Chapter 2



Notes: Carbon Compounds

Chapter 2-3 and 2-4

Chemistry of Carbon

1. Carbon can form 4 covalent bonds

2. Carbon can bond with: _________________________

Bonding Symbols

Single Bond:____________________________________________________________________________

Double Bond: ____________________________________________________________________________

Triple Bond: ____________________________________________________________________________

Macromolecules

1. Macromolecules are “Giant molecules”

2. Consist of monomers (smaller units) that join together to form polymers (large molecules of repeating units- monomers- bonded together by covalent bonds

a. The process of bonding monomers together is called ______________________

b. Synthesizing covalent bonds between the monomers involves losing a water molecule - dehydration, or condensation reaction

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c. Hydrolysis: __________________________________________________________________________

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Types of macromolecules

1.

2.

3.

4.

Carbohydrates

1. Composition: _________________________

2. Monomer unit:__________________________

3. Uses: _______________________________________________

4. Examples:

a. Sugars

1. Monosaccharide = simple sugar compound

2. Dissacharides = two monosaccharides bonded together by a _glycosydic bond_

b. Starches: Complex carbohydrates that store extra sugar

1. In animals, starch is called _glycogen__, structural is called _chitin_

2. In plants, “plant starch”, structural is called __cellulose_

Lipids

1. Composition: _________________________

2. Subunits: _________________________

3. Not soluble in water- nonpolar

4. Function: _________________________

5. Examples: fats, oils, waxes, steroids, cholesterol

6. Types of fatty acids:

a. Unsaturated fatty acids: _________________________________________

Example: Olive oil

b. Saturated fatty acids:

_________________________________________

Example: Shortening, butter

Proteins

1. Composition: _____________________

2. Uses: _____________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

3. 4 levels of structure

a. Made of monomers called amino acids, _20_ types

b. Same general structure, but different R group

▪ Primary- _________________________________________

▪ Secondary- _________________________________________

▪ Tertiary- _________________________________________

▪ Quaternary- _________________________________________

Nucleic Acids

1. Composition: _________________________________________

2. Uses: _________________________________________

3. Two types

a. ____________ (deoxyribonucleic acid)

b. ____________ (ribonucleic acid)

4. Monomer: ___________________ A nucleotide has three parts:

a._______________________________

b._______________________________

c. ______________________________ (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, or uracil)

Chemical reaction: A change of one set of chemicals into another.

1. Can be slow or fast

2. Chemical reactions require collisions between molecules

3. Involves changes in chemical bonds

A + B ( C + D

a. Reactants: ______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

b. Products: ______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

Chemical Reaction Example: CO2 in the body

1. Cells produce CO2, then blood carries CO2 from cells to lungs (exhale)

Problem: CO2 is ____________________________________________________

Solution: A chemical reaction converts CO2 to a soluble compound

2. In blood, CO2 is converted to soluble compound:

CO2 + H2O → __________________

3. In the lungs, reaction is reverse to exhale CO2

H2CO3 → ___________________

Chemical reactions involve energy

1. Breaking and forming chemical bonds requires energy release or absorption.

2. Reactions that release energy can occur spontaneously (but not all do)

a. Energy is released as heat

3. Reactions that absorb energy will not occur without an energy source.

4. What is activation energy? ______________________________________________

Some chemical reactions are really slow or require lots of energy and cannot occur on their own.

__________/ __________Reaction __________/ __________Reaction

Enzymes are catalysts.

1. Catalyst: ___________________________________________________________

a. An enzyme is a protein that act as biological catalyst

b. Enzymes speed up reactions that take place in cells

c. Enzymes provides a site (______________________) where reactants can be

brought together to react. This decreases the activation energy.

d. Substrate: _____________________________________________________

e. Enzymes can be reused, but can only have one type of substrate

f. The enzyme-substrate relationship is like that of a “lock and key”

g. Enzymes can have an _________ ________ in which another molecule can turn the enzyme on or off by binding to it (make the key work or not)

h. Enzymes can be affected by:

1.

2.

3.

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