Largest part of forebrain

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Largest part of forebrain

The forebrain is the largest part of the human brain. The largest part of forebrain is called. What are the major parts of forebrain. What is the largest part of the forebrain .

The human nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS, in turn, is divided into the brain and spinal cord, which is found in the cranial cavity of the skull and the vertebral canal, respectively. The CNS and the SNP, acting in concert, integrate sensory information and control engine and cognitive functions. 1.1 The central nervous system (CNS) Figure 1.1 Side view of the human embryo at the beginning of the 3rd (A) and 5th (B) Week of Gestation. The adult human brain weighs from 1,200 to 1,500 G and contains about one trillion cells. It occupies a volume of about 1400 cc - about 2% of the total body weight and receives 20% of the blood, oxygen and calories provided to the body. The spinal cord for adult is 40 to 50 cm long and occupies about 150 cc. The brain and spinal cord arise in early development from the neural tube, which expands in the front of the embryo to form the three divisions of the primary brain: Prosencefalon (proencephalus), mesencephalone (Mestroseno) and rospino (Figure 1.1 UN). These three vesicles differ further in five subdivisions: Tennefalon, Diencefalone, Mesencefalone, Metencefalone and Myelencefalon (Figure 1.1b). Mesencefalone, Metencefalone and myelencefalon include the stem of the brain. The Telencefalon includes the cerebral cortex (the cortex is the outer layer of the brain), which represents the highest level of organization and neuronal function (figures 1.2a and 1.2b). The cerebral cortex consists of various types of courtesies (such as olfactory bulbs, figure 1.2b) and subcordical structures closely related as the caudate nucleus, Putamen, Globus, Amygdala and hippocampus formation (Figure 1.2C). Figure 1.2 Side (A) and ventral (B) of the cerebral cortex. Coronal view (c) of subcortical structures. The Dientphalon consists of a complex collection of nuclei that is symmetrically located on both sides of the median line. Dientphalon includes thalamus, hypothalamus, epitalamus and subthalamo (figure 1.3). Figure 1.3 The main nuclei Dientphalon. The Mesencefalone (or mesensamblin) consists of several structures around the cerebral aqueduct such as periaquedalic grey (or central gray), the Monthlycephalic reticular formation, the substantial Nigra, the red nucleus (figure 1.4), the upper and lower collicules, the peduncle brain, some cranial nerve nuclei and the projection of sensory and motor paths. Figure 1.4 Diencephalic and subcordical mesencephalic structures. Figure 1.5 Side view of the Metencefalone and a section of the spinal cord with ventral and dorsal root fibers and dorsal root ganglides. The Metencefalone includes the PONS and the cerebellum. Myelencephalon ( spinal cord) includes open and closed marrow, sensory and motor nuclei, sensory and motor path projectionsCranial nerve nursery. The caudal end of the del It develops in the spinal cord. The spinal cord is an elongated cylindrical structure located within the vertebral canal, which includes the central canal and surrounding grey matter. Grey matter is composed of neurons and their carrier cells and is enclosed by white matter composed of a dense layer of ascending and descending nerve fibers. The spinal cord is an essential link between the peripheral nervous system and the brain; it transmits sensory information from different external and internal sites through 31 pairs of spinal nerves (Figure 1.5). These nerves make synaptic connections in the spinal cord or oblongate cord and ascend to the subcortical nuclei. Figure 1.6 The central nervous system, which includes the spinal cord and brain, is the most protected organ in the human body. It is protected from the external environment by three barriers: skull, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The meninges are composed of three fibrous connective tissues (Figure 1.6). The outermost is a dense envelope of connective collagen tissue known as dura mater (Latin for "hard mother"). The second, or intermediate membrane, is a delicate non-vascular membrane of a thin layer of collagen of reticular fibers that forms a web-like membrane known as arachnoid (from the Greek "spider"). It is separated from the inner pious layer by the subarachnoid space, which is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. The most delicate inner membrane of the connective tissue of collagen is the pia mater, a thin translucent elastic membrane adhering to the surface of the brain and spinal cord. The blood vessels on the surface of the brain and spinal cord are located above the pious matter. Meninges are susceptible to a viral and bacterial infection known as meningitis, a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention. The space between the skull and the dura is known as the epidural space. The space between the hard and the arachnoid is known as the subdural space. The space between the arachnoid and the pious is known as the subarachnoid space. In this space, there is a clear liquid known as CSF. CSF serves to support the CNS, and to cushion it and protect it from physical shock and trauma. Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexus, which is composed of a specialized secretory ependymal layer located in the ventricular system. The ventricular system is a derivative of the primitive embryonic neural canal. This system is an interconnected set of spaces within the brain, which contains the CSF (Figure 1.7). Figure 1.7 The ventricular system at four different angles. In general, the CNS can be divided into three main functional components: the sensory system, the motor system, and the higher homeostatic and brain functions. The sensory system consists of somatosensory, viscerosensory, auditory, vestibular, olfactory, gustatory systems Visual. The motor system consists of drive units and e somatic system (skeletal muscle), spinal reflexes, the visceral (autonomous) system, the cerebellum, various subcortical and cortical sites, as well as the ocular motor control system of the brain stem. The higher homeostatic and functional system includes the hypothalamus, cortical areas involved in motivation, intuition, personality, language, memory, imagination, creativity, thought, judgement, mental processing, and subcortical areas involved in learning, thinking, consciousness, memory, attention, emotional state, sleep and cycles of excitement. are the cerebral hemispheres. The brain has an outer layer ? the cortex, which is made up of neurons and their carrier cells, and in the living brain, it has a grey color called grey matter. Below the grey matter is white matter, which is composed of ascending and descending myelinated nerve fibers, and in the living brain they have a white color. Deeply embedded in white matter are clusters of neurons that are grey in colour and known as subcortical nuclei. The cerebral hemispheres are partially separated from each other along the median line by the interhemispheric fissure of the falx cerebri (Figure 1.8A); posteriorly, there is a transverse fissure separating the cerebral hemisphere from the cerebellum, and containing the tentorium cerebellum. The hemispheres are connected by a large bundle of C-shaped fibers, the corpus callosum, which carries information between the two hemispheres. Figure 1.8 Six cortical lobes: dorsal view (A), lateral view (B), mid-sagittal section showing the limbic lobe (green) (C) and horizontal section showing the insular cortex (D).e For descriptive purposes each cerebral hemisphere can be divided into six lobes. Four of these lobes are named after the bones above the skull as follows: frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal (Figures 1.8A and 1.8B), the fifth is located within the lateral groove of the island lobes (Figures 1.8B and 1.8D), and the sixth lobe is the limbic lobe (Figure 1.8C). It contains the nuclei of the limbic system. Neither the island lobe nor the limbic lobe is a true lobe. Although the boundaries of the various lobes are arbitrary, the cortical areas of each lobe are histologically distinctive. The surface of the cerebral cortex is highly twisted with folds (gyri), separated from each other by elongated grooves (sulci). These convolutions allow the cortical surface to expand without increasing the size of the brain. On the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere are two deep grooves (or fissure), the lateral fissure (by Sylvian) and the central sulci (by Rolando), which provide reference points for topographic orientation (Figure 1.9A). The central groove separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe and flows obliquely from the upper margin of the hemisphere near its midpoint and forward until it meets almost the lateral fissures (Figures 1.8A and 1.8B). The lateral slit, separating the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe, begins in a lower way in the basal surface of the brain and extends laterally in a lateral and upward way, separating the frontal and parietic lobes from the temporal lobe (Figure 1.9A). The frontal lobe is the rostral portion to the central sulphur and above the lateral slot, and occupies the front one third of the hemispheres (Figures 1.8 and 1.9). The boundaries of the parietal lobe are not accurate, except for its rostral border ? the central groove. The occipital lobe is the portion that is caudal to the parietal lobe (Figures 1.8 and 1.9). Along the side surface of the hemisphere, an imaginary line