Job Openings and Labor Turnover – December 2019

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, December 9, 2020

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USDL-20-2216

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER ? OCTOBER 2020

The number of job openings was little changed at 6.7 million on the last business day of October, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires were little changed at 5.8 million while total separations increased to 5.1 million. Within separations, the quits rate was unchanged at 2.2 percent while the layoffs and discharges rate increased to 1.2 percent. This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, and by four geographic regions.

Job Openings

On the last business day of October, the number and rate of job openings were little changed at 6.7 million and 4.5 percent, respectively. Job openings increased in health care and social assistance (+122,000) and state and local government education (+23,000). The number of job openings was little changed in all four regions. (See table 1.)

The number of job openings in October (not seasonally adjusted) decreased over the year to 7.1 million (-596,000) reflecting the continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labor market. Job openings decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in retail trade, accommodation and food services, and finance and insurance. Only nondurable goods manufacturing and durable goods

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on October 2020 JOLTS Data

Data collection for the Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey was affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. More information is available at the end of this news release and at covid19/job-openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-october-2020.htm.

manufacturing had increases in job openings. The number of job openings decreased in the Midwest region. (See table 7.)

Hires

In October, the number and rate of hires were little changed at 5.8 million and 4.1 percent, respectively. Hires decreased in wholesale trade (-81,000), other services (-74,000), and federal government (-12,000). The number of hires was little changed in all four regions. (See table 2.)

The number of hires in October (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed over the year. Hires increased in a number of industries over the year, with the largest increases in transportation, warehousing, and utilities and in durable goods manufacturing. Hires decreased in construction and state and local government education. The number of hires was little changed in all four regions. (See table 8.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Total separations is referred to as turnover. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers' willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

In October, the number of total separations increased to 5.1 million (+263,000). The total separations rate was little changed at 3.6 percent. The total separations level increased in federal government (+109,000), largely the result of separations of temporary 2020 Census workers. Total separations increased in the Northeast region. (See table 3.)

Over the year, the number of total separations (not seasonally adjusted) decreased to 5.3 million (-408,000). Total separations decreased in a number of industries with the largest decreases in accommodation and food services and construction. Total separations increased in federal government and nondurable goods manufacturing. The number of total separations decreased in the West region. (See table 9.)

In October, the number of quits was little changed at 3.1 million and the quits rate was unchanged at 2.2 percent. Quits increased in arts, entertainment, and recreation (+17,000) and federal government (+7,000). The number of quits was little changed in all four regions. (See table 4.)

Over the year, the number of quits (not seasonally adjusted) decreased to 3.3 million (-261,000). Quits declined in several industries, with the largest decreases in accommodation and food services and other services. The quits level increased in a number of industries with the largest increases in retail trade and wholesale trade. Over the year, the number of quits decreased in the Midwest and West regions. (See table 10.)

The number and rate of layoffs and discharges increased to 1.7 million (+243,000) and 1.2 percent, respectively in October. The number of layoffs and discharges increased in federal government (+91,000), largely due to the release of temporary 2020 Census workers. Layoffs and discharges increased in the Northeast region. (See table 5.)

Over the year, the layoffs and discharges level (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed. Layoffs and discharges decreased in arts, entertainment, and recreation and in wholesale trade. The number of

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layoffs and discharges increased in federal government. The number of layoffs and discharges decreased over the year in the West region. (See table 11.)

The number of other separations was little changed in October at 336,000. Other separations increased in federal government (+10,000). Other separations were little changed in all four regions. (See table 6.)

Over the year, the other separations level (not seasonally adjusted) was little changed at 321,000. Other separations decreased in a number of industries with the largest decrease in information. Other separations increased in federal government. The number of other separations was little changed in all four regions. (See table 12.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even if the hires level is steady or rising.

Over the 12 months ending in October, hires totaled 70.4 million and separations totaled 76.1 million, yielding a net employment loss of 5.7 million. These totals include workers who may have been hired and separated more than once during the year.

The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for November 2020 are scheduled to be released on Tuesday, January 12, 2021 at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Impact on October 2020 Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey Data

Data collection for the JOLTS survey was affected by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. While 42 percent of data are usually collected by phone at the JOLTS data collection center, most phone respondents were asked to report electronically. However, data collection was adversely impacted due to the inability to reach some respondents that normally respond by phone. The JOLTS response rate for October was 45 percent, while response rates prior to the pandemic averaged 54 percent.

BLS modified the JOLTS estimation methods in March through October to better reflect the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The estimation process usually includes an alignment of monthly hires minus separations to the over-the-month change in the Current Employment Statistics (CES) employment estimates. For October estimates, as in earlier months, BLS suspended the alignment process. The differing reference periods for the CES employment estimates (pay period including the 12th of the month) and the JOLTS hires and separations estimates (the entire reference month) led to different measurement outcomes. More information about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the JOLTS survey, including information about the JOLTS estimation methodology, is available at covid19/job-openings-and-labor-turnover-covid19-october-2020.htm.

