Critical Social Educator – Social Studies Methods; TE 407 ...



Unit 6 Exam -- World Wars -- DocumentsAll Quiet On the Western FrontThe “red glow” described in the first paragraph is most likely:Fireworks being set off in celebration of victory at the end of the warBombs exploding over the battlefield during the warA huge forest fire started by lightning A traffic light that is stuck on “stop”What characteristics would best describe the attitude of the fair-headed recruit at the end of the passage?bold and courageous brave and fearlessterrified and scaredgiving and thoughtfulWhich supporting detail serves as the best evidence that Katczinsky has a different mindset than most of the other soldiers?“...One lands behind us. Two recruits jump up terrified. A couple of minutes later another comes over, nearer this time…”“...I sit up, I feel myself strangely alone…”“...The crack of the guns is heard long after the roar of the explosions…”“...He gazes thoughtfully at the front and says, ‘Mighty fine fireworks if they weren't so dangerous’...Wilson SpeechesWilson’s argument in his speech from 1914 (Document A) is that:The United States must declare war on Germany in response to its attacksThe people of the United States are drawn from many nations The United States must remain neutral and try to help European nations negotiate a peaceGermany must not declare war on the United States Which of the following quotes best supports the author’s argument in Document A?“We must be impartial in thought”“Such divisions among us would be fatal to our peace of mind…” “during these days that are to try men’s souls.” “to succeed in the momentous struggle”What is Wilson’s argument in the 1917 speech (Document B)? The U.S. should declare war on Germany The U.S. should remain neutral in World War IDemocracy is no longer a feasible option Property is more important than lives Which of these statements is the LEAST relevant to Wilson’s arguments Document B? “American ships have been sunk. American lives taken.” “The world must be made safe for democracy.” “The present German submarine warfare against commerce is a warfare against mankind.” “We seek not material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make.” Fascism DocumentsAccording to Document A, which of these is true about Fascists? They had a clearly defined theory or program Nationalism was less important to themThey promised to follow a single leaderThey avoided mass gatherings of peopleWhich of the following best summarizes Hitler’s main idea of the third paragraph in Document C? (“It is not necessary…”)Fascists will fight a destructive battle to change the current world orderLeaders of Fascism must have great intellectual abilityFascist dictators must inspire their people to follow orders without questionIndividual soldiers must understand the Fascist ideas they’re fighting for Document C indicates that Hitler believes the Jews must be wiped out because: They have caused Germany difficulties and are a threat to GermanyThey oppose the Nazi party and everything it stands forThey are everywhere and their population is out of controlThey are not Fascists and opposed the Fascist worldview as described by HitlerWhich of these quotes from Document B by Mussolini is the best evidence that a fascist would oppose a democratic government in which people vote for their leaders? “Above all, Fascism believes neither in the possibility nor in the usefulness of peace.”“If every age has its own doctrine, it is clear from a thousand signs that the doctrine of the current age is Fascism.”“Some men are greater than others, and these men should rule … (Fascism) It takes away pointless or harmful freedoms, and preserves those that are essential. It cannot be the individual who decides what freedoms matter, but only the State.”“The Italian people will rise again to create a new Roman Empire, and once again the Italian people will lead the world.”Atomic Bomb Documents12. In Document 1, what does the author conclude to be the best reason for dropping an atomic bomb on an enemy target?To inflict damage and casualties beyond imagination. To finally bring the war to an end.To see how much damage an atomic bomb could actually inflict upon a civilian population.The author decided that dropping the bomb would not be a good idea.13. Which of these best describes the author’s purpose for writing Document 1?Explain the decision-making process that went into whether to drop the atomic bombsProvide an estimate of how destructive the bomb would be if it was dropped on Japan Describe the final decision made by a committee of top men to drop the bomb on JapanExplain what equipment would be needed to drop the bomb and a precise plan of action for executing the mission 14. Which of these best summarizes the author’s argument in Document 2? The deaths of thousands of people after the bombings was nothing compared to what the United States sacrificed during the warThe Japanese were like barbarians in a Dark Age and deserved to dieThe use of the atomic bomb was wrong because it killed innocent people and Japan would have given up without the use of the bombThe use of the atomic bomb was justified because it prevented the U.S. from having to invade15. In Document 3, which of these pieces of evidence best supports the author’s argument that the dropping of the atomic bomb was justified? Mark all answers that apply. (Note: you can mark more than one letter.)