FINANCE - Allen Independent School District



NAME____________________________ BANKING & FINANCE CHAPTER 2 KEY “Development of U.S. Banking”2.1 Creation of a National CurrencyWhat is the medium of exchange today? CURRENCY Currency- All Media of Exchange such as: Coins, Paper Money, Bonds, Checks, Loan Papers.An item with a stamped valueList and define the 3 types of currency: OFFICIALLY STAMPED VALUE RECOGNIZED BY BUSINESSES, BANKS, and GOVERNMENT. METALLIC CURRENCY-(COINS)GOVERNMENT CURRENCY- Paper money or government printed bonds, notesBANK CURRENCY – Checks (deposit currency), bank loan notesUS Government Paper Currency Today (list the president on each currency)One dollar____GW_____________________________Two dollar___TJ______________________________Five dollar_____AL____________________________Ten dollar_____AH____________________________Twenty dollar___AJ___________________________Fifty dollar_____UG___________________________One hundred______BF_________________________**WHICH ONE IS NOT A PRESIDENTCH 2. Think Critically Pg. 39Why was early American currency a mixture of forms of money?MANY DIFFERENT COUNTRIES WERE SETTLING IN AMERICA AT THE SAME TIME. MANY DIFFERENT GOVTS & CURRENCIES USED.Outline the early history of money in the U. S. economy?COINS WERE USED FIRST, THE US BEGAN PRINTING PAPER MONEY IN 1861, THENATIONAL CURRENCY ACT OF 1863 ESTABLISHED STANDARDS FOR CURRENCY.Why might people have distrusted the value of paper currency issued by the Continental Congress during the Revolutionary War? PAPER WAS NOT THE PREFERRED MEDIUM OF EXCHANGE & WAS ISSUED BY A NEW GOV’T WITH AN UNCERTAIN FUTURE.Why might currencies issued by the many state banks have caused confusion before the Civil War? THERE WERE NO STANDARDS OR CONSISTENCY IN THE VARIOUS FORMS OF PAPER CURRENCYBANKING & FINANCE CHAPTER 2 “Development of U.S. Banking”2.2 Banking before 1913The First Bank of the United States CHARTERED IN 1791 Who created it? ALEXANDER HAMILTONWhy did they create it? TO ESTABLISH THE FEDERAL GOV’T AS CONTROLLER OF MONEY Why did it fail? AS THE NATION GREW WESTWARD, MORE PEOPLE RESENTED THE CONTROL OF POWERFUL EASTERN BANKERS. IT LOST POLITICAL SUPPORT.The Second Bank of the United States 1816 Why was is created? TO CREATE A CENTRAL BANK WITHIN THE US ECONOMY Why did it fail? PEOPLE WERE AFRAID OF THE BANKS POWER TO CONTROL THEECONOMYDescribe the National Banking Act of 1864: (What is the Act and what is it used for)Think Critically Pg. 43Do you agree with Hamilton or Jefferson about the creation of a private bank to handle government banking? Explain.How did conflicting political views ultimately cause the demise of the first two Banks of the United States?Prior to the Federal Reserve Act of 1913, what factors made the banking system and the economy unstable?CHAPTER 2 INTERNET ACTIVITYCounterfeiting is an ongoing problem associated with paper currency since the government first began printing it. Visit the U.S. Bureau of Engraving and Printing’s web site at On this site you can learn about anti-counterfeiting measures. What challenges does modern technology present and what steps does the Bureau take to meet them.INTERNET ACTIVITY- FEDERAL RESERVE Visit the Federal Reserve Board of Governors’ web site at From the General Information link, find the District Reserve Bank that serves your area. Find and visit that bank’s site, and discover what materials it makes available for citizen education. List those resources:CHAPTER 2 INTERNET ACTIVITYDefine:FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (what is their purpose and function)?HOW MANY FEDERAL RESERVE BANKS DOES THE US HAVE?NAME ALL LOCATIONSDRAW THE FEDERAL RESERVE PYRAMID Google Federal Reserve Pyramid (use site)BANKING & FINANCE CHAPTER 2 “Development of U.S. Banking”2.3 Banking in the 20th CenturyDEFINEFederal Reserve Act- Established in 1913, a government regulated system of central banks which member banks could borrow money. The Federal Reserve board (FEDS) has the power to control and regulate these member banks.The Great Depression- began in 1929 and lasted about 10 years. The 1920’s was a decade of extreme prosperity. Many people borrowed money from the banks to buy stocks. Banks were lending to everyone plus they were invested in the market. When the stock market crashed so did many of the banks. MARKET CRASHED & BANKS FAILEDMargin- borrowing money to buy stocks (only paying a fraction of the actual cost then selling it later for a profit without ever paying the full purchasing price)- many brokerage firms still practice this but with strict regulations.Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)-The FEDS guarantee the money if a member bank fails (up to a certain limit- usually 100K)Inflation- a collective rise in the supply of money, incomes, and prices. The historical average inflation is around 3% a year in a healthy economy. Any extremes either way can be negative.Stagflation- High inflation rates but low performing economy-stagnantDeregulation- Regulations start to ease up to give banks more freedom, government releases partial control.The loosening of the GLASS STEAGALL ACT of 1933 which placed heavy regulations and restrictions on banks after the GREAT DEPRESSION.THINK CRITICALLY 2.3 PG 49Why couldn’t Congress just allow a free market to determine monetary policy?Why do you think the Federal Reserve Act attempted to remove the members of its board from the pressures of partisan politics?How did consumer fear help cause the bank failures of the Great Depression?Why is inflation particularly hard on those who save money well?Inflation is still with us, although the rates are far lower than they were 30 years ago. Anticipating inflation is part of financial planning. If this year’s inflation rate is 2.7%, and you placed $2000 in a savings account at the beginning of the year earning 2% interest, how much must you deposit in the account at the end of the year to hold the same purchasing value?FINANCE CHAPTER 2 “Development of U.S. Banking”2.4 THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM DISTRICTa1.Structure of the Fed (define each) CHAIRMANMember banks- Any bank that is part of the Federal Reserve System BOARDDistrict Reserve Banks- The 12 regional FED banks of the USBoard of Governors- The 7 FED Board members-selected by the President MEMBERThe Chairman- The top FED Board member- currently BEN BERNANKEWhat are the 4 functions of the Federal Reserve:THE GOVERNMENTS BANK- Loan money (or store money) for US GovernmentTHE BANKS’ BANK- Loan money to member banksBANK SUPERVISION- Supervise member banksMONETARY POLICY- Set interest rates and deposit requirementsList the 3 functions of Bank Supervision-Conduct bank examinations (CAMELS)Supervise International BanksProtect ConsumersCAMELS- Bank examination criteria – 6 functions of safety and soundnessCCAPITAL ADEQUACYAASSET ADEQUACYMMANAGEMENTEEARNINGSLLIQUIDITYSSENSITIVIY to RISKMONETARY POLICY:Open market- The FED buys and sells government securities (EXAMPLE: Sell EE savings bonds to the public) Federal funds rate- the rate at which banks borrow from each otherDiscount rate- the rate of interest that the FED charges member banks for loans (short term- usually overnight)Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)- Sets discount rates in response to economic conditionsTHINK CRITICALLY 2.4 PG 55Why do you think only national banks are required to be members of the Federal Reserve System?Why are Federal Reserve District Banks distributed across the nation?How does increasing a bank’s required reserve result in less money circulating in the economy?Why doesn’t the government legislate the value of money and set interest rates by law? ................
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