Scientific Revolution Overhead



Scientific Revolution Overhead

Aristotle – Greek philosopher, he made many observations on the nature of life and the universe. Introduces the idea of logic and deductive reasoning (observing to understand why) also examines elements of which he concludes there are five. Fire, Air, Earth, Water and Aether (heavenly material) Lives around 350 B.C. yet up until the late middle ages/ post renaissance Western “scientists” accepted his teachings as fact.

Ptolemy – During the Renaissance “humanists” master ancient Greek giving them access to the works of Ptolemy. Ptolemy had disagreed with many of Aristotle’s theories, thus proving that his ideas were not universally accepted even in his own time. He had created his own model of the universe.

Ptolemaic system – This is Ptolemy’s model of how the universe worked. It stated that the universe was Geocentric, meaning the earth was in the middle of everything and never moved. The planets and sun moved in perfect spheres around the earth, each in its own circle filled with stars, which were thought of as pure orbs of light. Outside the last “sphere” was the “prime mover” where god and heaven were. Humans are in the center of the universe god and heaven on the outside.

Technical Problems / Mathematics and New inventions - Technical problems led to a push for new science using math and new inventions. Example how much a ship can hold while bringing goods back and forth? Answer; figure out a math equation for displacement of water, for square footage of ships etc. This also spawns inventions such as the telescope, and microscope, which further science. Printing press helps ideas spread.

Nicolas Copernicus (1473 -1563) – Polish mathematician who writes On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, which concludes that, the sun is the center of the universe, not the earth as previously thought. This is considered the spark or epiphany that starts the scientific revolution. Uses reason and logic to figure out that earth revolves around the sun, and the moon revolves around the earth.

Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630) – German mathematician influenced by Copernicus. Confirms Sun as center of known universe (later our solar system). He also figures out that planets and moons don’t move in perfect spheres and indeed are more elliptical or egg like.

Galileo Galilei (1564 -1642) – Known as the “father of modern science” he uses a telescope to study universe. He discovers mountains and craters on the moon, sunspots as well as four of Jupiter’s moons. Publishes The Starry Messenger in 1610, which changes many Europeans views of the universe. Catholic church forces him to recant lives the rest of his live under house arrest. Why does this scare the church? Faith vs. Reason

Issac Newton (1643 -1727) – English Mathematician, writes the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy a.k.a Principia in which he theorizes the universal law of gravitation, or Gravity. Newton is often considered the most influential person in scientific history. Invents Calculus, and much of what is modern mechanics. How do these mathematical advancements change everyday life?

Andreas Vesalius – publishes On the Fabric of the Human Body, which discusses his findings while dissecting bodies. Other notable scientists include Robert Boyle and Antoine Lavoisier who was the first to name the elements and observe their constant weight.

Margaret Cavendish (1623 – 1673) – English aristocrat, scientist and author. Was one of the first advocates for animal rights and argued that humans are not the masters of nature. Argues humans are a small part of nature. True? Why were women not accepted in science? Are they today?

Rene Descartes (1596 – 1650) – French philosopher, mathematician, and physicist writes Discourse on Method. Tries to rationalize science and existence, comes up with proof of existence, “I think therefore, I am.” Also rationalizes that since the mind cannot be doubted but the body can they must be separate things. Are they? Creates a school of thought called rationalism that states reason is the best source of knowledge.

Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626) – English aristocrat, politician, lawyer, scientist, and author. Created the Scientific Method, the standard procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence. Question, Theory, Hypothesis, Experiment, Collect Data, Analyze, Deduce Reason. This uses inductive reasoning. He said “the true and lawful goal of the sciences is none other than this: that human life be endowed with new discoveries and power.” Bacon wanted to conquer nature, is this possible? How do people use this method today?

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