FLUENCY SELECTED REFERENCES - TIRF



FLUENCY: SELECTED REFERENCES

(last updated 17 June 2016)

Adams, M. (1980). Five co-occurring factors in speaking proficiency. In J. R. Firth (Ed.), Measuring spoken language proficiency (pp. 1-6). Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

Ahmadian, M. J. (2012). The effects of guided careful online planning on complexity, accuracy and fluency in intermediate EFL learners’ oral production: The case of English articles. Language Teaching Research, 16, 129-149. doi:10.1177/1362168811425433

Ahmadian, M. J., & Tavakoli, M. (2011). The effects of simultaneous use of careful online planning and task repetition on accuracy, complexity, and fluency in EFL learners’ oral production. Language Teaching Research, 15, 35-59. doi:10.1177/1362168810383329

Amiridze, N., David, B.H., & Maclagan, M. (Eds.). (2010). Fillers, pauses and placeholders. Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.

Arevart, S., & Nation, I.S.P. (1991). Fluency improvement in a second language. RELC Journal, 22(1), 84-89.

Armstrong, K. M. (2010). Fluency, accuracy and complexity in graded and ungraded writing. Foreign Language Annals, 43(4), 690-702.

Baars, B. (Ed.). (1980). On the understanding of temporal variables in speech. In H. W. Dechert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Temporal variables in speech: Studies in honour of Frieda Goldman-Eisler. The Hague: Mouton.

Baker-Smemoe, W., Dewey, D.P., Bown, J. & Martinsen, R.A. (2014). Does measuring L2 utterance fluency equal measuring overall L2 proficiency? Evidence from five languages. Foreign Language Annals, 47(4), 707-728.

Bavelas, J. B. (2000). Nonverbal aspects of fluency. In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp. 91-101). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Beardsmore, H. B. (1974). Testing oral fluency. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 12(4), 317-36.

Bell, C. (2003). L2 speech rate in monologic and dialogic activities. Linguagem & Ensino, 6(2), 55-79.

Bortfeld, H., Leon, S. D., Bloom, J. E., Schober, M. F., & Brennan, S. E. (2001). Disfluency rates in conversation: Effects of age, relationship, topic, role, and gender. Language and speech, 44(2), 123-147.

Brown, J. D. (1990). Fluency and accuracy: Suggestions for research in Brazil. BrazTESOL Newsletter, 4(4), 1-2.

Brown, J. D. (avec contributions de LAIRDIL). (1995). Aspects of fluency and accuracy (conf(rence no 4). Toulouse, France: Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire de Recherche en Didactique des Langues [ISSN 1257-1520].

 

Brown, J. D. (1996). Fluency is an issue in all skills. In G.M. Jacobs & B.R.S. Rajan (Eds.), Who is The Most Talkative of All? Stories for language teacher education (pp. 40-41). Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.

 

 Brown, J. D. (1996). No credit for teaching fluency. In G.M. Jacobs & B.R.S. Rajan (Eds.), Who is The Most Talkative of All? Stories for language teacher education (pp. 38-39). Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Language Centre.

 

 Brown, J. D. (1996). Fluency development. In G. van Troyer (Ed.) JALT ’95: Curriculum and evaluation (pp. 174-179). Tokyo: Japan Association for Language Teaching (also available from ERIC: ED 402 775). Also retrieved from:

 Brown, J. D. (2001). Constructive errors and fluency development. Ke-Wave Kaiho, 16, 1-3.

Brown, J. D. (2004). Promoting fluency in EFL classroom. In T. Newfield (Ed.), Conversational fluency: Ideology or reality: Proceedings of the JALT Pan-SIG Conference, Kyoto, Japan, 2003. Tokyo: Japan Association for Language Teaching. Also retrieved from the World Wide Web:  

Brown, J. D. (2006). Promoting fluency in EFL classrooms. ILI Language Teaching Journal, 2(2), 1-26. Reprinted by permission from the original article: Brown, J. D. (2004). Promoting fluency in EFL classroom. In T. Newfield (Ed.), Conversational fluency: Ideology or reality: Proceedings of the JALT Pan-SIG Conference, Kyoto, Japan, 2003. Tokyo: Japan Association for Language Teaching. Also retrieved from the World Wide Web:

Brumfit, C. (1981). Linguistic specifications for fluency work: How meaningful a question? In R. Richterich & H. G. Widdowson (Eds.), Description, présentation, et enseignement des langues. Paris, France: Credif Hatier.

