Ch - Northern Arizona University
Ch. 5 Pregnancy and Childbirth
Preconception Care
Preexisting medical conditions.
Prescription drug/OTC drug use.
Prior pregnancy or delivery problems.
Age.
Smoking, alcohol or other drug usage.
Any infections?
Diet.
Usage of diethylstilbestrol (DES).
Multiple births.
Family history of genetic disorders.
Conception/Fertility
Conception involves the fertilization of a women’s egg by a man’s sperm
Each month a women’s ovaries release an egg
3-4 days - the egg travels through the fallopian tubes
Egg not fertilized
Millions of sperm released
Egg and sperm each carry 23 chromosomes
Infertility
Women
Blocked fallopian tubes
Pelvic Inflamm. Disease
Endometriosis
Hormonal imbalance
Uterine Growths
Allergic responses to sperm
Smoking
Alcohol
Toxic chemicals or radiation
Men
Low sperm count
Poor motility
Blocked passageways
Toxic substances
Smoking
Drugs
Testicular injury
Infections
Birth defects
High Temperatures
Infertility Treatment
Surgery
Fertility drugs
Sperm donor
Assisted Reproduction
Surrogate Motherhood
Pregnancy
13 week trimesters
Tests
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Early signs and symptoms
Missed menstrual period
Softening of the uterus
Continual change in the Women’s Body
Uterus size
Fourth Month
Breast changes
8th week
10th week
colostrum
Muscles and Ligaments loosen
Weight Gain
Changes During the Later Stages of Pregnancy
Increased needs placed on the mother
Braxton Hicks contractions. Lightening
Emotional responses to Pregnancy
Fetal Development
First Trimester
Embryo - End of second week
Outermost shell
All major body structures are formed between 2nd and 9th week
2nd Month - Fetus
Second Trimester
Fetus grows to about 14 inches and 2 pounds
Third Trimester
Fetus gains protective fat layers, Respiratory and Digestive organs develop
Diagnosing Fetal Abnormalities
Ultrasonography
Amniocentesis
Chorionic Villus sampling
Triple marker screen (TMS)
Fetal programming
Basics of Prenatal Care
Regular medical checkups
Blood tests
An appropriate diet
Avoidance of alcohol, tobacco, other drugs, and any infections that may harm the fetus
Reasonable exercise
Preparation for childbirth
Complications
Ectopic pregnancy
Spontaneous Abortion, or miscarriage
Preeclampsia/eclampsia
Low-birth Weight (LBW)
Infant Mortality
SIDS
Choices in Childbirth
Who is going to assist with delivery?
Where is the baby going to be delivered?
Labor and Delivery
Entire process 2-36 hours.
First stage of Labor.
13 hours for a first birth.
Hormonal changes.
Contractions.
Mucus plug is expelled and amniotic sac may rupture.
Transition.
Childbirth
Second Stage of Labor
Baby slowly pushed into birth canal
Baby squeezes through pelvis
Head is usually delivered first
Umbilical cord is cut
Third Stage of Labor
Delivery of the placenta
Apgar Scale of the Baby
Cesarean deliveries
Postpartum Period
3 months following childbirth.
Critical family adjustment.
Vaginal delivery leave hospital 1-3 days.
Cesarean section 3-5 days.
Breastfeeding.
Postpartum depression.
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