Part I – Overview of the Public Health Nutrition Landscape



Part I – Overview of the Public Health Nutrition Landscape

Chapter 1- Community Nutrition and Public Health

Introduction

The Concept of Community

Public Health and Nutrition

The Relationship Between Eating Behaviors and Chronic Diseases

The Major Causes of Chronic Diseases, Death, and Disability

Reducing Risk Through Prevention

Levels of Prevention

Health Promotion

Knowledge and Skill of Public Health and Community Nutritionists

Place of Employment for Public Health and Community Nutritionists

State/City/County Level

National/Federal/Regional Level

International Level

Preventive Nutrition

Cooperative Extension System

Chapter Summary

Critical Thinking Activities

Case Study 1-1

References

Chapter 2- Nutrition Screening and Assessment

Introduction

The Purpose of Community Nutrition Assessment

Historical Development of Nutritional Assessment

Community Needs Assessment

Nutritional Needs Assessment

Different Methods and Tools for Assessing Nutrition Status

Anthropometric Measurements and Body Composition

Height and Weight

Head Circumference

Skinfolds

National Center for Health Statistics Percentiles for Physical Growth (NCHSPG)

Biochemical Tests/Data

Clinical Observations/Physical Examinations

Dietary Assessment Methods

How to Analyze Dietary Intake Data

Comparison to Dietary Standards

Comparison to MyPyramid

Comparison to Dietary Guidelines for Americans

Screening for Community Health

Purpose of Screening and Assessment

Reliability and Validity of Screening for Community Health

Screening for Reliability and Validity

Chapter Summary

Case Study 2-1

Critical Thinking Activities

References

Chapter 3- Nutrition Epidemiology, and Research Methods

Introduction

The Research Process

Conceptual Stage

Designing/Planning Stage

Consideration of Methodologies

Selecting a Data Gathering Method

Safeguarding/Protecting the Subjects and Researcher

Pilot Study

Implementation/Empirical Stage

Evaluation/Analytical Stage

Action/Dissemination Stage

Concepts of Collaborative Research

Epidemiology in Community Health

Descriptive Measures of Community Health

Rates

Example of a Rate (Infant Mortality Rate)

Interpretation of Rates

The Epidemiologic Method

Observing

Counting Cases or Events

Relating Cases or Events to Population at Risk

Making Comparisons

Developing the Hypothesis

Testing the Hypothesis

Drawing Scientific Inferences

Conducting Experimental Studies

Intervening and Evaluating

Epidemiologic Approaches to Community Health Assessment

The epidemiologic Triangle/Conceptual Model

Nutrition Epidemiology

Types of Public Health Epidemiological Nutrition Research

Observational Studies of Individuals

Observational Studies of Groups

Experimental Studies

Genetic Epidemiological Studies

Interpretation of Cause and Effect in Nutrition Epidemiology

Chapter Summary

Critical Thinking Activities

Case Study 3-1

References

Chapter 4- U.S. Nutrition Monitoring and Food Assistance Programs

Introduction

Historical Perspective to the Development of Food Assistance Program

United States Department of Agriculture Food Plans

Monitoring Nutrition in the United States

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/Center for Disease Control (CDC) Growth Charts

Programmatic Uses

Regulatory Uses

Scientific Uses

Food Insecurity in the United States

Assessing Food Insecurity

Current Status of Food Insecurity in the United States

Low-income People

The Working Poor

Ethnic Groups

The Elderly

Some States

The Homeless

Welfare Reform Before and After

Impacts of Welfare Reform

Importance of Food Assistance Program

Federal Domestic Assistance Programs

Food Stamp and Related Programs

Food Stamp Nutrition Education (FSNE)

Food Distribution Programs

Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP)

Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations

Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program

Nutrition Services Incentive Program

Food Distribution Disaster Assistance

Child Nutrition and Related Programs

National School Lunch Program

School Breakfast Program

After-School Snack Program

Special Milk Program

Summer Food Service Program for Children

Child and Adult Care Food Program

Programs for Women and Young Children

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and children (WIC)

Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP)

WIC Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program

Programs for Older Adults

Elderly Nutrition Program

Senior Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program (SFMNP)

