Unit III Mediterranean Civilizations



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Unit VI: Classical Rome and the Byzantine Empire

Honors Homework

Rome began as a group of settlements around 753 B.C.E. The city of Rome, with government known as a republic, where elected officials represent the people, was established around 500 B.C.E. Eventually, Rome became the Roman Empire, controlled by an emperor and controlling vast amounts of land. At its peak, it included most of Europe, northern Africa, and the Middle East. During the height of the empire around 200 A.D., the empire covered 2.5 million square miles. The Romans were known for their army, architecture, and government.

Based on strict organization and centralized control, the empire was connected by a huge network of roads with the city of Rome in the center. Each town was planned in exactly the same way including a system of streets, running water from aqueducts, and sewers. The forum at the center of town was surrounded by shops, temples, and government buildings. A strong army defended and expanded the empire. The soldiers belonged to legions of about 5,000 people. They were highly trained and well-equipped with armor, shields, spears, and swords. Roman history contains many famous figures including Augustus, the first emperor, Julius Caesar, Caligula, and Nero.

The Romans had many festivals and rituals for events such a childbirth, marriage, and funerals. Like Greek culture, Roman culture was known for its mythology. The Romans enjoyed food, baths, and all kinds of entertainment. Public games such as gladiator games were held in amphitheaters, the Colosseum, being the largest amphitheatre, while chariot races were held in the circuses, a Latin name for a racetrack or speedway, the Circus Maximus being the largest.

The Empire was eventually split into two parts. The Western Empire fell in 476 A.D. but the Eastern Empire became the Byzantine Empire. The capital of Constantinople was located right between the Black Sea and the entrance to the Mediterranean Sea.  As a result most trade between Asia, Europe and North Africa had to pass through the Byzantine Empire and it became very wealthy. Byzantines practiced Eastern Orthodox Christianity after a dispute over the worship of icons in 1054. The Byzantine Empire was significant because it helped preserve Greco-Roman culture, preserved and expanded upon Greco-Roman laws in the Justinian Code and shaped the developing cultures of Russia and Eastern Europe. The Byzantine Empire finally collapsed in 1453 due to invasions by the Ottoman Turks.

Homework

HW1- Due _______________: Rome Vocab and Leader Essay

HW2- Due _______________: Rome Questions and Fall of Rome/U.S. Essay

HW3- Due _______________: Byzantine Questions (from textbook) and Byzantine Vocab

Homework 1: Rome Vocab- Use your notes, book and any other pertinent resources to define, describe and explain the significance of the terms as they relate to Rome. Neatly write the words and information on separate paper.

Use Chapter 6, Section 1 (p. 130-134) in your textbook.

1. Republic

2. Patrician

3. Consul

4. Dictator

5. Plebeian

6. Tribune

7. Veto

8. Legion

9. Senate

10. Laws of the Twelve Tables

11. Punic Wars

12. Hannibal

Use Chapter 6, Section 2 (p. 135-140) in your textbook.

13. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus

14. Julius Caesar

15. Augustus

16. Hadrian

17. Pax Romana

18. Circus Maximus

Use Chapter 6, Section 3 (p. 141-143) in your textbook.

19. Aqueduct

20. Greco-Roman Civilization

21. Pantheon

22. Virgil

23. Civil Law

24. Law of Nations

Use Chapter 6, Section 4 (p. 144-148) in your textbook.

25. Jesus

26. Gospels

27. Apostle

28. Paul

29. New Testament

30. Edict of Milan

31. Messiah

32. Sect

33. Martyr

34. Bishop

35. Pope

36. Heresy

Use Chapter 6, Section 5 (p. 148-151) in your textbook.

37. Mercenary

38. Diocletian

39. Constantine

40. Huns

41. Visigoths

42. Attila the Hun

43. Odoacer

Homework 1: Leader Essay

What qualities make a good leader?

The senators of ancient Rome listened to hours of heated debate about a powerful leader who wanted to be ruler. These ancient Romans debated whether Caesar was a virtuous leader or just out to make himself king. They had to consider whether to support or oppose him and in so doing, had many arguments to consider.

This year in ELA and in Social Studies, you have learned about and will learn about leaders, significant figures and heroes. But what makes these people noteworthy? In ancient China, Confucius said that a wise ruler rules by example. He also spoke of being virtuous. Virtues are good characteristics to have.

In Western civilization, we have similar situations to consider. Every day, we make decisions about whether to be a leader or a follower, about who to associate with and about whom we allow to influence us. Furthermore, as citizens of the United States, we have to make decisions about who to choose as leaders.

