HagaMUN – 6,7 and 8 March 2020

 SPC 2Taking measures to conquer the life-threatening consequences of climate change in Australia6th, 7th and 8th of March 2020Gymnasium Haganum, The HagueForum:SPC2Issue:Taking measures to conquer the life-threatening consequences of climate changes in AustraliaStudent Officer:Thibault QuelavoinePosition:Deputy PresidentIntroductionSince June 2019, Australia has been ravaged by the worst wildfires seen in decades, with large swaths of the country devastated since the fire season began. More than half a year later, the fires are still ongoing, having burnt an estimated 18.6 million hectares, killed over a billion animals, destroying close to 6.000 buildings and bringing air quality to hazardous levels. State and federal authorities are struggling to contain the massive blazes, even with firefighting assistance from other countries, including the United States. This catastrophe has been exacerbated by persistent heat and drought, both exacerbated by climate change. When facing such destruction, it becomes clear that the consequences of climate change in Australia are life-threatening, and require immediate attention and measures.Definition of Key TermsPrimary industries:Primary industry is defined as an industry that is concerned with extracting the natural resources on the earth so that they can be converted into consumable products. It can be the mining of natural resources like wood, iron, coal, minerals, agriculture industry, and even fisheriesHeatwaves:a prolonged period of abnormally hot weather.Floods:an overflow of a large amount of water beyond its normal limits, especially over what is normally dry land.Droughts:a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall, leading to a shortage of water.Climate change: Defined in the Oxford dictionary as ‘A change in global or regional climate patterns, in particular a change apparent from the mid to late 20th century onwards and attributed largely to the increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide produced by the use of fossil fuels.’General OverviewThe impacts of Climate Change in AustraliaCoastsWhen considering the areas at risk because of climate change, the Australian coastlines appear as the most exposed. Hosting over 85% of the country’s population and central hub to its economic activity, the coastline is exposed to sea-level fluctuations, coastal inundation and river flooding from short-term weather cycles and episodes of extreme events, even without climate change. Variations of the climate thus become even more life-threatening for the region as they would exacerbate the existing dangers. Rising sea levels, for instance, increase the risk of damage caused by storm surges. This, in turn, exacerbates coastal erosion, with the risk of heavy consequences for coastal infrastructure, removal of sediment from beaches and loss of land. Coastal settlements may further be affected by flooding, particularly in low-lying communities. Rising sea levels, combined with extreme events, like inland flooding, could result in even more extensive damage. Cities and the built environment As most Australian cities are located within 50 km of the country’s shoreline, they are inevitably exposed to the aforementioned risks. This threat is to be considered with great attention as more than two-thirds of Australia’s inhabitants are now living in a capital city, meaning that the effects on the population would be gargantuan. Furthermore, as over two-thirds of Australia’s economic activity is generated in the capital cities, any destruction caused to them would undeniably destabilize the nation’s financial equilibrium, hindering trade and other activities pertaining to the same domain. The threat has been assessed, with consequences including the destruction of valuable infrastructure because of natural disasters. The impacts on primary industriesHaving considered the overall economic impact, it is important to note that the primary industries are the most heavily struck sector when considering the influence of climate factors on their functioning. Agriculture, fisheries and forestry are notably highly sensitive to weather extremes and variations in climate. Their productivity is at stake, and the current prospects point out a strong challenge for them. They will have to face an increased frequency of droughts and extreme heats, reducing crop fertility and placing livestock at a greater risk of heat stress, whilst simultaneously increasing tree mortality and destruction of forest resources as a result of bushfires. Water resourcesBeing located in the Southern hemisphere, water scarcity is a common problem in Australia. The rainfall is subjected to great fluctuation from one year to the next, as it is strongly influenced by large scale phenomena such as El Ni?o and La Ni?a. Scientists have however concluded that even though fluctuation of the values is common, underlying long-term trends are evident in some regions, and climate change is believed to be the root cause for these desolate trends. The statistics are alarming: since 1970, rainfall is around 19% less than the long-term average, and since 1996, said decline has increased to around 25%. A decrease in rainfall has immense consequences on the territory, as has been seen