Chapter Summary

Critical Thinking Activities

Case Study 4-1

References

Chapter 5- Private and Government Healthcare Systems

Introduction

Healthcare Coverage/Uninsured

Private Health Insurance

Employment-Based Plans

Direct-Purchase/Fee-For-Service Plans

Group Contract Insurance

Managed Care

Health Maintenance Organizations

Point-of-Service Plans (POS)

Preferred Provider Organization

Government Health Insurance/Public Insurance

Medicare Program

Part A Coverage

Part B Coverage

Coverage Gaps

Parts A and B

Medicaid Program

Basis of Eligibility and Maintenance Assistance Status

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996 (Public Law 104-193)

State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)

Chapter Summary

Critical Thinking Activities

Case Study 5-1

References

Chapter 6- Public Policy and Nutrition

Introduction

Legislation and Public Policy

How a Bill Becomes a Law in U.S. Government Structure

Implementing and Enforcing Nutrition Policy in the U.S.

Food and Drug Administration

Department of Health and Human Services

United States Department of Agriculture

Policymaking Process

Policymaking Strategies

State Policy

Local Policy

How Dietitians can Become Involved in Local Public Policy

The Link Between Nutrition Monitoring, Nutrition Research, and Nutrition Policy

Leadership and Management of Dietetics Professionals

Emerging Policy Issues in the U.S.

Obesity

Pre-diabetes

HIV/AIDS

Chapter Summary

Critical Thinking Activities

Case Study 6-1

References

Chapter 7- Public Health Nutrition: An International Perspective

Introduction

Overview of World Hunger

Current Nutrition Issues in Developing and Developed Countries

Malnutrition, Food Insecurity and Hunger

Women’s Contribution to Food Security

Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Women and Children

Causes of Hunger and Malnutrition

Effect of Hunger and Malnutrition on Health

Nutrition Education and Counseling

Solving World Hunger and Malnutrition

Global Initiatives

Intervention During Emergency Relief Period

Food Supplies

Feeding Programs During Relief Period

Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT)

Introduction of traditional Foods

Refeeding Severely Malnourished Individuals

Mortality

Role of Community Nutritionists

Chapter Summary

Critical Thinking Activities

Case Study 7-1

References

Part II - Nutrition Interventions for Vulnerable Population

Chapter 8- Nutrition During Pregnancy and Infancy

Introduction

Progress Report Toward Healthy People 2010 Objectives

Physiologic Events of Pregnancy and Mother’s Health

Physiologic and Metabolic Changes in Pregnancy

Preconception Health

Importance of Folate

Factors that can Influence the Outcome of a Pregnancy

Low Socioeconomic Status

Age and Parity

Inadequate Prenatal Care

Illegal or Over-the-Counter Drug Use

Caffeine During Pregnancy and Lactating

Alcohol and Cigarette Smoking

Pica

Mother and Father’s Health

Maternal Weight Gain During Pregnancy

Rate of Weight Gain

Diet-Related Complications of Pregnancy

Nausea and Vomiting/Morning Sickness

Heartburn, Constipation, and Hemorrhoids

Anemia

Pregnancy-induced Hypertension

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Food Borne Illness During Pregnancy

Nutrition Assessment During Pregnancy

Adolescent Pregnancy

Physical Activity During Pregnancy

Nutrition in Infancy

Physical Growth and Development Assessment

Introduction to Solid Food

Water

Nutrient Needs During Infancy

Energy

Protein

Carbohydrates and Fats

Vitamins and Minerals

Nutrition-Related Health Concerns During Infancy

Feeding Bottle Tooth Decay

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Milk Allergy

Failure to Thrive

Feeding Infants

Breastfeeding/Lactation

Barriers to Breastfeeding

Nutritional Needs During Lactation

Management and Techniques for Successful Breastfeeding

Supplemental Nutrition Programs During Pregnancy, Infancy, and Lactation

Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP)

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

WIC Farmers’ Market Nutrition Program

Title V Maternal and Child Health Program

Community Health Center

Food Stamp Program

Personal Responsibility and the Work Opportunities Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA)

Electronic Benefits Transfer (EBT)

Nutrition Assistance Programs (NAP) in Puerto Rico, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas Islands

The Food Stamp Nutrition Education Program (FSNEP) or the Family Nutrition Program (FNP)

Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations

Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Program

Nutrition Education Training (NET) Programs

Medicaid and Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment (EPSDT)

Chapter Summary

Case Study 8-1

Critical Thinking Activities

References

Chapter 9- Nutrition in Childhood and Adolescence

Introduction

Nutrition Status of Children and Adolescents in the U.S.