Brumfit, C. (1984). Communicative methodology in language teaching: The roles of fluency and accuracy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Brumfit, C. (2000). Accuracy and fluency: The basic polarity. In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp.61-73). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Byrnes, H. (1987). Speech as process. Foreign Language Annals, 20, 301-310.

Butcher, A. (1980). Pause and syntactic structure. In H. W. Dehert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Temporal variables in speech: Studies in honour of Frieda Goldman-Eisler. The Hauge: Mouton.

Chafe, W. (1984). Some reasons for hesitating. In D. Tannen & M. Saville-Troike (Eds.), Perspectives on silence (pp 77-89). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Chang, A. C. (2011). The effect of reading while listening to audiobooks: Listening fluency and vocabulary gain. Asian Journal of English Language Teaching, 21, 43-64.

Clavel, T. (2014, January 6). English fluency hopes rest on educational overhaul. The Japan Times, p. 11. Retrieved from

Chambers, F. (1997). What do we mean by fluency? System 24, 4, 535-44.

Cole, R. (Ed.). (1980). Perception and production of fluent speech. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Crown, C., & Feldstein, S. (1985). Psychological correlates of silence and sound in conversational interaction. In D. Tannen & M. Saville-Troike (Eds.), Perspectives on silence (pp. 31-54). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Cucchiarini, C., Strik, H., & Boves, L. (2000). Quantitative assessment of second language learners’ fluency: Comparisons between read and spontaneous speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 111, 6, 2862-73

Cucchiarini, C., Strik, H., & Boves, L. (2000). Quantitative assessment of second language learners’ fluency: Comparisons between read and spontaneous speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 111, 6, 2862-73

Dalton, P., & Hardcastle, W. J. (Eds.). (1977). Disorders of fluency and their effects on communication. London, England: Arnold.

Davies, A. (1985). Communicative language testing. Journal of Applied Linguistics,1, 22-33.

Day, R. (1979). Verbal fluency and the language-bound effect. In C. J. Fillmore, D. Kempler, & W. S-Y. Want (Eds.), Individual differences in language ability and language behavior (pp. 57-84). New York, NY: Academic Press.

de Jong, N. (2012). Does time pressure help or hinder oral fluency? In N. de Jong, K. Juffermans, M. Keijzer, & L. Rasier (Eds.), Papers of the Anéla 2012 applied linguistics conference (pp. 43-52). Delft, the Netherlands: Eburon.

de Jong, N., & Perfetti, C. A. (2011). Fluency training in the ESL classroom: An experimental study of fluency development and proceduralization. Language Learning, 61, 533-568. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00620.x

de Jong, N., & Wempe, T. (2009). Praat script to detect syllable nuclei and measure speech rate automatically. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 385-390. doi:10.3758/BRM.41.2.385

Dechert, H. (1980). Pauses and intonation as indicators of verbal planning in second language speech productions: Two examples from a case study. In H. W. Dechert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Temporal variables in speech: Studies in honour of Freida Goldman-Eisler (pp. 271-285). The Hague: Mouton.

Dechert, H., & Raupach, M. (Eds.). (1980). Temporal variables in speech. The Hague: Mouton.

Dechert, H., & Raupach, M. (1980). Towards a crosslinguistic assessment of speech production. Frankfurt, Germany: Peter Lang.

Deese, J. (1980). Pauses, prosody, and the demands of production in language. In H. W. Dechert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Temporal variables in speech: Studies in honour of Frieda Goldman-Eisler (pp. 69-84). The Hague: Mouton.

Derwing, T., Rossiter, M., Munro, M., & Thomson, R. (2004). Second language fluency: Judgments on different tasks. Language learning, 54, 655-679. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2004.00282.x

Derwing, T.M., Munro, M. J., Thomson, R. I., & Rossiter, M. J. (2009). The relationship between L1 fluency and L2 fluency development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 31, 533-557.

Dörnyei, Z., & Scott, M. (1997). Communication strategies in a second language: Definitions and taxonomies. Language Learning, 47, 173-210.

Doutrich, D. (2000). Cultural fluency, marginality, and the sense of self. In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp. 141-159). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Drommel, R. H. (1980). Towards a subcategorization of speech pauses. In H. W. Dechert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Temporal variables in speech: Studies in honour of Freida Goldman-Eisler (pp. 227-238). The Hague: Mouton.

Dunkel, P. (1986). Developing listening fluency in L2: Theoretical principles and pedagogical onsiderations. Modern Language Journal, 70(2), 315-323.

Ejzenberg, R. (2000). The juggling act of oral fluency: A psycho-sociolinguistic metaphor. In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp. 87-313). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Eskey, D. E. (1983). Meanwhile back in the real world…: Accuracy and fluency in second language teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 17(2), 315-323.