through the past already, notably significant drying, which contributes to the risks expanded upon in section “The impacts on primary industries”. Further crucial to consider when discussing water scarcity, groundwater is equally as exposed to climate-related hazards. Potential climate risks for groundwater include reduced groundwater recharge and supplies, seawater intrusion to coastal aquifers, reduction of freshwater availability on small islands, and increased demand from communities and industries. However, the prospected shortage of surface and groundwater is not the only risk Australian water resources face. The quality of the available resources is equally as important, and is continuously menaced by extreme weather events such as bushfires and floods, the frequencies of which are increased because of climate change. The quality is further menaced on the sanitary aspect as increasing temperatures enhance bacterial and algae proliferation, thus contaminating the already scarce supplies. Natural ecosystemsAccording to the 2016 State of the Environment report, Climate Change has been found to be the main threat to the Australian environment. The rising temperatures, floods, bushfires and other natural disasters are a menace for the country’s rich ecosystems. They interfere with the life cycles of various species, hindering their movement and destroying their habitat. The flora also is subjected to many changes imposed by the environmental conditions, meaning that food chains are disrupted, and the natural equilibrium is broken. Species are thus menaced by climate change. The bacteriological proliferation enhanced by rising temperatures also poses a biohazard, as diseases and or parasites may develop much faster, giving too little time to the natural systems to adapt, as seen with the exponential increase in the presence of various algae. Health and wellbeingHealth and sanitation are intricately linked to environmental factors. Temperature as well as air and water quality, variables all influenced by climate change, are at the origin of many health threats Australia has to tackle. Heatwaves are among the climate events with the highest-impact on health. Indeed, in very hot conditions, the vulnerable individuals such as the sick and elderly, can suffer from heat stress. This has severe consequences, as seen with the heatwave of early 2009 occasionating 374 more deaths than average for the time of the year. As warmer temperatures will lead to an increased frequency and intensity of heatwaves, the situation becomes increasingly threatening. Death related to heat stress is the direct effect of the rising temperature, but this evolution also has indirect effects. This second effect is seen through the increase in diseases spread via water and food, in the example of gastroenteritis, facilitated by the warmer temperatures. A study of the hazards pertaining to diseases established that Australia is expected to remain malaria-free, but that other vector-borne diseases such as dengue fever, Barmah, Forest Virus and other may prolifer in this country. Lastly, it is important to note that the rising temperatures and the consequences of this also have a psychological impact, as drought causes depression and stress amongst farmers, an impact that will increase because of climate change.Australia’s wet tropicsWith climate change escalating as “the most significant threat” to Australia’s wet tropics world heritage area, it becomes clear that the consequences of climate change will be catastrophic. The Australian wet tropics span over 450 km of North Queensland coastline between Cooktown and Townsville and comprises the world’s oldest living rainforests and the largest area of rainforest in Australia, and supports the highest level of biodiversity of any region in Australia, being home to 36% of Australia’s mammals, 29% of Australia’s frog species, 60% of Australia’s butterfly species and 50% of Australia’s bird species. It has been established by the Wet Tropics Management Authority that the conservation outlook for the region is deteriorating, with climate change seen as “likely to result in widespread and substantial ecological change”. Seeing as floods and bushfires had already greatly impacted the region and the likeliness of these events growing by the day as climate change continues, the area is increasingly threatened. Consequences of climate change in Australia thus include the damaging and eventual loss of a world heritage area. BushfiresOver the past decades, due to the rising temperatures and drier conditions, the risk of fires has consequently grown. With climate change exacerbating these factors, the growth of the number of high-fire risk days and of the length of the fire season will be even more rapid. Climate change also enhances the severity of the fires, as CO2 fertilisation leads to increased foliage cover, which dries out during the heat periods, thus becoming a form of “fuel” for the fires, which will spread more rapidly and burn more intensely. There is thus a direct link between climate change and the bushfires. In fact, the consequences it induces are so severe that a study has projected that the number of fire danger days rated at “very high” and above could potentially double by 2050 if no changes