Write a brief essay with an introduction, body and conclusion about what qualities make a good leader. Describe the qualities and attributes a good leader must possess, explain what values a good leader must have and express what a good leader should not be like. Provide examples if you’d like.

Homework 2: Summary Questions

Use your names, your textbook and any other pertinent resources to answer the following questions on separate paper. Restate the question in your answer.

1. Who was the Punic Wars between and what was the ultimate result?

2. What was the importance of the Law of the Twelve Tables?

3. What was the difference between a patrician and a plebeian?

4. Was the republic of Rome considered a democracy? Why or why not?

5. Why did the Romans call the Mediterranean Mare Nostrum or “Our Sea” by 133 BC?

6. What is one thing that the ancient Babylonians and ancient Romans had in common?

7. What significant change did Emperor Diocletian make as emperor?

8. What was the name of the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and who was its emperor?

9. What is considered to be the greatest contribution the Roman Empire gave to Western civilization?

10. What event is said to be the “fall of Rome” and in what year did it occur?

11. Why was the Eastern Roman Empire able to survive the fall of the Rome?

12. Rome was said to have had a strong central government throughout its existence. What was the difference between who held power in the Roman Republic versus the Roman Empire?

Homework 2: Fall of Rome/U.S. Essay

Read the following theories on the fall of Rome. Think about whether or not the factos allegedly responsible for destroying the Roman Empire threaten the stability of the United States today. Then, write a brief comparison essay with an introduction, body and conclusion describing how the United States today is similar or different than the Roman Empire.

Ten Theories On The Fall Of Rome

Theory for the Fall of Rome: Barbarian Invasions

For years, the well-disciplined army held the barbarians of Germany in check. However, when the Roman soldiers were withdrawn from the Rhine-Danube frontier in the third century CE to fight in civil wars in Italy, the Roman border was left open to attack. Gradually Germanic hunters and herders from northern and central Europe began to raid and take over Roman lands in Greece and Gaul. In 476 CE, the Germanic general Odovacar overthrew the last of the Roman emperors and made himself ruler of all Italy. From then on, Germanic tribal chiefs ruled the western part of the Empire. Roads and bridges were left in disrepair and many fields were left untilled. Pirates and bandits made travel unsafe. Cities declined and trade and business began to disappear.

Theory for the Fall of Rome: Decline of Morals and Values

The final years of the Empire were marked by a decline in morals and values, and some historians believe that this contributed to the decline of the Empire. Crimes of violence made the streets of the Empire’s larger cities very unsafe. According to Roman historians there were 32,000 prostitutes in Rome during the reign of Trajan. Emperors like Nero and Caligula became infamous for wasting money on lavish parties, where guests ate and drank until they became ill. Most important, however, was the growth of the Roman passion for cruelty. The most popular amusement was watching the gladiatorial combats in the Colosseum. The poor, the rich, and frequently the emperor himself attended these shows. As gladiators fought, vicious cries and curses were heard from the audience. One contest after another was staged in the course of a single day. Should the ground of the arena become too soaked with blood, it was covered over with a fresh layer of sand and the revolting performances went on.

Theory for the Fall of Rome: Environmental and Public Health Problems

Some historians believe that the fall of the Roman Empire was due in part to environmental and public health problems. They claim consuming excessive amounts of lead killed off the leaders of Rome. They argue that since only the wealthy could afford to have lead pipes bring water into their homes and to cook with lead utensils, their death rate was increased considerably. This theory, however, is challenged by those who point out the fact that the eastern part of the Empire survived long after the decline of the Western portion.

Theory for the Fall of Rome: Excessive Military Spending

Maintaining an army to defend the borders of the Empire from barbarian attacks was a constant drain on the government. Military spending left few resources to other vital activities, such as providing public housing and maintaining the quality of public roads. In the latter years of the Empire, frustrated Romans lost their desire to defend the Empire. Thurs, the government found it necessary to rely increasingly on hired soldiers recruited from the unemployed city mobs or foreign countries. Such an army was not only unreliable, but very expensive. Thus, the emperors were forced to raise taxes frequently—the majority of which were paid by businessmen and farmers, which hurt the economy. Some historians believe that this helped lead to the fall of the Empire.

Theory for the Fall of Rome: Inferior Technology

During the last 400 years of the Empire, the scientific achievements of the Romans were limited almost entirely to engineering and the organization of public services. They built marvelous roads, bridges and aqueducts. They established the first system of medicine for the benefit of the poor. But since the Romans relied so much on human and animal labor, the failed to invent many new machines or fine new technology to produce goods more efficiently. As a result of inferior production techniques, the Romans were unable to provide important goods for their growing population. Some historians theorize that this contributed to the downfall of the Empire.