Faure, M. (1980). Results of a contrastive study of hesitation phenomena in French and German. In H. W. Dechert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Temporal variables in speech: Studies in honour of Freida Goldman-Eisler (pp. 287-290). The Hague: Mouton.

Fiksdal, S. (2000). Fluency as a function of time and rapport. In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp. 128-140). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Fillmore, C. J. (1979). On fluency. In C. J. Fillmore, D. Kempler, & W. S.-Y. Yang (Eds.), Individual differences in language behavior (pp. 85-101). New York, NY: Academic Press.

Fillmore, C. J. (2000). On fluency. In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp. 43-60). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Freed, B. F. (2000). Is fluency, like beauty, in the eyes (and ears) of the beholder? In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp. 243-265). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Freed, B., Segalowitz, N., & Dewey, D. (2004). Context of learning and second language fluency in French: Comparing regular classroom, study abroad, and intensive domestic immersion programs. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 275-301. doi:10.1017/S0272263104262064

Fuchs, L., Fuchs, D., Hosp, M., & Jenkins, J. (2001). Oral reading fluency as an indicator of reading competence: A theoretical, empirical, and historical analysis. Scientific Studies of Reading, 5(3), 239-256.

Gall, M. D., Hobby, A. K., & Craik, K. H. (1969). Non-linguistic factors in oral language productivity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 29, 871-874.

Gatbonton, E., & Segalowitz, S. (1988). Creative automatization: Principles for promoting fluency within a communicative framework. TESOL Quarterly, 22(3), 473-492.

Gatbonton, E., & Segalowitz, N. (2005). Rethinking communicative language teaching: A focus on access to fluency. Canadian Mondern Language Review, 61, 325-353.

Geddes, M., & White, R. (1978). The use of semi-scripted simulated authentic speech in listening comprehension. Audio-visual Language Journal, 16(3), 137-145.

Good, D. A., & Butterworth, B. L. (1980). Hesitancy as conversational resource: Some methodological implications. In H. W. Dechert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Temporal variables in speech: Studies in honour of Freida Goldman-Eisler (pp. 145-152). The Hague: Mouton.

Grosjean, F. (1980). Comparative studies of temporal variables in spoken and sign languages: A short review. In H. W. Dechert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Temporal variables in speech: Studies in honour of Freida Goldman-Eisler (pp. 91-106). The Hague: Mouton.

Grosjean, F. (1980). Linguistic structures and performance structures: Studies in pause distribution. In H. W. Dechert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Temporal variables in speech: Studies in honour of Freida Goldman-Eisler (pp. 307-312). The Hague: Mouton.

Hammerly, H. (1991). Fluency and accuracy: Toward balance in language teaching and learning. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, Ltd.

Hedge, T. (1993). Key concepts in ELT (fluency). ELT Journal, 47(3), 275-277.

Hieke, A. (1981). A content-processing view of hesitation phenomena. Language and Speech, 24(2), 147-160.

Hieke, A. (1984). Linking as a marker of fluent speech. Language and Speech, 27, 343-354.

Hieke, A. E. (1985). A componential approach to oral fluency evaluation. The Modern Language Journal, 69(2), 135-142.

Hieke, A., Kowal, S., & O’Connell, D. C. (1983). The trouble with “articulatory pauses.” Language and Speech, 26, 203-214.

House, J. (1996). Developing pragmatic fluency in English as a foreign language: Routines and metapragmatic awareness. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18(2), 225-252.

Housen, A., & Kuiken, F. (2009). Complexity, accuracy, and fluency in second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 30, 461-478. doi:10.1093/applin/amp048

Iwahori, Y. (2008). Developing reading fluency: A study of extensive in EFL. Reading in EFL. Foreign Language, 20(1), 70-91.

Joe, A., Nation, I.S.P., & Newton, J. (1996). Speaking activities and vocabulary learning. ELT Journal, 34(1), 2-7.

Kim, S. Y., & Chao, R. K. (2009). Heritage language fluency, ethnic identity, and school effort of immigrant Chinese and Mexico adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15(1), 27.

Kopenen, M., & Riggenbach, H. (2000). Overview: Varying perspectives on fluency. In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp. 5-24). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Kormos, J., & Dénes, M. (2004). Exploring measures and perceptions of fluency in the speech of second language learners. System, 32, 145-64.

Köster, J-P. (1980). Perception of pauses and automatic speech. In H. W. Dechert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Temporal variables in speech: Studies in honour of Freida Goldman-Eisler (pp. 239-245). The Hague: Mouton.