reducing the emissions are made. Finding measures to combat climate change is essential, and should come paired with improved risk management, as the already felt consequences are not easily reversible. Food security Food security is intricately linked to the agricultural sector. Seeing that the primary industries are facing consequences of climate change and are increasingly menaced, food security is equally at risk. In a non-drought year, around three-quarters of Australian crop and livestock production is exported. The range of adaptation strategies for primary producers to meet the challenge of climate change is large, including breed and seed selection, water conservation and changes in the timing of farm operations. Over the next few decades, some Australian agriculture may benefit from warmer conditions and from the fertilisation effect of increased CO2 in the atmosphere. Looking further into the future, much depends on the effects of climate change on rainfall regimes in Australia’s farming regions. If rainfall increases, climate change may continue to be beneficial for some agriculture. However, for drier, hotter, higher variability climate change scenarios, which are the ones currently experienced, there are limits to adaptation with anticipated declines in crop yield and livestock production.Major Countries and Organizations InvolvedAustraliaThe Commonwealth of Australia is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. It is the largest country in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country by total area. The population of 26 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard. Climate change in Australia has been a critical issue since the beginning of the 21st century. In 2013, the CSIRO released a report stating that Australia is becoming hotter, and that it will experience more extreme heat and longer fire seasons because of climate change. Albeit authorities have repeatedly refused to take measures limiting the consumption of fossil fuels, which greatly benefit the country’s economy, the nation is aware of the immense threat posed by climate change and has engaged in consequent measures to combat the effects of climate change. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)The UNFCCC entered into force on 21 March 1994. Today, it has near-universal membership, as 197 countries have ratified the convention. The UNFCCC is a “Rio Convention”, one of two opened for signature at the “Rio Earth Summit” in 1992. Its sister Rio Conventions are the UN Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention to Combat Desertification. The ultimate objective of the Convention is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations "at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (human induced) interference with the climate system." It states that "such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened, and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner."International Union for the Conservation of NatureFormerly called World Conservation Union, the IUCN is a network of environmental organizations founded as the International Union for the Protection of Nature in October 1948 in Fontainebleau, France, to promote nature conservation and the ecologically sustainable use of natural resources. It changed its name to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) in 1956 and was also known as the World Conservation Union (IUCN) from 1990 to 2008. The IUCN is the world’s oldest global environmental organization. Its headquarters are in Gland, Switzerland.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) The Intergovernmental Panel on climate change is a United Nations organism that focuses on finding ways to reduce our impact on climate change. Fostered by the UN Environment programme, they have focused on organising conferences and talks between scientists and world leaders to reduce the risks of rising sea levels, among other measures. They work on issuing reports on the components of global climate change as well as specific topics like sea level rises. With 195 nations as current members, the IPCC was created in 1988 and relies on scientific reports from all over the world. Divided Research Report | Page 7 of 14 The Hague International Model United Nations 2020| 26th January 2020 – 31st January 2020 into three working groups and a task force the IPCC contributes to most work ground before any major resolution is taken by the United Nations.Timeline of EventsDateDescription of eventJan 1, 1895The Federation Drought took place between 1895-1902, and was marked by severe heat waves, resulting in the drying out of almost all major rivers and creeks in Australia. Mar 1, 1899Cyclone Mahina struck cape York, Queensland. It resulted in the greatest death toll of natural disasters in Australia’s recorded history. over 400 people died including the crews of around 100 pearling fleet vessels, in addition to an estimated 100 local aborigines.Apr 13, 1929The Northern Tasmania flood saw 22 casualties when heavy rain caused severe flooding in the northeast of Tasmania. The majority of the deaths were caused when the Briseis Dam on the cascade river collapsed.Jun 1, 1952The South-eastern Australia flood was the result of torrential rain which fell over