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➢ Why is it important for people (especially farmers) to settle near rivers & streams?

o _______________________________________________________________________.

➢ Mesopotamia

o The region between the _____________ and the _______________ is known as _______________________.

o One of the first villages to emerge was _____________. The villagers were called _______________.

➢ What defines the term “Civilization?”

o _________ Traits that are Essential for a Civilization

• 1. ________________________

o Not Just Population growth, but also a __________________________ emerges for a larger area. Farmers, Merchants, Traders bring goods to market in the cities.

• 2. ________________________ workers became skilled in one particular job.

o Ex. _______________: Workers who made goods by hand.

o Farmers were able to produce more than what was needed for themselves. They had a surplus of crops and were able to trade their extra goods for a different good or service. (An end to______________ _____________________)

• 3. ____________________________

o Enables people to make records of data. Merchants needed accounts of debts and payments.

o The Sumerians created _______________, which is a system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols. (Around 3,000 B.C.)

o Cuneiform Tablets (see image on left)

o Imprints of signs, called cuneiform, were made by pressing a wedge-shaped stylus into wet clay.

• 4. __________________________

o The Sumerians were skilled in science & technology.

o Ex. Invention of the wheel, plow, sailboat.

o Use of bronze (mixture of ____________ & __________) —”Bronze Age”

• 5. __________________________

o Having an organizational system to run a city. (This is a ____________ that is essential for a civilization.)

o __________________ is an example of a complex institution.

➢ Polytheism- _________________________________________.

o The Sumerians were _____________________. They believed that their gods were a lot like them except they were_____________________& ____________________________.

▪ Anu- “God of Heaven”

▪ Enlil- “God of Clouds & Air”

▪ Ea- “God of Water & Floods.

o Afterlife: Sumerians believed that their souls went to “________________________,”a gloomy place between the earth’s crust & the ancient sea.

➢ Who ruled Sumer?

o _______________________ & ______________________

o Priests had power because they “_______________________________” and keep the city safe.

o Sumerians began by choosing a strong warrior to lead them into battle. These leaders eventually became kings. Kings became a _________________ position.

➢ Sumer’s Downfall

o For 1,000 years (3,000-2,000 B.C.) the city-states of Sumer were at war with one another.

o All the fighting weakened the city-states so much that they could no longer ward off attacks from outsiders (___________________).

o 2,000 B.C. Nomadic raiders swept through ________, leaving it in ruins, thus ending the last of the great city-states.

➢ Turning Point In History: “__________________ ______________”

o Around 2,000 B.C. a group of nomadic warriors known as the Amorites invaded Mesopotamia.

o The Amorites established ________________ as their capital city.

➢ Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.) was a powerful and influential king.

o Babylon’s civilization was becoming so complex that there was a need for written laws to help resolve disputes.

o Hammurabi established a collection of laws that became known as “______________________”

▪ Purpose of Hammurabi’s Code

▪ There are 282 specific laws.

▪ 88 Laws deal with marriage, family, property.

▪ 3 Fundamental Principles:

• 1. ___________________________ to punish crimes. (Eye for an Eye)

• 2. ___________________________ (Double Standards existed between social classes).

• 3. ___________________________ had a responsibility for what occurred in society.

➢ Jews & Monotheism

o Monotheist: _________________________________________________________________.

o The Jews were one of the smallest groups in the ancient Fertile Crescent, but their influence on history was far-reaching.

o Moses & the Ten Commandments

▪ By the laws set forth to Moses, God demanded a high standard of moral conduct from human beings. This emphasis on ___________, _____________, and an _________________________________ with God set Judaism apart.

▪ These ideas marked the birth of a set of religious traditions, the impact of which has lasted for thousands of year.

o Capable Kings:

▪ __________, __________________, ____________ -- Their kingdom…___________.

➢ Assyrian Empire Rises and Falls (850-612 B.C.)

o The Iron Age made it possible for the Assyrians to conquer and rule a large empire.

o Iron ____________ and Iron __________ __________ made for well equipped warriors.

o The Assyrians were known for their ___________ _______________ because they were the most ________________ army to date.

o The Assyrians had shown that it was possible to build an empire based on fear and harsh government.

➢ Persian Empire (550 – 350 B.C.)

o The Persian Empire was a giant empire that arose in Southwest Asia that was built upon ___________ and __________ __________________. (Unlike the ________________)

o Cambyses successor was _____________ who governed the fragile empire by using ____________ power.

▪ Darius used two important tools to hold the empire together.

▪ Excellent Road System called the “___________ ____________ _____________”

▪ _____________ _______________.—The whole empire had a universal money system to trade with.

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Civilization & Empires

In Southwest Asia

WORLD HISTORY NOTES

DATE: _________________

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➢ Sumer

o Sumer was neither a city nor a country. Rather, it was a collection of separate cities with a common way of life. They shared a common culture.

o Historians believe that Sumerians built the world’s first __________________.

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Fertile Crescent Disadvantages

Sumerian

Solutions

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➢ Phoenicians

o Around 1100 B.C. the Phoenicians were the most powerful traders around the Mediterranean Sea.

o 300 Phoenician cities sprouted up around Africa’s Mediterranean Sea

o The highly prized _______________ ________ for which the Phoenicians were renowned was extracted from a gland of the murex snail.  Each snail yielded only a drop of yellow liquid, which darkened on exposure to light.  Processing required slow simmering for about two weeks.  Up to _____________ snails were needed for each pound of dye.

o Phoenician Contribution: Around 900 B.C. the Phoenicians developed a _____________ _______________ with 22 symbols (versus the 600 symbols in Cuneiform).

▪ The _____________________ is born!!

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➢ Iron Age Begins

o Shift from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age

▪ The ________________ (People living in Asia Minor minor) gradually learned the complicated process of _______________ iron (this takes place over from 1500 to 1200 B.C.).

o Why make the change from Bronze to Iron?

▪ ________________________________________________. An iron sword could pierce through a bronze shield.

▪ Iron is a more __________________ ________________. Easier for people to obtain=cheaper too!

▪ The development of iron paved the way for an “______ ___ ________________.”

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▪ In 550 B.C., Persian King Cyrus defeated several neighboring kingdoms to mark the beginning of the _____________ Empire.

▪ In 11 years (550-539 B.C.) Cyrus conquered all of the Fertile Crescent and most of Asia minor.

▪ Cyrus believed that when his army marched into a defeated city, that there would be no ___________ or destroying of any buildings/temples.

▪ Cyrus believed that it was wise leave local customs and religions alone.

o King Cyrus was killed in 530 B.C. and then his son, _______________, took over for 8 years. Cambyses died of a wound suffered by a sword.

Above: Cyrus

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