Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools / Front Page
➢ Why is it important for people (especially farmers) to settle near rivers & streams?
o _______________________________________________________________________.
➢ Mesopotamia
o The region between the _____________ and the _______________ is known as _______________________.
o One of the first villages to emerge was _____________. The villagers were called _______________.
➢ What defines the term “Civilization?”
o _________ Traits that are Essential for a Civilization
• 1. ________________________
o Not Just Population growth, but also a __________________________ emerges for a larger area. Farmers, Merchants, Traders bring goods to market in the cities.
• 2. ________________________ workers became skilled in one particular job.
o Ex. _______________: Workers who made goods by hand.
o Farmers were able to produce more than what was needed for themselves. They had a surplus of crops and were able to trade their extra goods for a different good or service. (An end to______________ _____________________)
• 3. ____________________________
o Enables people to make records of data. Merchants needed accounts of debts and payments.
o The Sumerians created _______________, which is a system of writing with wedge-shaped symbols. (Around 3,000 B.C.)
o Cuneiform Tablets (see image on left)
o Imprints of signs, called cuneiform, were made by pressing a wedge-shaped stylus into wet clay.
• 4. __________________________
o The Sumerians were skilled in science & technology.
o Ex. Invention of the wheel, plow, sailboat.
o Use of bronze (mixture of ____________ & __________) —”Bronze Age”
• 5. __________________________
o Having an organizational system to run a city. (This is a ____________ that is essential for a civilization.)
o __________________ is an example of a complex institution.
➢ Polytheism- _________________________________________.
o The Sumerians were _____________________. They believed that their gods were a lot like them except they were_____________________& ____________________________.
▪ Anu- “God of Heaven”
▪ Enlil- “God of Clouds & Air”
▪ Ea- “God of Water & Floods.
o Afterlife: Sumerians believed that their souls went to “________________________,”a gloomy place between the earth’s crust & the ancient sea.
➢ Who ruled Sumer?
o _______________________ & ______________________
o Priests had power because they “_______________________________” and keep the city safe.
o Sumerians began by choosing a strong warrior to lead them into battle. These leaders eventually became kings. Kings became a _________________ position.
➢ Sumer’s Downfall
o For 1,000 years (3,000-2,000 B.C.) the city-states of Sumer were at war with one another.
o All the fighting weakened the city-states so much that they could no longer ward off attacks from outsiders (___________________).
o 2,000 B.C. Nomadic raiders swept through ________, leaving it in ruins, thus ending the last of the great city-states.
➢ Turning Point In History: “__________________ ______________”
o Around 2,000 B.C. a group of nomadic warriors known as the Amorites invaded Mesopotamia.
o The Amorites established ________________ as their capital city.
➢ Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.) was a powerful and influential king.
o Babylon’s civilization was becoming so complex that there was a need for written laws to help resolve disputes.
o Hammurabi established a collection of laws that became known as “______________________”
▪ Purpose of Hammurabi’s Code
▪ There are 282 specific laws.
▪ 88 Laws deal with marriage, family, property.
▪ 3 Fundamental Principles:
• 1. ___________________________ to punish crimes. (Eye for an Eye)
• 2. ___________________________ (Double Standards existed between social classes).
• 3. ___________________________ had a responsibility for what occurred in society.
➢ Jews & Monotheism
o Monotheist: _________________________________________________________________.
o The Jews were one of the smallest groups in the ancient Fertile Crescent, but their influence on history was far-reaching.
o Moses & the Ten Commandments
▪ By the laws set forth to Moses, God demanded a high standard of moral conduct from human beings. This emphasis on ___________, _____________, and an _________________________________ with God set Judaism apart.
▪ These ideas marked the birth of a set of religious traditions, the impact of which has lasted for thousands of year.
o Capable Kings:
▪ __________, __________________, ____________ -- Their kingdom…___________.
➢ Assyrian Empire Rises and Falls (850-612 B.C.)
o The Iron Age made it possible for the Assyrians to conquer and rule a large empire.
o Iron ____________ and Iron __________ __________ made for well equipped warriors.
o The Assyrians were known for their ___________ _______________ because they were the most ________________ army to date.
o The Assyrians had shown that it was possible to build an empire based on fear and harsh government.
➢ Persian Empire (550 – 350 B.C.)
o The Persian Empire was a giant empire that arose in Southwest Asia that was built upon ___________ and __________ __________________. (Unlike the ________________)
o Cambyses successor was _____________ who governed the fragile empire by using ____________ power.
▪ Darius used two important tools to hold the empire together.
▪ Excellent Road System called the “___________ ____________ _____________”
▪ _____________ _______________.—The whole empire had a universal money system to trade with.
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Civilization & Empires
In Southwest Asia
WORLD HISTORY NOTES
DATE: _________________
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➢ Sumer
o Sumer was neither a city nor a country. Rather, it was a collection of separate cities with a common way of life. They shared a common culture.
o Historians believe that Sumerians built the world’s first __________________.
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Fertile Crescent Disadvantages
Sumerian
Solutions
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➢ Phoenicians
o Around 1100 B.C. the Phoenicians were the most powerful traders around the Mediterranean Sea.
o 300 Phoenician cities sprouted up around Africa’s Mediterranean Sea
o The highly prized _______________ ________ for which the Phoenicians were renowned was extracted from a gland of the murex snail. Each snail yielded only a drop of yellow liquid, which darkened on exposure to light. Processing required slow simmering for about two weeks. Up to _____________ snails were needed for each pound of dye.
o Phoenician Contribution: Around 900 B.C. the Phoenicians developed a _____________ _______________ with 22 symbols (versus the 600 symbols in Cuneiform).
▪ The _____________________ is born!!
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➢ Iron Age Begins
o Shift from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age
▪ The ________________ (People living in Asia Minor minor) gradually learned the complicated process of _______________ iron (this takes place over from 1500 to 1200 B.C.).
o Why make the change from Bronze to Iron?
▪ ________________________________________________. An iron sword could pierce through a bronze shield.
▪ Iron is a more __________________ ________________. Easier for people to obtain=cheaper too!
▪ The development of iron paved the way for an “______ ___ ________________.”
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▪ In 550 B.C., Persian King Cyrus defeated several neighboring kingdoms to mark the beginning of the _____________ Empire.
▪ In 11 years (550-539 B.C.) Cyrus conquered all of the Fertile Crescent and most of Asia minor.
▪ Cyrus believed that when his army marched into a defeated city, that there would be no ___________ or destroying of any buildings/temples.
▪ Cyrus believed that it was wise leave local customs and religions alone.
o King Cyrus was killed in 530 B.C. and then his son, _______________, took over for 8 years. Cambyses died of a wound suffered by a sword.
Above: Cyrus
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