southeastern Australia. Major flooding occurred as every river in the Gippsland area of Victoria and southern new south wales exceeded their capacities.Feb 7, 1967the Tasmanian fires: southern Australia was facing a period of severe drought when the fires began. In total, 164, 270 hectares were burnt in Tasmania in just 5 hours. Over 110 different fires were burning, with on reaching Hobart. The fires resulted in the deaths of approximately 60 people, and the destruction of 1, 400 homes and buildings. This was the largest loss of life and property that the country had experienced from a single day fire, which reveals the gargantuan intensity of the hearths of fire.Jan 19, 1970Cyclone Ada: left a pathway of destruction in Queensland, with damage totalling at an estimated 390 million AUD and casualties totalling 14 people.Jan 1, 1974In Brisbane, Queensland, a cyclone came accompanied by heavy rainfall. 17 suburbs were severely flooded, 14 people killed and over 300 injured. 56 homes were washed away and over 1600 were submerged.Dec 24, 1974Cyclone Tracy struck the city of darwin, with 195 millimeters of precipitation in less than 9 hours, and winds approaching 250kph. The city was devastated, making cyclone Tracy the most destructive one until then in terms of property damage in Australia. 71 people were killed and thousands were injured. Over 25, 000 were left homeless.Jan 1, 1982 - 1983A period of severe drought in large areas of central and eastern australia.Jan 1, 1983Ash wednesday bushfires: Victoria and south australia saw over 180 bushfires across both states on this 43 degree day combined with a situation of severe drought. The largest of the fires started in Victoria.Jan 1, 1990over one million km sq of queensland and new south wales were flooded. The death toll was 6 people, with 60 others injured.Jan 1, 1991-1995A severe period of drought from 1991-1995 struck North eastern New South Wales and much of Queensland. This was the period with the lowest rainfall levels ever recorded. A significant number of major reservoirs went dry and many others fell to critically low levels.Jan 1, 2002, - 2006Between 2002-2006,eastern and southern Australia were subjected to widespread drought.Jan 15, 2003Canberra fires: extreme weather conditions led to multiple outbreaks of fire in the Namadgi national park in Canberra. Strong winds pushed the fires into forest areas, resulting in the burning down of thousands of hectares of forest and parklands.Mar 20, 2006Cyclone larry: the far north of Queensland coast was declared a natural disaster zone after the severe impact of a category 5 tropical cyclone, with winds of up to 290km/h. major damage was caused to homes, totaling an estimated 1.5billion.Jan 8, 2010The Queensland floods caused severe destruction and a high death toll.June 2019 - ongoingThe current bushfires in Australia expanded upon in the introduction.Relevant UN Treaties and EventsKyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 11 December 1997 (No. 30822) Paris Agreement, 4 November 2016 (No. 54113) Oceans and the sea of laws resolution, 20 February 2017, (A/RES/71/257) The future we want resolution, 11 September 2012, (A/RES/66/288) Modalities for the United Nations Conference to Support the Implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14:Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development, 23 September 2016, (A/RES/70/303)Sustainable fisheries, including through the 1995 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, and related instruments, 11 December 2018, (A/RES/73/124) Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and its contribution to sustainable development, 20 December 2018, (A/RES/73/234)UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 (UNSDG 6): Ensuring availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for allUN Sustainable Development Goal 13 (UNSDG 13): Taking urgent action to combat climate change and its impactsUN Sustainable Development Goal 15 (UNSDG 15): Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity lossPrevious Attempts to solve the IssueIn order to meet climate change targets, Australia has preconceived Direct Action policies. These policies reduce emissions and improve environmental health. At the core of these policies can be identified a series of measures such as but not limited to the $2.55 billion Emissions Reduction Fund and Safeguard Mechanism, further complemented by the Renewable Energy Target. In addition to these official projects, measures to improve energy efficiency, the elimination of very potent synthetic greenhouse gases, and direct support for investment in low emissions technologies and practices are an active part of Australia’s strategy to combat climate change. Listed below are details on the aforementioned initiatives, which have already or are currently being undertaken, thus making it possible to classify them as previously and currently attempted solutions. The Emissions Reduction FundThe Emissions Reduction Fund assists Australian enterprises, communities and landholders in taking steps to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions.The Fund offers Australians positive opportunities to reduce their emissions, reduce energy costs or store carbon in the soil. Businesses, communities