Theory for the Fall of Rome: Inflation

The Roman economy suffered from inflation (an increase in prices) beginning after the reign of Marcus Aurelius. Once the Romans stopped conquering new lands, the flow of gold into the Roman economy decreased. Yet much gold was being spent by the Romans to pay for luxury items. This meant that there was less gold to use in coins. As the amount of gold used in coins decreased, the coins became less valuable. To make up for this loss in value, merchants raised the prices on the goods they sold. Many people stopped using coins and began to barter (trading goods for goods, rather than using money) to get what they needed. Eventually, salaries had to be paid in food and clothing, and taxes were collected in fruits and vegetables. Some historians argue that this helped lead to the collapse of the Empire.

Theory for the Fall of Rome: Political Corruption

One of Rome’s most serious problems was the difficulty of choosing new emperors. The Romans never created an effective system to determine how new emperors would be selected. For this reason, the choice of a new emperor was always open to debate between the old emperor, the Senate, the Praetorian Guard (the emperor’s private army), and the army. Gradually, the Praetorian Guard gained complete authority to choose the new emperor. In return, the new emperor handsomely rewarded the Guard for its support. This system worked fairly well for a time. Beginning in 186 CE, however, when the army strangled the new emperor, the practice began of selling the throne to the highest bidder. During the next 100 years, Rome had 37 different emperors—25 of whom were removed from office by assassination. This political corruption, some historians argue, contributed to the decline of the Empire.

Theory for the Fall of Rome: Rise in Christianity

Some historians believe that Christianity produced dramatic changes in Roman society at the very time when pressure from the barbarians was increasing. They argue that Christianity made its followers into pacifists (those who oppose war), thus making it more difficult to defend Roman lands from barbarian attacks. They also suggest that the Church attracted many qualified leaders whose talents were needed to deal with the problems of the Empire. Finally, these historians theorize that money that would have been used to maintain the Empire, instead, was used to build churches and monasteries.

Theory for the Fall of Rome: Unemployment

During the latter years of the Empire, farming was done on large estates that were owned by wealthy men who used slave labor. A farmer who had to pay workmen could not produce goods as cheaply as a slave-owner could. Therefore, slave-owners could sell their crops for lower prices. As a result, many farmers could not compete with these low prices and lost or sold their farms. Thousands of these men filled the cities of the Empire, where there were not enough jobs to accommodate them. At one time, the emperor was importing grain to feed more than 100,000 unemployed people in Rome alone. Some historians believe that this contributed to the collapse of the Empire.

Theory for the Fall of Rome: Urban Decay

Wealthy Romans lived in domus, or house, with marble walls, floors with intricate colored tiles, and windows made of small panes of glass. Most Romans, however, were not rich. They lived in small, smelly rooms in apartment houses with six or more stories call islands. Each island covered an entire block. At one time, there were 44,000 apartment houses within the city walls of Rome. The poor did not occupy first-floor apartments since theses living quarters rented for about $400 a year. The more shaky wooden stairs a family had to climb, the cheaper the rent became. The upper apartments that the poor rented for about $40 a year were hot, dirty crowded, and dangerous. Anyone who could not pay the rent was forced to move out and liv on the crime-infested streets. Because of this, cities began to decay. Some historians believe that this helped lead to the downfall of the Empire.



Homework 3: Textbook questions

Answer the following questions in complete sentences on separate paper based on the information from p. 238- 252 (Chapter 10) in the textbook.

1. Describe at least two reasons why Constantinople was in a good location.

2. Who was Justinian?

3. Describe the Hagia Sophia (What is it? Why is it significant?)

4. What was the impact of the Justinian Code?

5. Describe Empress Theodora. Give at least three pieces of information about her.

6. How does Theodora save her husband’s crown from being taken from him during a revolt?

7. What were the Byzantine Empire’s strengths against invaders?

8. What were at least two of the differences between Byzantine Christianity and Roman Catholicism in the west?

9. Describe how the Byzantine Empire ended in 1453 CE.

10. List at least three achievements in art and learning preserved during the Byzantine Empire.

11. Explain two ways the Byzantines influenced Russia.

Homework 3: Byzantine Vocab- -Use your notes and book to define, describe and explain the significance of the terms as they relate to the Byzantine Empire. Write the terms and corresponding information on separate paper.

1. Icon

2. Patriarch

3. Autocrat

4. schism

5. mosaic

6. legacy

7. Theodora

8. Justinian Code

9. Hagia Sophia

10. Constantinople

11. Eastern Orthodox Church

12. Cyrillic alphabet

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