that connects the tip of the parietal-occipital sulphur and the preoccipital notch (Figure 1.9A), separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe. On the medial surface of the hemisphere (Figure 1.9B), the parieto-occipital sulphur forms the rostral boundary of the parietal lobe. The temporal lobe is ventral to the lateral sulphur, and on its lateral surface, shows three diagonal convolutions oriented - the upper, the middle and the lower temporal gyri (Figure 1.9A). The insula is located in the depths of the lateral groove. It has a triangular courtyard area with gyri and sulci (Figures 1.8B and 1.8D, and Figure 1.9A). The limbic lobe consists of several cortical and subcortical areas (Figura 1.9B). Figure 1.9 Drawing of the different cortici, sulphites and gyri (A) and medium-sagittal design emphasizes limbic lobe (green) (B). The cerebral cortex is a functional organ. A functionally structured system is a set of neurons connected together to convey a specific type of information to accomplish a particular task. It is possible to identify primary sensory areas of the cerebral cortex, secondary sensory areas, primary motor area, premotor area, additional motor area and association areas, which are dedicated to the integration of motor and sensory information, intellectual activity, thought and understanding, language execution, memory and recall. The frontal lobe is the largest of the brain lobes and consists of four gyres, pre-central gyre neckline that parallels the central sulphur, and three horizontal gyri: the upper, middle and lower front gyri. The lower front gyrus consists of three parts: the orbital, the triangular and the operculum. The term operculum refers to the "slips of the lateral fissures. Finally, the straight turn (right spin) and the orbital lap form the base of the frontal lobe (Figure 1.9B). Four general functional areas are in the frontal lobe. They are the primary motor cortex, where all parts of the body are represented, the premotor and additional motor areas. A region affected by the motor mechanisms of the voice formulation including the opercolar and triangular parts of the lower frontal gyrusknown as Broca's speech area, and the rest of the prefrontal cortex is involved in mental activity, personality insight, prediction and reward. The orbital portion of the prefrontal cortex is important in the appropriate passage between the mental sets and the regulation of emotion. The parietal lobe consists of three gyri: post-central lap, upper and lower parietal gyri (Figure 1.9A) The postcentral jargon is immediately behind the central sulphur forming its front boundary. The postcentral round neck includes the primary somatosensory cortex that deals with somatosensory reception, integration and processing of sensory information from the body surface and the visceurs, and is important for the formulation of perception. The caudal to the postcentral geranium is the lower parietal gyrus. The intraparietal groove separates the rear parietal gyrus from the lower parietal gyrus. The lower parietal gyrus represents the area of the court association that integrates and treats sensory information from multiple modes, such as hearing and visual information. The lower parietal gyrus, known as Wernicke area, is also important for language and reading skills, while the upper parietal gyrus deals with the body image and spatial orientations. The temporal lobe consists of three obliquely oriented gyri: the upper, medium and lower temporal gyri (Figure 1.9A) The inferior temporal gyro are the temporal occipitotemporali and parahippocampal gyri, which are separated by the side groove. The upper temporal gyrus surface, which extends into the lateral slot, is called the transverse temporal gyrus (of Heschl) and is the primary auditory cortex. The caudal part of the upper temporal lap, which extends to the parietal cortex, is part of the Wernicke area. The Wernicke area is partly responsible for processing hearing information and is important in understanding the language. The lower part of the temporal lobe (i.e. occipitotemporal gyri) is involved in visual and cognitive processing. The more average is gyrus parahippocampal, which is involved in learning and memory. The doors of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes, which are adjacent to the lateral groove and overlap to the insulating cortex, are known as the operculum. The inferomedial surface of the temporal lobe consists of the uncus and the parahippocampal gland on average. The lower surface of the temporal lobe rests on the cerebel tentorium. The occipital lobe is the most caudal part of the brain, it is located on the cerebel tentorium (Figura 1.9A) and is composed of several irregular lateral gyri. On its medial surface, there is a prominent slit - the lime slot and the parieto-occipital