and landholders may propose new projects using methods of reducing pollution that cover all sectors of the economy—including activities like improving energy efficiency, capturing methane from landfills and storing carbon in forests and soils. The Emissions Reduction Fund is achieving results. In April 2015, the first auction of the Emissions Reduction Fund saw 47 million tons of carbon being sold at an average price per ton of $13.95. Through this auction, the Government has committed $660 million to projects in Australia which will reduce emissions. The emission reductions from these projects will be distributed over the next 10 years, which ensures reductions obtained during the first auction will not only contribute to Australia's 2020 target, but also to its post-2020 objectives.The Emissions Reduction Fund is complemented by the Safeguard Mechanism, which will ensure that emission reductions funded by the State are not offset by significant emission increases elsewhere in the economy. From 1 July 2016, the safeguard process will begin.Renewable Energy TargetThe Renewable Energy Target supports Australian households and businesses by promoting solar and other renewable energy technologies, as well as reconstructing our electricity sector to cleaner and more diverse sources, or supporting development and employment within the renewable energy sector. The Renewable Energy Target allows sustainable growth in both small and large scale renewable technologies, delivering about 23 percent of Australia’s electricity from renewable sources by 2020. $10 billion has been invested in renewable energy in Australia, since the scheme began, in 2001,. The Renewable Energy Target will see a doubling of the prevailing amount of renewable energy within the next five years. Along these lines, the government attempts to support households wishing to install rooftop solar panels or solar plight systems. So far 2.3 million household solar systems have been financed by the scheme—one of the very best percentage uptakes in the world.National Energy Productivity PlanThe National Energy Efficiency Plan will see changes in how households and businesses use energy in their homes, workplaces, and industrial facilities, including a goal to increase Australia's energy efficiency by 40% between 2015 and 2030. The Plan will include measures to make energy choices easier and will encourage improvements in the efficiency of appliances, equipment, buildings and transport. The Plan will be progressed in collaboration with the states and territories through the Council of Australian Governments’ Energy Council. The National Energy Productivity Plan will identify strategies for increasing the vehicle performance. Australia will also continue to work through international fora, including the G20 Transportation Task Group, to identify further opportunities to achieve greater vehicle efficiency.Acting to phase out hydrofluorocarbonsFound in air conditioners and refrigeration units for instance, Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are extremely potent greenhouse gases. In most cases, HFCs were introduced as an alternative for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) or other substances that had a greater damaging impact on the ozone layer. The question of HFCs is crucial, as they are several thousands of times more potent as greenhouse gases than carbon dioxide. Taking action to significantly reduce their use, be it in Australia and/or overseas, thus has critical benefits for the climate. Currently, Australia has set as objective to reduce domestic HFC emissions by 85% as of 2036, an objective that falls in line with the most ambitious phase-down proposals under the Montreal Protocol. This statement on behalf of Australia is one they export, seeing as they are currently attempting to convince all countries to agree to a global HFC phase-down under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (MPSDOL). The NWI ModuleThe NWI Module was released In 2017 by the Australian Government, proposing to assist and provide guidance to jurisdiction wishing to incorporate measures to improve managing, planning, pricing and trading Australia’s water resources, as well as safeguarding said resource from the impacts of climate change. (This would fall under ‘managing’). To this effect, it provides a thoroughly evaluated list of possible options and guidance. The module is of great value, as it allows water planners to develop a tailored plan of action to tackle specific climate-related hazards both locally and on a greater scale. The NWI module can be found in the ‘Appendix’ section, III.Possible SolutionsRestrictions on poolsAustralia is famous for having a very high density of pools in cities, with almost every house equipped with one. These pools consume gargantuan quantities of water, which is polluted with chlorine and subjected to evaporation as the pools are constantly under sunlight during the day, even when the strength of the sun rays are at their peak. Some restrictions have already been imposed, but delegates may wish to increase regulation or elaborate other solutions solving the pool crisis. Tree planting policies With the recent bushfires, Australia has lost a great amount of forestry and natural environments were