ltd for the period of one year.

[pic]

Open: Rs.740

Close: Rs.1070

High: Rs.1140

Low: Rs.640

Returns:

High = [(High – Open) / Open] %

Normal = [(Close – Open) / Open] %

Low = [(Low – Open) / Open] %

| |Probability of occurrence (pi) |Returns (ki) |(Pi x ki) |

|High |0.2 |54% |10.8 |

|Normal |0.6 |45% |27 |

|Low |0.2 |-13% |-2.6 |

Mean = ∑ (Pi x ki) = 35.2 %

| |Returns (ki) % |(ki – K) |(ki – K).(ki – K) |(pi).(ki – K) (ki – K) |

|High |54 |25 |625 |125 |

|Normal |45 |16 |256 |153.6 |

|Low |-13 |-42 |1764 |352.8 |

Standard Deviation = √∑ (pi).(ki – K) (ki – K) = 25 %

❖ K represents the arithmetic mean of the returns.

❖ The probability of 20% is given to a high/low return due to the volatile nature of the equity in comparison with mutual funds and debt instruments.

❖ The consideration for the expected returns is based on the past realized returns and is calculated thereof. Also, open price is the price is the price of the stock at the beginning of the period and close is the last traded price in the period.

❖ The second consideration is the close price which is taken for equating the normal rate of return for the period defined.

❖ The returns for 3 years and 5 years are calculated by annual compounding of the returns for one year.

4.2.10 ABAN OFFSHORE Ltd.

The following chart is the graphical representation of the stock performance of ABAN Offshore Ltd for the period of one year.

[pic]

Open: Rs.1070

Close: Rs.2520

High: Rs.2605

Low: Rs.715

Returns:

High = [(High – Open) / Open] %

Normal = [(Close – Open) / Open] %

Low = [(Low – Open) / Open] %

| |Probability of occurrence (pi) |Returns (ki) |(Pi x ki) |

|High |0.2 |143% |28.4 |

|Normal |0.6 |135% |81 |

|Low |0.2 |-33% |-6.6 |

Mean = ∑ (Pi x ki) = 102.8 %

| |Returns (ki) % |(ki – K) |(ki – K).(ki – K) |(pi).(ki – K) (ki – K) |

|High |143 |61 |3721 |744.2 |

|Normal |135 |53 |2809 |1685.4 |

|Low |-33 |-115 |13225 |2645 |

Standard Deviation = √∑ (pi).(ki – K) (ki – K) = 71 %

❖ K represents the arithmetic mean of the returns.

❖ The probability of 20% is given to a high/low return due to the volatile nature of the equity in comparison with mutual funds and debt instruments.

❖ The consideration for the expected returns is based on the past realized returns and is calculated thereof. Also, open price is the price is the price of the stock at the beginning of the period and close is the last traded price in the period.

❖ The second consideration is the close price which is taken for equating the normal rate of return for the period defined.

❖ The returns for 3 years and 5 years are calculated by annual compounding of the returns for one year.

4.2.12 FIDELITY TAX ADVANTAGE

The following illustration gives the details of the Fidelity Tax Advantage Fund

|Mutual Fund |Fidelity Mutual Fund |

|Scheme Name |Fidelity Tax Advantage Fund |

|Objective of Scheme |To generate long-term capital growth from a diversified portfolio of predominantly equity and |

| |equity-related securities. |

|Scheme Type |Open Ended |

|Scheme Category |ELSS |

|Launch Date |5-Jan-2006 |

|Indicate Load Separately |Entry:For each Purchase=5 crs or by an FOF or as a result of |

| |dividend reinvestment:NIL;For SIP (each instalment):1.25%;For switch-in: As applicable to each|

| |Purchase; Exit Load:NIL. No load for switches between options of the Scheme. |