Kowal, S., & O’Connell, D. C. (1980). Pausological research at Saint Louis University. In H. W. Dechert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Temporal variables in speech: Studies in honour of Freida Goldman-Eisler (pp. 61-66). The Hague: Mouton.

Leeson, R. (1975). Fluency and language teaching. London: Longman Group.

Lennon, P. (1990). Investigating fluency in EFL: A quantitative approach. Language Learning, 40(3), 387-417.

Lennon, P. (2000). The lexical element in spoken second language fluency. In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp. 25-42). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Lynch, T., & Maclean, J. (2000). Exploring the benefits of task repetition and recycling for classroom language learning. Language Teaching Research, 4(3), 221–250.

MacKay, D. G. (1982). The problems of flexibility, fluency and speed accuracy trade-off in skilled behavior. Psychological Review, 89,483-506.

McCarthy, M. J. (2005). Fluency and confluence: What fluent speakers do. The Language Teacher 29(6), 26-28.

Marek, B. (1980). Phonological status of the pause. In H. W. Dechert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Temporal variables in speech: Studies in honour of Freida Goldman-Eisler (pp. 107-111). The Hague: Mouton.

Marshall, R. C. (2000). Speech fluency and aphasia. In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp. 74-88). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Maurice, K. (1983). The fluency workshop. TESOL Newsletter, 17, 429.

McClay, H., & Osgood, C. (1959). Hesitation phenomena in spontaneous English speech. Word, 15, 19-44.

Meara, P. (1980). Probe latencies, foreign languages and foreign language learners. In H. W. Dechert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Temporal variables in speech: Studies in honour of Freida Goldman-Eisler (pp. 299-306). The Hague: Mouton.

Meredith, R. A. (1978). Improved oral test scores through delayed response. Modern Language Journal, 62, 321-327.

Mora, J. C., & Valls-Ferrer, M. (2012). Oral fluency, accuracy, and complexity in formal instruction and study abroad learning contexts. TESOL Quarterly, 46, 610-641. doi:10.1002/tesq.34

Morales-López, E. (2000). Fluency levels and the organization of conversation in nonnative Spanish speakers’ speech. In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp. 266-286). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Nation, I. S. P. (1989). Improving speaking fluency. System, 17, 377-384. doi:10.1016/0346- 251X(89)90010-9

Nord, J. R. (1980). Developing listening fluency before speaking: An alternative paradigm. System, 8(1), 1-22.

O’Brien, I., Segalowitz, N., Freed, B. & Collentine, J. (2007). Phonological memory predicts second language oral fluency gains in adults. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 29(4), 557-582.

Olynyk, M., Sankoff, D., & d’Anglejan, A. (1983). Second language fluency and the subjective evaluation of officer cadets in a military college. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 5(2), 213-49.

Oppenheim, N. (2000). The importance of recurrent sequences for nonnative speaker fluency and cognition. In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp. 220-240). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Pawley, A., & Syder, F. H. (1983). Two puzzles for linguistic theory: Native-like selection and nativelike fluency. In J. Richards & R. Schmidt (Eds.), Language and communication (pp. 191-225). London: Longman.

Pawley, A., & Syder, F. H. (2000). The one-clause-at-a-time hypothesis. In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp. 164-199). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Pennington, M., & Doi, T. (1989). Hesitation phenomena in the interlanguage discourse of Japanese learners of English. University of Hawai’i Working Papers in ESL, 8(2), 171-205.

Pimsleur, P., Hancock, C., & Furey, P. (1977). Speech rate and listening comprehension. In M. Burt, H. Dulay, & M. Finocciaro (Eds.), Viewpoints on English as a second language (pp. 27-34). New York, NY: Regents.

Postma, A., Kolk, H., & Povel, D. (1990). On the relation among speech errors, dysfluencies and self-repair. Language and Speech, 33(1), 19-29.

Poyatos, F. (1984). Linguistic fluency and verbal-nonverbal cultural fluency. In A. Wolfgang (Ed.), Nonverbal behavior: Perspectives, applications, intercultural insights (pp. 431-459). Lewiston, NY: Hogrefe.

Raupach, M. (1980). Temporal variables in first and second language speech production. In H. W. Dechert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Temporal variables in speech: Studies in honour of Frieda Goldman-Eisler (pp. 263-270). The Hague: Mouton.

Richards, J. C., Platt, J., & Webber, H. (1985). Longman dictionary of applied linguistics. London: Longman.