destroyed. Wildlife has thus lost part of its habitat. Trees are also essential for temperature regulation, regulating the CO2 concentration of the air and the generation of oxygen. To counteract the recent destruction of nature, a large scale tree planting campaign should be instigated. Since the focus is currently on nature, the time is also suited to introduce new climate-friendly policies, such as for example a rule that states that when a tree is cut down, at least one new tree should be planted. Enhanced monitoringPurposing specifically to tackle the immense threat caused by bushfires, the establishment of a map listing particularly hazardous sectors would be a step towards more security in the area. The sectors defined as particularly dangerous should be extensively patrolled and monitored even more closely than the others. Scientists of the climatology department could be tasked with the creation of said maps and would have to update them on a monthly basis or more frequently in the most hazardous times of the year. International cooperation Wildfires are not an isolated occurrence nowadays, and often become uncontrollable. This has been seen already during wildfires such as but not limited to the Portuguese, Amazonian, Californian and Australian fires. 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?p. 2/3 - Au Fil De L'Océanie.” France Culture, France Culture, 28 Jan. 2020, franceculture.fr/emissions/cultures-monde/au-fil-de-loceanie-23-laustralie-icone-de-lanthropocene.Wahlquist, Calla. “NSW Weather: Residents Evacuated from Flooded Areas and Thousands Left without Power.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 9 Feb. 2020, australia-news/2020/feb/09/nsw-weather-six-families-rescued-from-floodwaters-as-rain-lashes-east-coast.Irfan, Umair. “Australia's Weird Weather Is Getting Even Weirder.” Vox, Vox, 15 Jan. 2020, 2020/1/15/21065557/australia-fires-climate-change-weather-extreme-heat-drought-flood.Abelvik-Lawson, Helle. “Fact Check: Australia's Unprecedented Fires Are down to Climate Change, Not Arson.” Greenpeace International, 5 Feb. 2020, international/story/28252/fact-check-australias-unprecedented-fires-are-down-to-climate-change-not-arson/.Readfearn, Graham. “Hot, Sticky and Stormy Weather Forecast for Parts of Australia's South and South-East.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 31 Jan. 2020, australia-news/2020/jan/31/hot-sticky-and-stormy-weather-forecast-for-parts-of-australias-south-and-south-east.Phillips, Nicky, and Bianca Nogrady. “The Race to Decipher How Climate Change Influenced Australia's Record Fires.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, 23 Jan. 2020, articles/d41586-020-00173-7.Taylor, Josh. “Australia Fires: NSW, Victoria and Canberra Bushfire Alert as Hot, Dry Weather Sweeps In.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 31 Jan. 2020, australia-news/2020/jan/31/australia-fires-nsw-victoria-and-canberra-bushfire-alert-as-hot-dry-weather-sweeps-in.Tarabay, Jamie. “Why These Australia Fires Are Like Nothing We've Seen Before.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 21 Jan. 2020, 2020/01/21/world/australia/fires-size-climate.html.Cox, Lisa. “Witnesses Fight Back Tears at NSW Inquiry into 'Anti-Climate' Scope 3 Emissions Law.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 6 Feb. 2020, australia-news/2020/feb/07/witnesses-fight-back-tears-at-nsw-inquiry-into-anti-climate-scope-3-emissions-law.Easton, Stephen. “'Ignored and Trivialized': Experts Warned Australian Government before Catastrophic Blazes.” , NBCUniversal News Group, 9 Feb. 2020, news/world/ignored-trivialized-experts-warned-australia-government-catastrophic-blazes-n1132326.The Washington Post, WP Company, gdpr-consent/?next_url= Clarke, WIRED UK. “Australia's Wildfires Might Intensify Future Climate Crises.” Wired, Conde Nast, 13 Jan. 2020, story/australias-wildfires-might-intensify-future-climate-crises/.The Washington Post, WP Company, gdpr-consent/?next_url=.“Australia Wildfires Merge into Inferno, but Fairer Weather Forecast.” Voice of America, east-asia-pacific/australia-wildfires-merge-inferno-fairer-weather-forecast.Mirage News. “High-Tech Lab Goes to Sea to Find Heat Resistant Corals.” Mirage News, Mirage News, 10 Feb. 2020, high-tech-lab-goes-to-sea-to-find-heat-resistant-corals/.NPR, NPR, choice.index.html?origin=, Denise. “'Fire Clouds': After Australia, Scientists Warn the Erratic Weather Phenomenon Could Become a New Reality.” , NBCUniversal News Group, 15 Jan. 2020, science/environment/fire-clouds-after-australia-scientists-warn-erratic-weather-phenomenon-could-n1115686.The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. “International Union for Conservation of Nature.” Encyclop?dia Britannica, Encyclop?dia Britannica, Inc., 16 Sept. 2016, ic/International-Union-for-Conservation-of-Nature.AppendixThe Climate Change Adaptation Strategy of the Australian government: introduction video to the importance of the issue of rising sea levels and their threats: “This Is What Sea Level Rise Will Do to Coastal Cities.” This Is What Sea Level Rise Will Do to Coastal Cities, Youtube, watch?v=6tesHVSZJOg.NWI module: Engaging Indigenous peoples in water planning and management ................
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