Ch - Northern Arizona University



Ch. 5 Pregnancy and Childbirth

Preconception Care

Preexisting medical conditions.

Prescription drug/OTC drug use.

Prior pregnancy or delivery problems.

Age.

Smoking, alcohol or other drug usage.

Any infections?

Diet.

Usage of diethylstilbestrol (DES).

Multiple births.

Family history of genetic disorders.

Conception/Fertility

Conception involves the fertilization of a women’s egg by a man’s sperm

Each month a women’s ovaries release an egg

3-4 days - the egg travels through the fallopian tubes

Egg not fertilized

Millions of sperm released

Egg and sperm each carry 23 chromosomes

Infertility

Women

Blocked fallopian tubes

Pelvic Inflamm. Disease

Endometriosis

Hormonal imbalance

Uterine Growths

Allergic responses to sperm

Smoking

Alcohol

Toxic chemicals or radiation

Men

Low sperm count

Poor motility

Blocked passageways

Toxic substances

Smoking

Drugs

Testicular injury

Infections

Birth defects

High Temperatures

Infertility Treatment

Surgery

Fertility drugs

Sperm donor

Assisted Reproduction

Surrogate Motherhood

Pregnancy

13 week trimesters

Tests

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Early signs and symptoms

Missed menstrual period

Softening of the uterus

Continual change in the Women’s Body

Uterus size

Fourth Month

Breast changes

8th week

10th week

colostrum

Muscles and Ligaments loosen

Weight Gain

Changes During the Later Stages of Pregnancy

Increased needs placed on the mother

Braxton Hicks contractions. Lightening

Emotional responses to Pregnancy

Fetal Development

First Trimester

Embryo - End of second week

Outermost shell

All major body structures are formed between 2nd and 9th week

2nd Month - Fetus

Second Trimester

Fetus grows to about 14 inches and 2 pounds

Third Trimester

Fetus gains protective fat layers, Respiratory and Digestive organs develop

Diagnosing Fetal Abnormalities

Ultrasonography

Amniocentesis

Chorionic Villus sampling

Triple marker screen (TMS)

Fetal programming

Basics of Prenatal Care

Regular medical checkups

Blood tests

An appropriate diet

Avoidance of alcohol, tobacco, other drugs, and any infections that may harm the fetus

Reasonable exercise

Preparation for childbirth

Complications

Ectopic pregnancy

Spontaneous Abortion, or miscarriage

Preeclampsia/eclampsia

Low-birth Weight (LBW)

Infant Mortality

SIDS

Choices in Childbirth

Who is going to assist with delivery?

Where is the baby going to be delivered?

Labor and Delivery

Entire process 2-36 hours.

First stage of Labor.

13 hours for a first birth.

Hormonal changes.

Contractions.

Mucus plug is expelled and amniotic sac may rupture.

Transition.

Childbirth

Second Stage of Labor

Baby slowly pushed into birth canal

Baby squeezes through pelvis

Head is usually delivered first

Umbilical cord is cut

Third Stage of Labor

Delivery of the placenta

Apgar Scale of the Baby

Cesarean deliveries

Postpartum Period

3 months following childbirth.

Critical family adjustment.

Vaginal delivery leave hospital 1-3 days.

Cesarean section 3-5 days.

Breastfeeding.

Postpartum depression.

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