ENGLISH VERSION CHAPTER 9: SPACE WEATHER

SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY ENGLISH VERSION

CHAPTER 9: SPACE WEATHER

9.1 ACTIVITIES OF THE SUN THAT AFFECT EARTH

A. The Sun

1. The sun consists of 2 gases ? hydrogen & helium 2. Sun produces energy through thermonuclear reaction:

Hydrogen + Hydrogen Helium + Solar Energy

3. We can feel solar energy as heat & light

B. Sun Structure

1. Corona & chromosphere ? can be seen during solar eclipse 2. Photosphere ? the layer we normally see 3. Core: - 15 million ?C - thermonuclear reaction occurs here

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C. Phenomena that Occur on the Sun's Surface

We shall discuss 7 phenomena ? granules, sunspots, solar cycle, prominences, solar flares, coronal mass ejections, & solar wind 1. Granules, sunspots, & solar cycle

- granules: hot grainy structure (6000?C) - sunspots: dark regions with lower temperature (3000?C) - sunspots happen where charged gas erupts - sunspots appear & disappear according to solar cyle - solar cycle lasts around 11 years 2. Prominence:

- Loop of glowing charged gas over sunspot 3. Solar flares:

- Charged gas eruption over sunspot

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4. Coronal mass ejections:

- Huge cloud of magnetic plasma eruption 5. Solar wind:

- the escaped charged gas/plasma from the sun - hazardous to lifeform - interact with Earth's magnetosphere

D. Earth's Magnetosphere & its Importance

1. Magnetosphere = region in outer space which is the combination of Earth's magnetic field & solar wind:

Earth's magnetic field + Solar wind Earth's Magnetosphere

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2. Has the same shape as Earth's magnetic field 3. Importance of magnetosphere: - protect life on Earth from harmful effects of solar wind - protect Earth from sun's charged particles - reduce pressure exerted by solar wind on Earth's atmosphere

9.2 SPACE WEATHER

1. Space weather = phenomena that occurs on the Sun's surface or in space 2. Space weather on Sun's surface:

Sunspots

Prominence Solar flares

Coronal mass ejections

3. Space weather in space ? solar wind

4. Space weather from the Sun releases charged gas particles, which cause these effects on Earth:

- disruption of telecommunication in satellite or space probe - disruption of navigation system - disruption of electric power lines - formation of aurora around the Earth's poles

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SCIENCE FORM 3 2021 BY CIKGU HEERY ENGLISH VERSION

CHAPTER 10: SPACE EXPLORATION

10.1 DEVELOPMENT IN ASTRONOMY

PTOLEMY

COPERNICUS

KEPLER

Geocentric model

- Earth at the centre - Orbits are circular

Heliocentric model

Heliocentric model

- Sun at the centre - Orbits are circular

- Sun at the centre - Orbits are ellipse

10.2 TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE EXPLORATION

We shall discuss 5 applications of technology ? space telescope, rocket, satellite, space probe, & remote sensing

1. Space telescope:

Hubble

Spitzer

James Webb

- to observe space without interruption of Earth's atmosphere

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