“The decision to use the atomic bomb was a decision that brought death to over a hundred thousand Japanese”“It stopped the fire raids”“It ended the ghastly specter of a clash of great land armies” “The face of war is the face of death”“... we were given final proof that war is death.” “The destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki put an end to the Japanese war”Name: _________________________________________All Quiet on the Western Front (excerpt)By Erich Maria RemarqueNOTE: Erich Maria Remarque was a German novelist who fought in World War I. His novel All Quiet on the Western Front provides a vivid description of the fighting as seen through the eyes of a 19-year-old German soldier named Paul B?umer. In the following passage, B?umer and Stanislaus Katczinsky or “Kat,” the 40-year old leader of the group, face intense shelling and artillery fire near the front line.An uncertain, red glow spreads along the sky line from one end to the other. It is in perpetual movement, punctuated with the bursts of flame from the muzzles of the batteries. Balls of light rise up high above it, silver and red spheres which explode and rain down in showers of red, white, and green stars. French rockets go up, which unfold a silk parachute to the air and drift slowly down. They light up everything as bright as day, their light shines on us and we see our shadows sharply outlined on the ground. They hover for the space of a minute before they burn out. Immediately fresh ones shoot up to the sky, and again green, red, and blue stars."Bombardment," says Kat.The thunder of the guns swells to a single heavy roar and then breaks up again into separate explosions. The dry bursts of the machine-guns rattle. Above us the air teems with invisible swift movement, with howls, pipings, and hisses. They are the smaller shells; -- and amongst them, booming through the night like an organ, go the great coalboxes and the heavies. They have a hoarse, distant bellow like a rutting stag and make their way high above the howl and whistle of the smaller shells. It reminds me of flocks of wild geese when I hear them. Last autumn the wild geese flew day after day across the path of the shells.The searchlights begin to sweep the dark sky. They slide along it like gigantic tapering rulers. One of them pauses, and quivers a little. Immediately a second is beside him, a black insect is caught between them and tries to escape -- the airman. He hesitates, is blinded and falls.At regular intervals we ram in the iron stakes. Two men hold a roll and the others spool off the barbed wire. It is that awful stuff with close-set, long spikes. I am not used to unrolling it and tear my hand.After a few hours it is done. But there is still some time before the lorries come. Most of us lie down and sleep. I try also, but it has turned too chilly. Near to the sea one is constantly waked by the cold.Once I fall fast asleep. Then waking suddenly with a start I do not know where I am. I see the stars, I see the rockets, and for a moment have the impression that I have fallen asleep at a garden fête. I don't know whether it is morning or evening, I lie in the pale cradle of the twilight, and listen for soft words which will come, soft and near -- am I crying? I put my hand to my eyes, it is so fantastic; am I a child? Smooth skin; -- it lasts only a second, then I recognize the silhouette of Katczinsky. The old veteran, he sits quietly and smokes his pipe -- a covered pipe of course. When he sees I am awake, he says: "That gave you a fright. It was only a nose-cap, it landed in the bushes over there."I sit up, I feel myself strangely alone. It's good Kat is there. He gazes thoughtfully at the front and says:"Mighty fine fireworks if they weren't so dangerous."One lands behind us. Two recruits jump up terrified. A couple of minutes later another comes over, nearer this time. Kat knocks out his pipe. "It makes a glow."Then it begins in earnest. We crawl away as well as we can in our haste. The next lands fair among us. Two fellows cry out. Green rockets shoot up on the sky-line. Barrage. The mud flies high, fragments whizz past. The crack of the guns is heard long after the roar of the explosions.Beside us lies a fair-headed recruit in utter terror. He has buried his face in his hands, his helmet has fallen off. I fish hold of it and try to put it back on his head. He looks up, pushes the helmet off and like a child creeps under my arm, his head close to my breast. The little shoulders heave. Shoulders just like Kemmerich's. I let him be. So that the helmet should be of some use I stick it on his behind; -- not for a jest, but out of consideration, since that is his highest part. And though there is plenty of meat there, a shot in it can be damned painful. Besides, a man has to lie a whole month on his belly in the hospital, and afterwards he would be almost sure to have a limp.It's got someone pretty badly. Cries are heard between the explosions.At last it grows quiet. The fire has lifted over us and is now dropping on the reserves. We risk a look. Red rockets shoot up to the sky. Apparently there's an attack coming.Where we are it is still quiet. I sit up and shake the recruit by the shoulder. "All over, kid! It's all right this time."He looks around him dazedly. "You'll get used to it soon," I tell him.Fascism DocumentsCentral question: How did Fascism contribute to the start of WWII?Textbook (Document A)The following is an excerpt from YOUR textbook explaining Fascism.“Fascism was a new, militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader. Unlike communism, fascism had no clearly defined theory or program. Nevertheless, most Fascists shared several ideas. They preached an extreme form of nationalism, or loyalty to one’s country. Fascists believed that nations must struggle—peaceful states were doomed to be conquered. They pledged loyalty to an authoritarian leader (dictator) who guided and brought order to the state. In each nation, Fascists wore uniforms of a certain color, used special salutes, and held mass rallies.”Source: McDougal Littel, Modern World History: Patterns of Interaction. Published 2006.Benito Mussolini (Document B)Benito Mussolini founded the first Fascist Party shortly after WWI in Italy. Promising a strong, new Italian state modeled after the ancient Roman Empire, Mussolini gained many followers among war veterans and the middle class. The following is an excerpt from the Doctrine of Fascism, which Mussolini wrote.