Healthy People 2010

Growth and Physical Development and Assessment

United States, HEI Score According to National Data

Nutrition-Related Concerns During Childhood

Iron Deficiency Anemia

Lead Poisoning

Dental Caries

Overweight and Obesity

Medical Problems Related to Childhood Obesity

High Blood Cholesterol

Dieting Behavior and Abnormal Eating

Malnutrition in Children

The Prevalence and Effect of Malnutrition in Children

Children and Adolescents with Special Healthcare Needs/Childhood Disability

The Effect of the Television on Children’s Eating Habits

Nutrition During Childhood and Adolescence

Growth and Development

Adolescent Eating Behaviors

Food and Nutrition Programs

National School Lunch Program

School Breakfast Program

Special Milk Program

Summer Food Service Program

Team Nutrition Program

Head Start Program

National Youth Sports Program (NYSP)

Challenges to Implementing Quality School Nutrition Programs

Promoting Successful Programs in Schools

Comprehensive School Health Education

Physical Education

School Health Services

School Nutrition Services

School Counseling, Psychological, and Social Services

Healthy School Environment

School-Site Health Promotion for Staff

Family and Community Involvement in School Health

Chapter Summary

Critical Thinking Activities

Case Study 9-1

References

Chapter 10- Adulthood: Special Health Issues

Introduction

Healthy People 2010

Coronary Heart Disease

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease

Unmodifiable Risk Factors

Family History

Case Study 10-1

Modifiable Risk Factors

Hypertension

Lipid Response to Dietary Modification

The National Cholesterol Education Program

Obesity

Defining Obesity and Overweight

Epidemiology of Obesity and Overweight

Medical and Social Costs of Obesity

Determinants of Obesity

Obesity Prevention and Treatment Intervention

Lifestyle Modification

Dietary Modification

Physical Activity Modification

Behavior Modification

Public Health Policy Options for Addressing the Global Obesity Epidemic

Case Study 10-2

Cancer

Links Between Cancer and Diet

Dietary Components and Cancer

Antioxidants

Protective Effects of Certain Food Components Against Cancer

Physical Activity, Exercise, and Cancer

Case Study 10-3

Osteoporosis

Normal Bone Development

Chapter Summary

Critical Thinking Activities

References

Chapter 11- Promoting Health and Preventing Disease in Older Persons

Introduction

Demographics for Older Persons

National Goals Healthy People 2010

Leading Causes of Death and Disability in Older Persons

Theories of Aging

Genetic, Environment, and Lifestyle Theory

Free Radicals Theory

Caloric Restriction Theory

Lifestyle and Socioeconomic Factors that May Influence the Aging Process

Alcohol Use

Increased Use of Medications and Aging

Dependent Living

Income Level

Physiological Changes that Can Affect Nutritional Status

Changes in Lean Body Mass

Aging Bone

Changes in Taste, Smell, Appetite and Digestive Juices

Anorexia in the Elderly

Water Requirements

Alzheimer’s Disease

Multivitamin/Mineral Supplement

Nutrition Screening for Older Persons

Nutrition Assessment

Nutrition Services that Promote Independent Living

Eligibility

Home Healthcare Services

Activities for Daily Living

Chapter Summary

Case Study 11-1

Critical Thinking Activities

References

Part III - Delivering Successful Nutrition Services

Chapter 12- Principles of Planning Effective Community Nutrition Programs

Introduction

Identifying Issues

Factors that Prompt Program Planning

Writing a Mission Statement

Clarifying Goals

Analyzing Subjective and Objective Data

Developing a Program Plan

Designing Actions

Developing a Management System

Resources, Budgets, and Feasibility

Managing Tasks and Time

Program Implementation

Program Evaluation

Why Program Evaluation and with Whom

Evaluation Types

Data Sources and Collection Methods/Planning Tool

Program Evaluation Process

Cost Analysis/Fiscal

Program Assessment

Reporting Program Success

Programming Paradigms

Program Planning Using Theories/Models

Health Belief Model (HBM)

Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior Model (KABM)

Social Learning Theory (SLT)

Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)

Diffusion of Innovation Theory

Transtheoretical/Stages of Change Mode

Social Marketing Theory (SMT)

Healthy Communities: The Process

P-Process

PRECEDE-PROCEED

Chapter Summary

Critical Thinking Activities

Case Study 12-1

References

Chapter 13- Grantsmanship Skills and Nutrition and Ethics

Introduction

Laying the Foundation for a Grant

Identifying Funding Sources

Identifying Possible Collaborators

Building the Proposal

Components of a Proposal

Writing the Grant

Letter of Intent

Title

Abstract

Literature Review

Specific Aims

Research/Project Design

Assembling the Final Product

Reviewing the Grant Proposals

Funded Proposals

If a Proposal is Rejected

What is Ethics?