|Minimum Subscription Amount |Rs. 500 |

| |

|Latest Net Asset Value |

| |

|Scheme NAV Name |

|Net Asset Value |

|Repurchase Price |

|Sale Price |

|Date |

| |

|Fidelity Tax Advantage Fund-Dividend Option |

|16.620 |

|16.620 |

|16.994 |

|29-Feb-2012 |

| |

|Fidelity Tax Advantage Fund-Growth Option |

|16.620 |

|16.620 |

|16.994 |

|29-Feb-2012 |

| |

| |

|  |

|Latest Assets Under Management (AUM Rs in Lacs) |

| |

|Scheme NAV Name |

|AUM |

|Adjusted AUM |

|Average AUM For The Month |

|As At The End Of |

| |

|Fidelity Tax Advantage Fund-Dividend Option |

|47111.7 |

|47111.7 |

|51271.62 |

|Jan-2012 |

| |

|Fidelity Tax Advantage Fund-Growth Option |

|64586.29 |

|64586.29 |

|69843.2 |

|Jan-2012 |

| |

High: 35%

Normal: 12%

Low: 9%

| |Probability of occurrence (pi) |Returns (ki) |(Pi x ki) |

|High |0.2 |35 |7 |

|Normal |0.6 |12 |7.2 |

|Low |0.2 |9 |1.8 |

Mean = ∑ (Pi x ki) = 16 %

| |Returns (ki) % |(ki – K) |(ki – K).(ki – K) |(pi).(ki – K) (ki – K) |

|High |35 |16 |256 |51.2 |

|Normal |12 |-7 |49 |29.4 |

|Low |9 |-10 |100 |20 |

Standard Deviation = √∑ (pi).(ki – K) (ki – K) = 10 %

❖ The returns for the funds are based on the returns recorded due to the change in the NAV during the period of 3 months, 6 years and 1 year.

CHAPTER 5

FINDINGS , SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

FINDINGS

➢ The investor can recognize and analyze the risk and return of the shares by using this analysis.

➢ The investor who bears high risk will be getting high returns.

➢ The investor who is having optimum portfolio will be taking optimum returns with minimum risk.

➢ The investor should include all securities which are under valued in their portfolio and remove those securities that are over valued.

➢ The investor has to maintain the portfolio of diversified sectors stocks rather than investing in a single sector of different stocks.

➢ People who are investing in portfolios mostly depend on the advice of their friends, relatives, financial advisers.

➢ People generally invest their savings in fixed deposits, recurring deposits, and national savings certificates and government securities as they are less risky and the returns are guarantied.

➢ Most of the investor invests in basic necessities. They plan to invest in insurance (LIC, GIC) and pension fund as these give guarantied returns and are less risky.

➢ Most of the investors feel that inviting in stock/capital market is of high risk there fore they don’t invest in them.

SUGGESTIONS

❖ Select your investments on economic grounds.

Public knowledge is no advantage.

❖ Buy stocks in companies with potential for surprises.

❖ Take advantage of volatility before reaching a new equilibrium.

❖ Listen to rumors and tips, check for yourself.

❖ Don’t put your trust in only one investment. It is like “putting all the eggs in one basket “. This will help lesson the risk in the long term.

❖ The investor must select the right advisory body which is has sound knowledge about the product which they are offering.

❖ Professionalized advisory is the most important feature to the investors. Professionalized research, analysis which will be helpful for reducing any kind of risk to overcome.

Conclusion

As with many areas of financial planning, the range of investment options has increased significantly with new investment products being introduced regularly. Moreover, many more areas of investment opportunities have become available to the ordinary investor which previously could be considered only by large institutional investors for e.g. investments in foreign equities and commercial property, both of which are accessible through collective investment vehicles. This increased complexity of the investment market has led on one hand for many investors adopting a more sophisticated approach towards planning their portfolio.

The following highlighted pointers are portfolio investment in a nutshell and are the factors undermining portfolio management.

❖ Review of portfolio required due to: -

∆ Tax Position

∆ Financial Position

∆ Aspirations/plans

❖ Investment Strategy = ↑Returns ↓ Risk

Factors determining appropriate asset class/ vehicles as follows: -

❖ Risk profile & expected returns

❖ Income & Capital needs of the investor – now and in the future.

❖ Tax position of the investor

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

❖ Financial Management – ICFAI publication

❖ Financial Management – Khan& Jain

❖ Finance in a nutshell – Javier Estrada

❖ Financial Management – Stephen Forrester

❖ Modern Portfolio theory & investment analysis – Elton & Gruber

❖ Security analysis and portfolio management – Fischer and Jordan

❖ Investment banking and brokerage – Marshall & Ellis

❖ Investment management – Cowdell & Billings

❖ Investment analysis and portfolio management – Reily & Brown

WEBLIOGRAPHY

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❖ news

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