Riggenbach, H. (1991). Towards and understanding of fluency: A microanalysis of nonnative speaker conversations. Discourse Processes, 14, 43-441.

Riggenbach, H. (2000). (Ed.). Perspectives on fluency. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Sajavaara, K. (1987). Second language speech production: Factors affecting fluency. In H. W. Dechert & M. Raupach (Eds.), Psycholinguistic models of production (45-65). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Sajavaara, K., & Lehtonen, J. (1978). Spoken language and the concept of fluency. Language Center News (Special Issue: Focus on Spoken Language), 1, 23-57.

Scanlan, T. (1987). Improving fluency in spoken French through a study of native pause behavior. Foreign Language Annals, 20(4), 345-352.

Schmidt, R. (1991). Psychological mechanisms underlying second language fluency. In R. Bley-Vroman & C. Sato (Eds.), University of Hawaii working papers in English as a second language (Vol. 10(2), pp. 91-138). Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii, Department of ESL.

Schmidt, R. (1992). Psychological mechanisms underlying second language fluency. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 14, 357-385.

Segalowitz, N. (2000). Automaticity and attentional skill in fluent performance. In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp. 200-219). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Segalowitz, N. (2010). The cognitive bases of second language fluency. New York, NY: Routledge.

Segalowitz, N. (2012). Fluency. In P. Robinson (Ed.), The Routledge encyclopedia of second language acquisition (pp. 240-244). London, England: Routledge.

Segalowitz, S. J., & Segalowitz, N. (1993). Skilled performance, practice and differentiation of speed-up from automatization effects: Evidence from second language word recognition. Applied Psycholinguistics, 14, 369-385.

Segalowitz, N., Watson, V., & Segalowitz, S. J. (1995). Vocabulary skill: Single case assessment of automaticity of word recognition in a timed lexical decision task. Second Language Research, 11, 121-136.

Segalowitz, N., & Freed, B. F. (2004). Context, contact, and cognition in oral fluency acquisition: Learning Spanish in at home and study abroad contexts. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 26, 173-199. doi:10.1017/S0272263104262027

Seifoori, Z., & Vahidi, Z. (2012). The impact of fluency strategy training on Iranian EFL learners’ speech under online planning conditions. Language Awareness, 21(1-2), 101-112. doi:10.1080/09658416.2011.639894

Skehan, P. (2009). Modelling second language performance: Integrating complexity, accuracy, fluency, and lexis. Applied Linguistics, 30, 510-532. doi:10.1093/applin/amp047

Skehan, P., & Foster, P. (1997). Task type and task processing conditions as influences on foreign language performance. Language Teaching Research, 1(3), 185-211.

Stillwell, C., Curabba, B., Alexander, K., Kidd, A., Kim, E., Stone, P., & Wyle, C. (2010). Students transcribing tasks: Noticing fluency, accuracy, and complexity. ELT Journal, 64(4), 445-455.

Street, R., Brady, R., & Putnam, W. (1983). The influence of speech rate stereotypes and rate similarity on listeners’ evaluations of speakers. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 3(1), 37-56.

Sutherland, K. (1979). Accuracy vs. fluency in the English language classroom. Cross Currents, 6(2), 15-20.

Tavakoli, P. (2011). Pausing patterns: Differences between L2 learners and native speakers. ELT Journal, 65, 71-79. doi:10.1093/elt/ccq020

Tavakoli, P., Campbell, C., & McCormack, J. (2016). Development of speech fluency over a short period of time: Effects of pedagogic intervention. TESOL Quarterly, 50(2), 447-471.

Thai, C., & Boers, F. (2016). Repeating a monologue under increasing time pressure: Effects on fluency, complexity, and accuracy. TESOL Quarterly, 50(2), 369-393.

Towell, R., Hawkins, R., & Bazergui, N. (1996). The development of fluency in advanced learners of French. Applied Linguistics, 17, 84-119.

Wennerstrom, A. (2000). The role of intonation in second language fluency. In H. Riggenbach (Ed.), Perspectives on fluency (pp. 102-127). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.

Wood, D. (2009). Effects of focused instruction of formulaic sequences on fluent expression in second language narratives: A case study. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 12, 39-57.

Wright, C. (2013). An investigation of working memory effects on oral grammatical accuracy and fluency in producing questions in English. TESOL Quarterly, 47, 352-374. doi:10.1002/tesq.68

Yuan, F., & Ellis, R. (2003). The effects of pre-task planning and on-line planning on fluency, complexity and accuracy in L2 monologic oral production. Applied Linguistics, 24, 1-27. doi:10.1093/applin/24.1.1

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