TB CHAP 08
CHAPTER 8
HOW CELLS RELEASE CHEMICAL ENERGY
Multiple-Choice Questions
Please note that Multiple-Choice Questions 18–22, 47, and 74 are also available on JoinIn™ for Turning Point®.
IMPACTS, ISSUES: WHEN MITOCHONDRIA SPIN THEIR WHEELS
1. Defective mitochondria are a cause of
a. Luft’s syndrome.
b. Friedrich’s ataxia.
c. type I diabetes.
d. Alzheimer’s disease.
e. all of these
2. Electron transfer systems concentrate energy that is then used to generate ATP in
a. aerobic respiration.
b. photosynthesis.
c. mitochondria.
d. chloroplasts.
e. all of these
OVERVIEW OF ENERGY-RELEASING PATHWAYS
3. The first forms of life that produced ATP probably used pathways similar to
a. photosynthesis.
b. photophosphorylation.
c. glycolysis and fermentation.
d. the Krebs cycle.
e. aerobic respiration.
4. ATP is
a. the energy currency of a cell.
b. produced by the destruction of ADP.
c. produced but not expended in the process of photosynthesis.
d. produced during the phosphorylation of any organic compound.
e. none of these
5. ATP is to the cell as __________ is(are) to the financial community.
a. printed currency
b. checks
c. credit
d. gold reserves
e. automated tellers
6. ATP
a. can be produced by photosynthesis.
b. is produced in the degradation of organic compounds such as glucose.
c. is generated in anaerobic respiration.
d. is formed in aerobic respiration.
e. all of these
7. Plant cells are capable of
a. photosynthesis.
b. ATP production.
c. glucose breakdown.
d. aerobic respiration.
e. all of these
8. The minimum evidence of anything being “alive” is
a. breathing.
b. heartbeat.
c. carbon dioxide production.
d. physical activity.
e. response to stimulus.
9. All living organisms
a. generate ATP.
b. utilize oxygen.
c. have a well-defined nucleus.
d. produce carbon dioxide.
e. generate ATP and produce carbon dioxide.
10. When molecules are broken apart in respiration,
a. the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions.
b. the oxygen in the compounds that are broken apart is used as an energy source.
c. the energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP.
d. ATP is converted into ADP.
e. ADP is released as a waste product.
11. Cellular respiration
a. evolved to enable living organisms to utilize energy stored in glucose.
b. occurs only in animal cells because plants carry on photosynthesis.
c. utilizes fat as its primary energy source.
d. occurs at the same rate throughout all cells of the body.
e. is the only cellular mechanism that yields ATP.
12. Cellular respiration
a. is the reverse of the process of photosynthesis.
b. involves the physical exchange of gases.
c. is a mechanism of tapping the energy found in the bonds between atoms in organic compounds.
d. can occur only if there is a supply of glucose available because no other compound can be the energy source for cellular respiration.
e. occurs only in animal cells.
13. Aerobes use __________ as the final electron acceptor.
a. hydrogen
b. carbon
c. oxygen
d. H2O
e. NAD+
14. Most plants and animals use _____ as their final hydrogen acceptor in cellular respiration.
a. oxygen
b. sulfur
c. nitrogen
d. magnesium
e. phosphorus
15. Which of the following liberates the most energy in the form of ATP?
a. aerobic respiration
b. anaerobic respiration
c. alcoholic fermentation
d. lactate fermentation
e. All liberate the same amount, but through different means.
16. Which of the following has the greatest total energy?
a. cAMP
b. ADP
c. ATP
d. glucose
e. NADPH
17. The correct operational sequence of the three processes listed below is
I. glycolysis II. ETP III. Krebs cycle
a. I >>> II >>> III.
b. II >>> I >>> III.
c. III >>> I >>> II.
d. II >>> III >>> I.
e. I >>> III >>> II.
Use the diagram above for questions 18–22.
18. All of the lines labeled “E” represent
a. FADH2.
b. NADH.
c. NADPH.
d. either FADH2 or NADH.
e. none of these
19. The net ATP yield (at letter “D”) from the metabolism of one glucose molecule is
a. 32.
b. 4.
c. 36.
d. 64.
e. 28.
20. The glycolysis reactions are represented by the letter ____.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
21. Electron transfer phosphorylation is represented by the letter ____.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
22. The Krebs cycle is represented by the letter____.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
glycolysis—GLUCOSE BREAKDOWN STARTS
23. Before a glucose molecule can be broken down to release energy,
a. one ATP molecule must be added to glucose.
b. two phosphate groups must be attached to glucose.
c. three ATP molecules must be added to glucose.
d. one ATP molecule must be taken away from glucose.
e. it must be converted to glycogen.
24. For glycolysis to begin,
a. glucose must enter the mitochondria.
b. there must be an input of energy from ATP.
c. oxygen must be available.
d. some hydrogen acceptors must be available.
e. none of these
25. Glycolysis depends upon a continuous supply of glucose and
a. NADP.
b. pyruvate.
c. NAD+.
d. NADH.
e. H2O.