“Above all, Fascism believes neither in the possibility nor in the usefulness of peace. War alone brings out the best in people and puts the stamp of nobility upon the people who have the courage to face it.Fascism attacks democratic ideals. Fascism denies that the majority can rule human societies. It insists that the inequality of men is beneficial. Some men are greater than others, and these men should rule. The Fascist State organizes the nation. It takes away pointless or harmful freedoms, and preserves those that are essential. It cannot be the individual who decides what freedoms matter, but only the State.In it the tradition of ancient Rome, the Fascist State seeks to create an empire. For Fascism, the creation of an empire is a demonstration of strength and health. Its opposite, which is staying at home, is a sign of weakness and corruption.If every age has its own doctrine, it is clear from a thousand signs that the doctrine of the current age is Fascism. The Italian people will rise again after many centuries of abandonment and neglect (rejection). The Italian people will rise again to create a new Roman Empire, and once again the Italian people will lead the world.”Source: The Doctrine of Fascism by Benito Mussolini, written in 1932.beneficial: helpfulStamp: marknobility: upper classideals: ideasessential: extremely importantdoctrine: set of beliefs or ideas neglect: to lack care ofAdolf Hitler (Document C)When Mussolini and his Fascist party rose to power in Italy, Adolf Hitler was a little-known political leader in Germany. Inspired in part by Mussolini, Hitler helped form the German Fascist movement in the mid-1920s. The following is an excerpt from Mein Kampf (My Struggle). In it, Hitler describes his own “Fascist worldview.” “The political parties which currently exist cannot be expected to bring about the radical change that Germany needs. A political party will compromise with a political opponent. The Fascist worldview never does this. The Fascist worldview knows it is never wrong.The Fascist worldview is intolerant, and this intolerance is virtuous. It will never share its place with the current order. It will wage a destructive battle to abolish the current order.It is not necessary for every individual fighter in this battle to understand the ideas and plans of the Fascist worldview. The Fascist worldview can exist only if leaders of great intellectual ability are served by a large mass of men who are passionately devoted to the cause. We must inspire discipline and blind faith, for the side with the best disciplined and most blindly obedient troops always triumphs.In order to carry the ideas of the Fascist worldview to victory, a populist party had to be founded. The National Socialist German Labor Party (Nazi Party) is that party. The National Socialist German Labor Party will prepare the way for the destruction of the current order throughout the world.The forces currently in control of the world are Jews here and Jews there and Jews everywhere. The hardship we are now experiencing is because of them. If this continues, the Jews will one day devour the German nation and the world. We must wipe out the Jewish Empire which is now in control.”Source: Mein Kampf (My Struggle) by Adolf Hitler, written in 1925Intolerant: not accepting of other people or ideasVirtuous: good and rightabolish: destroyintellectual: relating to the ability to thinkobedient: one who follows instructionspopulist: appealing to the peopleDevour: consume; take overAtomic Bomb Document 1President Truman ordered the dropping of the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This excerpt comes from his memoirs published in 1955. "I had then set up a committee of top men and had asked them to study with great care the implications the new weapons might have for us. It was their recommendation that the bomb be used against the enemy as soon as it could be done. They recommended further that it should be used without specific warning... I had realized, of course, that an atomic bomb explosion would inflict damage and casualties beyond imagination. On the other hand, the scientific advisors of the committee reported... that no technical demonstration they might propose, such as over a deserted island, would be likely to bring the war to an end. It had to be used against an enemy target.The final decision of where and when to use the atomic bomb was up to me. Let there be no mistake about it. I regarded the bomb as a military weapon and never doubted it should be used."—President Harry S. Truman, Memoirs: Year of Decisions, 1955Document 2"The use of this barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against Japan. The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender..."In being the first to use it, we . . . adopted an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages. I was not taught to make war in that fashion, and wars cannot be won by destroying women and children."— Admiral William E. Leahy, President Truman's Chief of Staff, in his memoirs "I Was There"Document 3"The face of war is the face of death; death is an inevitable part of every order that a wartime leader gives. The decision to use the atomic bomb was a decision that brought death to over a hundred thousand Japanese..."But this deliberate, premeditated destruction was our least abhorrent alternative. The destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki put an end to the Japanese war. It stopped the fire raids, and the strangling blockade; it ended the ghastly specter of a clash of great land armies. In this last great action of the Second World War we were given final proof that war is death."—Secretary of War Henry StimsonAtomic bomb document glossary: Document 1Implications: possible future effectstechnical: scientific, practical Document 2Barbarous: savagely cruel Material: having real importanceBarbarians: a violent or uncivilized peopleDocument 3Inevitable: unavoidablePremeditated: Planned beforehandAbhorrent: repulsive; causing strong dislike or hatredFire raids: bombing raids the U.S. conducted on Japanese cities Specter: something that might happen in the future ................
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