Microbiology Study Guide



Microbiology Study Guide –Exam 4 (Final)This is a list of the types of things you should be able to describe or explain in your own words for each chapter. You are still responsible for the material covered in lecture and should know all of the key terms at the end of the notes for each chapter.Chapter 14 (Principles of Disease)Explain Koch’s postulatesDescribe the stages of an infectious disease Understand the concepts of portals of entry and exit“Effect of numbers” the concept of the ID50 and LD50 for a pathogenDescribe various factors that contribute to pathogen virulence Describe that factors that help pathogens penetrate host tissuesDistinguish between endotoxin and exotoxinsDescribe various types of exotoxin, how they are acquired and give examples of eachDistinguish the various modes of transmission of infectious diseasesDifferent types of reservoirs of infectionFactors contributing to nosocomial infectionsSample Essay Questions:1. Describe and illustrate the typical stages of an infectious disease.2. Compare and contrast endotoxin and a typical exotoxin. List the symptoms associated with endotoxin and a particular exotoxin.3. What is a nosocomial infection (NI)? How frequent are nosocomial infections? List the three most common types of NI and five different preventive measures used to avoid them.Chapter 15 (Innate Immunity)The cells of human blood and the basic role of eachFirst Line of Defense: Physical and chemical barriers that provide immune protectionSecond Line of Defense: Provide nonspecific immune protection if First Line is breached.The mechanism of phagocytosis & opsoninsThe process of inflammationComplement activation and its effectsEffects of interferonsPyrogenic response (Fever)Sample Essay Questions:1. Describe the composition of human blood. List and describe the function of the cellular elements and noncellular components.Chapter 16 (Adaptive Immunity)Organs of the immune system and their basic rolesActive versus passive immunity, natural versus artificial immunityMicrobial and nonmicrobial antigensAntigen presentation on MHC class I and MHC class IIThe B cell and T cell antigen receptors and what type of antigen each bindsHelper T cells (TH1 & TH2) and cytotoxic T cells (CTLs)The types of antigen presenting cells (APC) and the basic features of APCs Humoral and cellular immune responsesAntibody structure and immunoglobulin molecules (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD)What happens to a B or T cell that is activated (clonal selection)What happens to a B or T cell that is not activated (apoptosis)Tolerance to “self” and clonal deletionPrimary vs secondary immune responsesFeatures of memory T and B cellsT-independent B cell activation; superantigensSample Essay Questions:Describe or outline the differences between humoral and cell mediated immune responses.Describe the characteristics of the five different types of Immunoglobulin molecules.Chapter 18 (Immunological Disorders)Describe the cellular/molecular basis of an allergic (anaphylactic) reactionDescribe the nature of type II, III & IV hypersensitive reactionsIndicate which ABO blood types are safe for transfusion to individuals of each typeDescribe how the Rh blood antigen can endanger a developing fetusDefine autoimmunity and give examples of autoimmune conditionsDescribe the relationship between MHC molecules and transplant rejectionSample Essay Questions:1. Describe Celiac Disease and explain its symptoms, treatment, epidemiology, and other important characteristics. 2. Describe Multiple Sclerosis and explain the symptoms, treatment, epidemiology, and other important characteristics of this disease.3. Describe the main mechanisms of HIV transmission and the major disease categories or symptoms associated with AIDS. Chapter 19-24 (Selected Human Diseases)Sample Essay Questions:Select one of the infectious diseases of the reproductive system from the lecture notes and list its signs and symptoms, pathogen(s), mode of transmission, reservoir, control, and one additional important feature (e.g.: epidemiology, incubation period, complications, etc.).Select one of the infectious diseases of the digestive system from the lecture notes and list its signs and symptoms, pathogen(s), mode of transmission, reservoir, control, and one additional important feature (e.g.: epidemiology, incubation period, complications, etc.). Select one of the infectious diseases of the nervous system from the lecture notes and list its signs and symptoms, pathogen(s), mode of transmission, reservoir, control, and one additional important feature (e.g.: epidemiology, incubation period, complications, etc.).Select one of the infectious diseases of the skin from the lecture notes and list its signs and symptoms, pathogen(s), mode of transmission, reservoir, control, and one additional important feature (e.g.: epidemiology, incubation period, complications, etc.).Select one of the infectious diseases of the respiratory system from the lecture notes and list its signs and symptoms, pathogen(s), mode of transmission, reservoir, control, and one additional important feature (e.g.: epidemiology, incubation period, complications, etc.).Select one of the infectious diseases of the cardiovascular system from the lecture notes and list its signs and symptoms, pathogen(s), mode of transmission, reservoir, control, and one additional important feature (e.g.: epidemiology, incubation period, complications, etc.). ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download