Loudoun County Public Schools
Name: ____________________________________________ Date: _______________________________ Page #: _____
NOTES:
The Rise of Civilizations & River Valley Civilizations #1: Mesopotamia (WHI.3)
The Five Characteristics of Civilizations
-----------------------
The Start of Mesopotamia/Geography of Mesopotamia
• Early humans traveled to find ____________ . Why? ____________________________________________
• Migrations --> people are near WATERWAYS
• Travel through the ____________________ , end up in region called the _____________________________
• Fertile Crescent = in modern-day _________ .
• Why is this region fertile?
Importance of Geography:
PROBLEM: Rivers = only real source of water for Sumer
Positives: Negatives:
- Allows ___________ to grow - Unpredictable _____________
- Sumer was ___________ in size
- Deposits silt-rich soil from bottom
of riverbeds - Why does it matter that - Sumer not rich in ___________
the soil is silt-rich? resources
Characteristics of the Fertile Crescent:
• Location of two major rivers, the ______________ River and the ______________ River
• The name Mesopotamia means "_________________________________ "
• One of the earliest known cities (2900 BCE) in Mesopotamia was what? What people was it home to?
Sumerian Scientific, Intellectual, and Technological Advancements:
Sumerian inventions include...
• 3 major inventions: 1) ___________________
2) ____________________
3) ___________________
How did the sail especially help Sumer?
• Calendars
• Counting/number system from __________
• 1st to use bronze (start of Bronze Age)
• Created _______________ (writing system of
Mesopotamia/Sumer)
• Architectural designs ( ___________________ )
Sumerian Religion:
• Sumerians believed in gods - _______________________
• Polytheism = belief in multiple gods)
• What was the main religious building called?_______________
- Ziggurats mean " __________________________ "
- Surrounded by walls for protection
- Served many different purposes,
including _________________________________
• ____________ held high power in society in Sumer
until what happened?
• Military leaders ---> lead to ____________ of kings in Sumer
(leaders pass power to sons)
What is cuneiform (besides really important)?
• Cuneiform = _________________ system which involved what?
• Used a system of __________________ to represent words and/or phrases
• Cylindrical seal used for names/trade
• What is a stylus? _______________________________________________________________
What Do Early Cities Need?
1. To be near _______________________ (for crops, irrigation)
2. Villages - why are villages necessary?
• ______________________________________________
These needs ---> many changes and villages evolve into __________
and _______________ cities
Early Mesopotamian Conquerors:
• Religious leaders originally held power. What happened? ______________________________________________
• More wars = __________________ leaders come to power. These leaders begin to take over nearby villages.
• Gathering control over villages was the start of ___________________ and empire ________________________ .
• Who was the first empire builder? ______________________________________
- Takes power over Sumer
- Came from the city of ___________________
- The Sargon dynasty ____________________ all of Sumer from 2340 BCE to 2125 BCE (the first time all of Sumer has ever been unified)
- Expands empire from ____________ of Sumer to ________________________
- Empire is created. What is an empire? ____________________________________________________________
• Was Sargon of Akkad tolerant? How do we know?
Sumerian Society & Culture:
* Society in Sumer had rigid ______________
classes. *
• Divided into different social classes
• Included upper class, upper middle,
lower middle, slaves, etc.
• Women in Sumer society: What could
they do?
• What role did religion play in daily life?
Important text: Epic of Gilgamesh
Babylonian Empire Rises:
Eventually, the Sargon dynasty's rule falls, and the Babylonian Empire will take its place.
• Empire of Sargon weakens --> ______________ take control of Sumer around 2000 BCE (also known as the Babylonians)
• Babylonians are in power, make the city of _______________ their capital (no longer in Ur)
• Still keep the practices and beliefs traditional to Sumerian culture
• Under what leader and when does the Babylonian Empire reach its height?
LEADER: _______________________________________ WHEN: ________________________
• What is Hammurabi best known for? _________________________________________________________
• This code of law is called Hammurabi's Code
What was Hammurabi's Code based on? _______________________________
Basic idea: " ___________________________________________________________ "
Rules = differed based on how much $$$ someone had
The Rise of Early Cities
Cities start following the boom of the _______________________________________.
Agriculture = people have a steady source of food
More food? ________ people and a need for more
___________________ .
The Area of Sumer:
Small area where ____________ and __________ Rivers met.
What was Sumer's most famous city? _________
• Earliest example of an advanced city, civilization
Ur became a powerful city? What characterized this?
Sumerian cities = had their own _________ and ________
Operated as city-states! (almost like their own states)
Problem Solving in Sumer:
People of Sumer = invent things to help solve geographic issues
• Dug _________________, making more land farmable
• Built walls to ____________
_______________________
• ____________ for resources
(Grain + cloth for wood, metal, other tools)
All About Ur:
Ur was the most powerful city-state in Sumer.
• Sophisticated with ________________ classes
• Who holds the power?
• 1.
2.
• Economy based on ____________________
• Organized areas for ____________________
• Buildings of clay brick
- What did a regular house look like?
- What did a wealthy person's house look like?
ECONOMY of Sumerian Cities:
Based on _____________________________ (farming was the basis for everything)
___________________________ = the most important area (used for trading at bazaars - open air markets). The barter system was used in trading. What is bartering?
Sumerian cities = had their own _________ and ________
Operated as city-states! (almost like their own states)
New Inventions Change Lives (and Bring About Cities)
These inventions include: 1) ______________ , 2) ___________________ , and 3) ________________________________
Why do these inventions matter?
• The more food a settlement has, the more _____________________ it can support. And the more people a
settlement has, the more ______________________ that society becomes.
1. Advanced cities.
The word "city" is Latin for what?
Cities were organized to have different areas for:
1. ____________
2. ____________
3. ____________
Advanced cities also had centers for trade!
2. Specialized workers
Trade is important to civilizations. How do you get items to trade?
Lots of crops (aka ______________) causes economic ______________
Demand for _______________ encourages the crafting of new products
Trade with other peoples = more _______________
Examples: Scribes, priests, metalworkers, merchants, weavers, soldiers, teachers, etc.
3. Complex institutions
Examples include....
1) __________
Meets administrative needs of the civilization
2) __________
Protect civilization and gain land and power
3) __________
Priests have political and religious power; gods are crucial to civilization success
4. Record keeping
TWO reasons for the development of ______________:
1) Keep ________
2 ) ____________ expression
Earliest form of writing is ?
_______________
What are pictograms?
5. Advanced technology (tools)
Examples include...
- _______________
• The wheel and plow
- _______________
• Sailboat (aids in trade too)
- _______________
• Bronze! ( a combo of copper and tin)
................
................
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