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Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Job openings

Hires

Category

Oct. 2019

Sept. 2020

Oct. 2020p

Oct. 2019

Sept. 2020

Oct. 2020p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)

Total.................................................. . Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining and logging1........................... . Construction1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Durable goods1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondurable goods1......................... . Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation, warehousing, and utilities1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. . Information1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial activities............................. . Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate and rental and leasing1. . . . . . Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local, excluding education1. . . .

RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)

Total.................................................. . Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining and logging1........................... . Construction1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Durable goods1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondurable goods1......................... . Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation, warehousing, and utilities1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. . Information1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial activities............................. . Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate and rental and leasing1. . . . . . Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational services1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7,309 6,546

23 325 403 258 145 1,472 268 877

327 142 426 323 103 1,218 1,306 131 1,176 975 135 840 256 763 124 638 234 404

4.6 4.8 3.0 4.1 3.1 3.1 2.9 5.0 4.3 5.3

5.0 4.7 4.6 4.8 4.2 5.4 5.1 3.3 5.4 5.5 5.2 5.6 4.2

6,494 5,795

17 223 492 267 225 1,142 180 671

291 121 301 240

61 1,268 1,215

106 1,110

772 86

686 243 699

95 605 207 397

4.4 4.6 2.7 3.0 3.9 3.4 4.7 4.1 3.1 4.3

4.7 4.4 3.4 3.6 2.7 5.9 5.0 2.9 5.3 5.6 4.8 5.7 4.3

6,652 5,950

22 230 525 290 235 1,102 178 667

257 129 293 211

83 1,252 1,358

125 1,232

791 92

700 247 702 101 602 230 372

4.5 4.7 3.5 3.0 4.1 3.7 4.9 4.0 3.1 4.2

4.1 4.7 3.3 3.1 3.6 5.8 5.5 3.5 5.9 5.6 5.0 5.7 4.3

5,757 5,397

28 475 312 177 135 1,112 144 716

252 96

217 135

82 1,118

722 106 616 1,101 168 934 216 360

44 316 156 160

3.8 4.2 3.7 6.3 2.4 2.2 2.8 4.0 2.4 4.6

4.1 3.3 2.5 2.1 3.5 5.2 3.0 2.8 3.0 6.6 6.8 6.6 3.7

5,886 5,570

19 394 374 207 166 1,255 212 745

299 103 238 162

76 1,108

725 70

655 1,053

115 938 302 316

59 257 114 143

4.2 4.6 3.1 5.4 3.1 2.7 3.6 4.7 3.8 4.9

5.1 3.9 2.7 2.5 3.4 5.5 3.1 2.0 3.3 8.0 6.8 8.2 5.5

5,812 5,493

17 396 371 216 155 1,247 131 790

326 111 216 134

83 1,081

745 92

653 1,082

124 958 228 318

47 271 125 146

4.1 4.5 2.7 5.4 3.0 2.8 3.4 4.7 2.3 5.2

5.5 4.2 2.5 2.1 3.7 5.3 3.2 2.7 3.3 8.1 7.1 8.2 4.1

Total separations

Oct. 2019

Sept. 2020

Oct. 2020p

5,580 5,211

26 450 333 205 128 1,062 136 687

240 92

200 127

72 1,079

668 101 567 1,067 170 896 234 369

55 314 160 154

4,844 4,504

23 290 354 206 148 1,063 125 687

251 51

190 111

79 989 618

64 553 737

84 653 190 340

90 250 129 121

5,107 4,642

22 320 355 207 149 1,118 132 726

260 54

192 112

79 977 650

77 573 781 105 677 174 465 199 266 133 133

3.7

3.4

3.6

4.0

3.8

3.8

3.5

3.6

3.5

6.0

4.0

4.4

2.6

2.9

2.9

2.6

2.7

2.7

2.7

3.2

3.2

3.8

4.0

4.2

2.3

2.2

2.3

4.4

4.6

4.8

3.9

4.3

4.4

3.2

1.9

2.0

2.3

2.2

2.2

2.0

1.7

1.7

3.1

3.6

3.6

5.0

4.9

4.8

2.7

2.7

2.8

2.7

1.9

2.2

2.8

2.8

2.9

6.4

5.6

5.8

6.9

5.0

6.0

6.3

5.7

5.8

4.0

3.5

3.2

See footnotes at end of table.

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted -- Continued

Job openings

Hires

Total separations

Category

Oct. 2019

Sept. 2020

Oct. 2020p

Oct. 2019

Sept. 2020

Oct. 2020p

Oct. 2019

Sept. 2020

Oct. 2020p

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3

3.1

3.2

1.6

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.6

2.2

Federal1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2

2.9

3.3

1.5

1.9

1.6

2.0

2.9

6.7

State and local. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1

3.1

3.1

1.6

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.3

1.4

State and local education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2

2.1

2.4

1.5

1.2

1.3

1.5

1.3

1.4

State and local, excluding education1. . . . 4.2

4.2

4.0

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.7

1.3

1.5

1 No regular seasonal movements could be identified in the job openings series, therefore, the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data are identical.

p Preliminary

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