Nutrition and Ethics

Conflicts of Interest in Research

Basic Principles of the Protection of Human Subjects

Basic Ethical Principles

Business Conflicts

Ethics in Health Promotion

Ethical Decision Making

Code of Ethics for the Profession of Dietetics

Public Health Nutrition Code of Ethics

Licensure

Chapter Summary

Critical Thinking Activities

Case Study 13-1

References

Chapter 14- Principles of Nutrition Education

Introduction

Educational Principles

Nature of Learning

Applying Educational Principles to Program Design and Interventions

Developing a Nutrition Education Plan

Identify Educational Needs

Education Across the Life Span

Adult Learners

Child Learners

Pregnant and Lactating Women

Education and Culture

Developing a Lesson Plan

Specify the Nutrition Messages

Choose a Program Identifier

Develop a Marketing Plan

Specify Partnerships

Establish Educational Goals and Objectives

Format

Implementation of the Program

Evaluate the Educational Process

Gather, Organize, and Structure Knowledge

Enhancing and Achieving Program Participation

General Ideas for Designing Messages

Designing Nutrition and Health Messages

Components of a Lesson Plan

Lesson Plan Sample

Chapter Summary

Critical Thinking Activities

Case Study 14-1

References

Chapter 15- Marketing Nutrition Programs and The Role of Food Industry on Food Choice

Introduction

Marketing Defined

Developing a Marking Plan

Goals and Objectives

Target Groups

Messages

Channels

Budget

Marketing Evaluation

Market Research and Situational Analysis

Secondary Data Research

Observational Research/Analyzing the Environment

Competitive Analysis

Qualitative and Quantitative Data

Situation Analysis

Market Segmentation

Communication Factor Analysis

Marketing Strategies

Social Marketing Perspective

Social Marketing Versus Business Marketing

Advertising the Program

Advertising Principles

Developing Attention-Getting Advertisements

Radio PSAs

Television PSAs

Social Marketing at Community Level

Food Industries, Advertising, and Food Choices

How Effective is Advertising?

The Role of Media on Childhood Obesity

Advertising to Children and Youth

Exposure to Media

Barriers to the Prevention of Obesity

The Effect of Price on Sales

Public Health Approaches

Government Policy and Food

Barriers Against Public Health Policies

Successful Media Nutrition Education Campaigns

Food and Nutrition Misinformation

Consumer Protection Laws

Sources of Nutrition Misinformation

Chapter Summary

Critical Thinking Activities

Case Study 15-1

References

Chapter 16- Cultural Influences and Public Health Nutrition

Introduction

U.S. Cultural Demographics

Health Disparities in the U.S.

Race and Ethnicity

Socioeconomic Factors

Income and Education

Rural vs. Urban Factor

Biology and Behaviors Factors

The Role of Dietetics Professionals

Culture, Race, and Ethnicity

Developing Cultural Competence in Community Nutrition

Importance of Cultural Knowledge in Community Nutrition

Dietary Acculturation

Ethnocentrism/Stereotyping

Barriers to Multicultural Health Promotion and Disease Prevention

Importance of Communication

Designing Health Promotion Programs for Multicultural Groups

Planning Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Programs in Multicultural Populations

Intervention Considerations

Strengthening Organizational Cultural Competence

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ (USDHHS) National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically- Appropriate Services

Dietary Patterns of Different Cultural Groups in the U.S.

Working with African American Food Patterns

Current Nutrition Practices and Health-Related Issues

Working with Hispanic/Latino American Food Patterns

Current Nutrition Practices and Health-Related Issues

Working with Native American Food Patterns

Current Nutrition Practices and Health-Related Issues

Working with Asian American Food Patterns

Current Nutritional Practices and Health-Related Issues

Chapter Summary

Critical Thinking Activities

Case Study 16-1

References

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