sulph. The slot of calcarina (sulcus) and the parieto-occipital groove also define a cortical region known asThe Sulcus Divide Divide the Ocitifal Ocitifal Lobo The dorsal cuneus and ventrally in the lingual tour. The occipital lobe contains the visual bark of the primary and higher order. Figure 1.10 The Corpus Callosum and its different parts. The Insula Lobe is in the depths of the side slot and can only be seen when the temporal and frontal lobes are separated (figures 1.8b and 1.8d). The insula is characterized by several long Gyri and Solci, the Gyri Patients and Gyri Longi. There are some tests that the insular cortical areas are involved in nocice hosting and adjusting the autonomic function. The limbic lobe is not a real lobe and is composed of several cortical regions such as the Gyri belt and parahippocampical, some subcortical areas such as the hippocampus, amygdala, the septum and other areas with their respective ascending and descending connections ( Figures 1.8ce 1.9 b). The limbic lobe is involved in memory and learning, behavior related to driving and emotional function. There are subcortic areas in the turefalone like Ganglia Basal and the Amygdaloid core complex. The Corpus Callosum is a collection of nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres. The Corpus Callosum is divided into Rostrum (head), the body, the most rosy part is the genu (knee) with the connection of the rostrum and the body and the splenio to the Caudale end (Figure 1.10). The Corpus Callosum plays an important role in transferring information from one hemisphere to another. 1.3 The Dientphalon The second main derivative of prosenencephalon is the Dientphalon. The Dientphalon is the most rosy structure of the brain stem; ? incorporated in the lower appearance of the cerebro. The rear commission is the junctional point of reference between Dientphalon and the Mesencephalone. Caudally, the Dientphalon is continuous with the tegmentum of the goods. During development the Dientphalon differentiates in four regions: Thalamus, hypothalamus, subtalamus and epitalamus (Figure 1.11) The epitalamus includes the stria habenular trigone marrow, pineal gland and the rear commissivity figure 1.11 Sagittal half design showing the main structures of the Dientphalon and of the rhombencephalone. 1.4 The brain manages the brain stem consisting of Mesencefalone (Midbrain), Metencephalone and Myelencefalone. Metecefalone and myelencefalone together make up the Rhombencephalone (HindBrain), which is divided into pons and oblong marrow (Figures 1.11 and 1.12). The Mesencephalone (Midbrain) is continuous with the Rostrant Dientphalon and with the decks caudally. The mercanno is the smallest part of the brain stem, with about 2 cm long. It consists of a backward Tettim, a thegmentum inferior and a base award. Tectum forms the roof of the cerebral aqueduct, which connects the third ventricle with the fourth ventricle and the tegmentum its floor. The base of mesencephalus is composed of the cerebral peduncle, which contains nerve fibers that descend from the cerebral cortex. The nuclei (Oculomotor), the 4th (Trochlear) and part of the 5th (trigeminal) are found in the Midbrain Tegmentum. The red nucleus and substandy nigra, two prominent nuclei, are also found in the Midbrain tegmentum. Midbrain tectum is formed by two pairs of rounded structures: the upper and lower colly. The upper and lower collys (Figure 1.12) are involved in visual and auditory functions respectively. Figure 1.12 Intermediate cerebral frame design. PONS is continuous with the Midbrain and is composed of two parts, the Tegmentum Pontino (located internally) and the basic poms. At the PON level, the cerebral aqueduct expanded to form the fourth ventricle (Figure 1.12). The cerebellum is located back to the pon and shape part of the roof (tectum) of the rear ventricle. The POs contain nuclei that receive axons from various cortical areas. The projections of the axons of these Pontine neurons form great beams of transversal fiber that cross the PONs and ascend to the counterlaway cerebellum through central cerebellar peduncles. Moreover, inside the PONS and TegMentum base are longitudinally ascending and descending fibers. The cores of the fifth (trigeminal), 6th (Abducens), 7th (facial) and the eighth (vestibulocochlear) nerves are found in the Tegmentum pons. Medulla oblongata (my adventure is also known as the Meduline). The Medulla is among the Rostrally pons and the Caudally spinal cord. It is continuous with spinal cord just above to Foramen Magnum and the first spinal nerve. The back surface of the Medulla forms the caudal half of the fourth ventricle floor and the cerebellum, its roof (Figure 1.12). The base of the Medulla is formed by the pyramid ascending fibers of the cerebral cortex. The Medulla Tegmentum contains 