26. Glycolysis
a. occurs in the mitochondria.
b. happens to glucose only.
c. results in the production of pyruvate.
d. occurs in the cytoplasm.
e. results in the production of pyruvate and occurs in the cytoplasm.
27. In the breakdown of glucose, a phosphorylated six-carbon compound is split into two three-carbon compounds, which are named
a. PGAL and DHAP.
b. pyruvate.
c. acetyl-CoA.
d. lactate.
e. acetaldehyde.
28. The conversion of PGAL to pyruvate is accompanied by
a. anaerobic respiration.
b. photophosphorylation.
c. the electron transfer chain.
d. substrate-level phosphorylation.
e. the Krebs cycle.
29. The use of two ATP molecules at the beginning of glycolysis is comparable to ______ in finances.
a. a dividend
b. a credit
c. a debt
d. an investment
e. liquidity
30. How many ATP molecules (net yield) are produced per molecule of glucose degraded during glycolysis?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 4
d. 36
e. 38
31. Substrate-level phosphorylation
a. occurs during glycolysis.
b. requires the presence of oxygen.
c. is a precursor for the phosphorylation of glucose.
d. is the source for the majority of the ATP produced in aerobic respiration.
e. does not occur during the Krebs cycle.
32. Which of the following is a phosphorylated intermediate compound in glycolysis?
a. phosphoglycerate (PGA)
b. phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)
c. phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)
d. fructose bisphosphate
e. all of these
33. Which of the following molecules does NOT have a total of three carbon atoms?
a. PEP
b. PGAL
c. oxaloacetate
d. pyruvate
e. phosphoglycerate (PGA)
34. The end product of glycolysis is
a. acetyl-CoA.
b. oxaloacetate.
c. pyruvate.
d. citrate.
e. acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate.
35. The process by which a small amount of the energy in a glucose molecule is released, as it is converted into two small organic acid molecules, is
a. photolysis.
b. glycolysis.
c. oxidative phosphorylation.
d. substrate-level phosphorylation.
e. the Krebs cycle.
36. Pyruvate is the end product of
a. glycolysis.
b. acetyl-CoA formation.
c. fermentation.
d. the Krebs cycle.
e. the citric acid cycle.
37. The yield from glycolysis includes all EXCEPT
a. CO2.
b. ATP.
c. FADH2.
d. NADH.
e. water.
second stage of aerobic RESPIRATION
38. The Krebs cycle takes place in the
a. ribosomes.
b. cytoplasm.
c. nucleus.
d. mitochondria.
e. chloroplasts.
39. The chemical that enters the mitochondria to continue respiration is
a. phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL).
b. oxaloacetate.
c. phosphoglycerate (PGA).
d. pyruvate.
e. citrate.
40. Which of the following yields carbon dioxide during the breakdown of glucose in aerobic respiration?
a. phosphoglycerate
b. pyruvate
c. oxaloacetate
d. PGAL
e. fructose bisphosphate
41. Krebs cycle reactions and electron transfer phosphorylation are
a. in the mitochondrion and ER, respectively.
b. in separate parts of the mitochondrion.
c. inside and outside the mitochondrion, respectively.
d. in the same mitochondrial compartment.
e. cytoplasmic reactions.
42. The breakdown of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle results in the release of
a. energy.
b. carbon dioxide.
c. oxygen.
d. hydrogen.
e. all except oxygen
43. During the Krebs cycle,
a. substrate-level phosphorylation occurs.
b. oxaloacetate is regenerated.
c. electrons and H+ are transferred to coenzymes NAD+ and FAD.
d. molecules of carbon dioxide are formed.
e. all of these
44. During which phase of aerobic respiration is ATP produced directly by substrate-level phosphorylation?
a. glycolysis
b. ethanol production
c. acetyl-CoA formation
d. the Krebs cycle
e. glycolysis and the Krebs Cycle
45. Which is capable of being reduced during either glycolysis or the Krebs cycle?
a. NAD+
b. FAD+
c. ADP
d. NADH
e. NADP+
46. How many passes through the Krebs cycle are required to break down a glucose molecule completely?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 6
e. 12
47. The illustration shows a summary of second-stage products. The upper arrow spaces should read ______, and the second arrow spaces should read______.
a. 2 NADH; 6 NADH
b. 2 NADH; 4 NADH
c. 2FADH2; 8 NADH
d. 2FADH2; 6 NADH
e. none of these
48. The first intermediate produced after the entry of acetyl-CoA into the Krebs cycle is
a. pyruvate.
b. acetyl-CoA.
c. fructose bisphosphate.
d. oxaloacetate.
e. citrate.
