FOSS Science



FOSS Science

Living Systems

Vocabulary -- Investigation 1

Living Cells

Part 1

• cell – basic unit of life

• oxygen – atmospheric gas needed by most living things

• carbon dioxide – waste gas produced by living cells

• heart – muscular organ that contracts rhythmically, producing a pulse with each contraction

• blood – liquid tissue that flows to and from cells

• pulse – produced with each contraction of the heart

• blood vessel – blood flows to and from cells in blood vessels

• capillary – smallest blood vessel; gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged between capillaries and cells; capillaries carry blood rich with oxygen, food, and other nutrients to every cell and carry all waste materials away

• artery – blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the body

• vein – blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart

• circulatory system – includes tissues (blood and blood vessels) and organs (heart) that transport life-support substances to cells and removes waste.

• right atrium – one of the 4 chambers of the heart

• right ventricle – one of the 4 chambers of the heart

• left atrium – one of the 4 chambers of the heart

• left ventricle – one of the 4 chambers of the heart

• tissue – a group of cells of the same kind, working together to perform a function. In the circulatory system: blood and blood vessels (types of tissues include muscle tissue, bone tissue, nerve tissue)

• respiratory system – includes tissues and organs (lungs) that provide gas exchange between the blood and atmosphere

• lung – organ of the respiratory system. Organ in animals where gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide pass between the atmosphere and the blood

Part 2

• digestive system – system of organs and structures responsible for the digestion of food. the digestive system includes the teeth, mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and colon.

• digestion – process of breaking down food into nutrients that can be used by cells

• mouth and teeth – where food is taken in and what is used to moisten (by saliva), chew and bite, and cut it; first step in the digestion process

• esophagus – tube connecting the mouth and the stomach

• stomach – organ where food is reduced to mush by acid and muscle activity

• small intestine – part of the digestive system between the stomach and large intestine that absorbs nutrients from digested food.

• large intestine – part of the digestive system between the small intestine and the rectum where water is removed from the solid waste

• colon – large intestine where solid waste is compacted and dehydrated in preparation for elimination

• waste – what the body does not use

• kidney – an organ that filters and cleans the blood

• urine – liquid waste produced by the kidneys

• bladder – organ that holds urine until it is eliminated

• excretory system – the system which includes the kidneys, and bladder, that eliminates waste

• cellular waste – chemical produced by cells that must be removed

Part 3

• The respiratory system moves gases between the atmosphere and the blood

• The circulatory system carries resources and wastes to and from the cells

• The digestive system breaks food into sugar and other chemicals that can be used by cells

• The excretory system filters the blood and carries cellular waste materials out of the body

Vocabulary -- Investigation 2

Vascular Plants

Part 1

• cross section – cuts across an object and exposes its internal structure

• vascular plants – a multicellular plant that has vessels for transporting water, minerals, and sugar to all the cells.

• xylem- vascular plants have these tubes to transport water

• phloem- these tubes transport sugar to the plant cells

• sap- the sugar rich liquid that flows from the phloem

Part 2

• classify – putting things in groups based on similar properties or behaviors.

• palmate- Several large veins extending from the place where the leaf stem attaches to the leaf. Think of the palm of your hand and your fingers as the main veins.

• pinnate- One large vein extending the length of the leaf with smaller leaves branching off. Pinna means feather so a pinnate leaf resembles a feather in a way.

• parallel- Many small veins running the length of the leaf. Long, narrow leaves, like blades of grass, tend to have parallel veins.

Vocabulary -- Investigation 3

Sugar and Cells

Part 1

• food – the source of energy and building materials for living cells

• photosynthesis – is a chemical process in which cells produce energy-rich sugar molecules and release oxygen

• fat – a group of nutrients that provides energy and building blocks for growth and development

• protein – a group of nutrients that provides energy and building blocks for growth and development

• mass – a quantity of matter

• sunlight – light from the sun or solar energy

• starches – chemicals produced by plants to store food

• molecule – a particle made of two or more atoms. A sugar molecule is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

Part 2

• yeast – single celled organism

• cellular respiration – process by which plant and animal cells break down sugar to get energy, releasing carbon dioxide in the process.

Part 3

• chlorophyll – a molecule that absorbs light energy.

• photosynthesis – process by which green plants make sugar from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light.

• sunlight – light from the sun

• glucose – the sugar made during photosynthesis

• cellular respiration – the process by which plants and animals break down sugar molecules for energy

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