9? ? (Glossopharyngeal) fibers and ascending nuclei, 10th (vague), 11o (accessory) and 12o (hypoglossa). The corticospinal fibers (pyramid) are next to the front median slot, and decussed (crosses the median line) to the contralaeral side on their way to the spinal cord. Other prominent structures in the Medulla are the lower olive, and the lower cerebellar peduncle. The Medulla contains nuclei that regulate breathing, swallowing, sudden, gastric secretion, cardiac activity and vasomotor. The brain arterial feeding derives from two arterial systems: the carotid system and the Vertebrobasilar system. A series of anastomotic channels found at the base of the brain, known as the circle of Willis, allows communication between these two systems (Figure 1.13). Figure 1.13 The main arterial blood provides the brain. The blood arterial power supply to the spinal cord is derived from two branches of vertebral artery, the front and two rear rotary arteries that run the length of the spinal cord and form an irregular plexus around it (Figure 1.14). Figure 1.14 The arterial feeder of the spinal cord. 1.5 Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Figure 1.15 The peripheral nervous system. The PNS includes 31 pairs of spinal nerves, 12 pairs of cranial nerves, the autonomous nervous system and the ganglion (groups of nerve cells outside the CNS) associated with them. Also included in PN are the organs of the sensory receptor. The organs of the receptor are scattered in all parts of the body, meaning and perceive modifications from external and internal organs, then transform this information on the electrical signals, which are transported through a vast nervous network to the CNS (Figure 1.15). The cranial nerves and spinales contain nerve fibers that lead information to afferent- (Latin for transport) and by the verdent (Latin for transport) the CNS. The afferent fibers transmit sensory information from sensory receptors in the skin, mucous membranes and internal and eye organs, ear, nose and mouth to CNS; The efferent fibers transmit signals from cortical and subcortical centers to the spinal cord and from the muscle or to the autonomic ganglia that innervates the visceral organs. The ventilated fibers (sensorial) enter the spinal cord using the dorsal root (rear) and the efferent fibers (engine) are exiting the spinal cord using the ventral root (front). The spinal nerve is formed by the dorsal union and the ventral roots. Cranial nerves leave the skull and the nerves of the spinal cord leave the vertebrae through the openings in the bone called Formina (Latin for the opening). The PNS is divided into two systems: the visceral system and the somatic system. The visceral system is also known as a stand-alone system. The autonomous nervous system (ANS) is often considered a separate entity; Although composed partially in PN and partially in the CNS, interface between the PNS and the CNS. The primary function of the UNS is to regulate and control the functions of unconsciousness, including visceral muscle, smooth, cardiac muscle, ships and glandular function (figure 1.16). The ANS can be divided into three subdivisions: the sympathetic subdivision (or Thoraculumbar) associated with neurons located in spinal gray between higher lumbar levels and thoracic; The parasympathetic subdivision (or craniosacral) is associated with 3 ?, 7, 9 and the 10 cranial nerves and at 2 ?, 3 ? ? and 4 sacral nerves; The enteric subdivision is a complex neuronal network within the walls of the gastrointestinal system and contains more neurons than the spinal cord. The visceral system (autonomous) regulates the internal organs outside the realm of conscious control. The PNS component of the somatic system includes sensory receptors and innerving neurons and their nerve fibers entering the spinal cord. The visceral system and the somatic nervous system are mainly interested in its own functions, but also work in harmony with other aspects of the nervous system. Figure 1.16 The autonomic nervous system. 1.6 Orientation to Central central nervousthe section illustrates the representative sections through the CNS in order to get to know the reader with relevant structures and contribute to the recognition of the level and orientation of the section. It also provides reference points for locating cores and traits involved in sensory and motor functions. Directional terms are used to describe the positions of structures in the CNS. Figure 1.17 Orientation of the central nervous system of the spinal cord and different brain sections. Keep in mind that some terms have been developed to describe the nervous system of quadrupeds and may have a slightly different meaning when applied to bipeds. For example, the ventral surface of the quadrupled spinal cord is comparable to the anterior surface of the biped (Figure 1.18) In the following descriptions, the terms are applied to a standing human being. The rostral and anterior terms refer to a direction towards the face/nosus. The caudal and posterior terms refer to a direction towards the buttocks/tail. The lower and upper terms generally refer to the spatial relationships in the vertical direction (Figure 1.18) A coronal section is parallel to the vertical plane and an intermediate section would divide the head in front and back halves (Figure 1.19) The sagittal section is also parallel to the vertical plane, but an intermediate section would divide the head in right and left halves. The horizontal (axial) section is parallel to the horizontal plane and a horizontal middle section would divide the head into the upper and lower halves. The cross-sections or cross-sections of the spinal cord of humans are taken in a plane perpendicular to the vertical (i.e. in the horizontal plane of the head). Most electromagnetic imaging techniques produce images of the brain in the coronal, horizontal (axial) and sagittal planes. The representative sections are cross sections through the spinal cord and the cerebral and coronal sections through the telencephalon and diencephalon (Figure 1.17) Figure 1.18 Schematic showing the orientation of the brain in the cranium/cranium. Figure 1.19 Three planes of brain section. Cross-section through the spinal cord. Figure 1.17A shows a section at the level of the thoracic spinal cord. The spinal cord neuron forms a central nucleus taking a configuration of the butterfly which is surrounded by nerve fibers (white material). In the left and right half of the spinal cord, the grey matter is organized into a dorsal horn and ventral horn with the intermediate grey located between them. In the thoracic spinal cord, which is shown in this figure, a lateral horn extends laterally from the intermediate grey (Figure 1.17A).The white matter of the spinal cord is divided into the posterior white column, the anterior white column and the lateral white column. The White Commission It combines the two half of the spinal cord and is ventral to the intermediate gray. The fibers of the dorsal root enter the spinal cord at the Sulcus and the fibers of the ventral root fibers come out of the spinal cord in numerous fine bundles through the ventral funcum (see figure 1.5). Transversal section through the marrow. Figure 1.17b is a top marrow socket section. The landmark structures include the fourth ventricle, the ipoglossal core, the lower cerebellar peduncle, the lower olive trees and pyramids. As in the spinal cord section, fiber stretches, peduncle and lower cerebellar pedestracle and pyramids, appear light in this section, while the nuclei in the lower olive complex appear dark. Cross section through pons. Figure 1.17c is a section socket at the level of the Mid Ponters. The landmark structures include the fourth ventricle, the Tegmentum Pons, which includes the abducens nuclei; The base of the PONS, which includes the corticophugal fibers and the pontine nuclei; And cerebellar central peduncles. Coronal section through the Rostral Telencefalon. Figure 1.17d is a section socket at the decussion of the front order. The reference structures include the head of the cauded nucleus, the front limb of the internal capsule, the globus pallidus and putamen (important for the control of the engine functions). The front saleswoman, a fiber package that connects the right and left front lobes, can be seen decisive (crossing the median line). The Corpus Callosum constitutes a large band of decussing nerve fibers located above the side ventricles. Under the ventilated nerve fibers of telencefalon of each eye decussed in the optic chiamia and combine uncontracted fibers to form the optical tract. Coronal section through the Midbrain-Dientphalon junction. Figure 1.17E is a section socket at the mercino junction with the Dientphalon. It should be noted that the section plane differs from those of the previous sections. At this level, a structure of the landmark of the Dientphalon is the Thalamus, which surrounds the third ventricle. The posterior limb of the internal capsule separates the thalamus telencephalic from the surrounding structures (ie, the globus pallidus and putmen). Lateral to Putamen's education as more dorsomialmente the corpus callosum is felt cavities of the lateral ventricles. Under the third ventricle are the red nucleus, the Nigra substance and the crus cerebri of mestricio, which are the continuation of the internal capsule. Section through the midbrain. Figure 1.17F is a sectional view showing the nuclei of the main Midbrain that include the tectum (superior colliculi) periaquedotto gray, red nuclei, the Nigra substance and the cerebral peduncles. peduncles.

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