49. The last intermediate produced in the Krebs cycle before the entry of the next acetyl-CoA is
a. pyruvate.
b. acetyl-CoA.
c. fructose bisphosphate.
d. oxaloacetate.
e. citrate.
50. Which of the following marks the transition from glycolysis to the Krebs cycle?
a. acetyl-CoA formation
b. conversion of PGAL to PGA
c. regeneration of reduced NAD+
d. oxidative phosphorylation
e. substrate-level phosphorylation
51. The yield from each pyruvate in the second stage includes
a. 4 NADH.
b. 1 FADH2.
c. 1 ATP.
d. 3 CO2.
e. all of these
Third stage of aerobic RESPIRATION—A BIG ENERGY PAYOFF
52. When glucose is used as the energy source, the largest amount of ATP is produced in
a. glycolysis.
b. acetyl-CoA formation.
c. the Krebs cycle.
d. substrate-level phosphorylation.
e. electron transfer phosphorylation.
53. The greatest number of ATP molecules is produced in
a. glycolysis.
b. alcoholic fermentation.
c. anaerobic electron transfer.
d. electron transfer phosphorylation.
e. the Krebs cycle.
54. What is the process by which NADH transfers electrons to oxygen?
a. glycolysis
b. acetyl-CoA formation
c. the Krebs cycle
d. electron transfer phosphorylation
e. substrate-level phosphorylation
55. The electron transfer chain is located
a. on the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
b. on the inner membrane of the chloroplasts.
c. in the fluid part of the chloroplast.
d. throughout the cytoplasm of the cell.
e. on the plasma membrane of eukaryotes.
56. The ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is
a. NAD+.
b. CO2.
c. ADP.
d. NADP+.
e. O2.
57. The most abundant acceptor for hydrogen released in the Krebs cycle is
a. TPN.
b. NADP+.
c. NAD+.
d. FAD.
e. cytochrome oxidase.
58. Which is NOT ordinarily capable of being reduced at any time?
a. NAD+
b. FAD
c. oxygen, O2
d. water
e. all of these
59. The energy used to generate most of the ATP formed in aerobic respiration is released when electrons are passed from NADH along a chain to
a. oxygen.
b. acetyl CoA.
c. FADH.
d. CO2..
e. NADPH.
60. The generation of concentration and electrical gradients across the membranes of mitochondria is known as which theory of ATP production?
a. glycolytic
b. negative ion generator
c. phosphate pump
d. chemiosmotic
e. none of these
61. Which ions accumulate in the outer compartment of the mitochondria during electron transport phosphorylation?
a. calcium
b. hydrogen
c. oxygen
d. phosphorus
e. sodium
62. Which of the following statements is true?
a. According to chemiosmotic theory, concentration and electric gradients drive the formation of ATP.
b. An electron loses energy each time it is transferred down the electron transfer chain.
c. There is a buildup of hydrogen ions in the outer compartment of the mitochondrion.
d. ATP synthases are channels for the passage of hydrogen ions.
e. all of these
63. The amount of energy released from a glucose molecule is dependent on what happens to
a. carbon atoms.
b. oxygen atoms.
c. hydrogen atoms.
d. phosphorus atoms.
e. water molecules.
64. Each NADH produced in the cytoplasm by glycolysis yields how many molecules of ATP if it is used in electron transfer phosphorylation in liver, heart, or kidney cells?
a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 6
e. either 2 or 3
65. Because __________ cells have a NAD+ shuttle built into their mitochondria, they deliver 38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
a. liver
b. heart
c. kidney
d. liver and heart
e. liver, heart, and kidney
66. Because of its location in the electron transfer chain, delivery of electrons to each FAD results in __________ ATPs.
a. 4
b. 2
c. 3
d. 32
e. 0
67. The highly toxic cyanide poison binds to the last molecule in the electron transfer chain, halting additional electron transfer. What is the consequence?
a. Oxygen can’t pick up electrons.
b. No more water will be formed.
c. No more ATP will be formed.
d. The affected individual will not survive.
e. all of these
Anaerobic ENERGY-RELEASING PATHWAYS
68. If anaerobic pathways follows glycolysis,
a. CO2 will be one of the products as pyruvate is converted to lactate.
b. the two NADH molecules produced during glycolysis will (depending on the organism) be used to reduce pyruvate to either lactate or ethanol and CO2.
c. ATP will be required to convert pyruvate to either lactate or ethanol and CO2.
d. oxidative phosphorylation occurs either on the plasma membrane or on derivatives of the plasma membrane.
e. none of these
69. The bacteria that cause botulism and tetanus cannot live in the presence of
a. carbon dioxide.
b. oxygen.
c. glucose.
d. alcohol.
e. ATP.
70. In the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol, which of the following is(are) produced?
a. acetaldehyde
b. carbon dioxide
c. NADH
d. acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide only
e. acetaldehyde, carbon dioxide, and NADH
71. Under anaerobic conditions, muscle cells produce
a. ethyl alcohol.
b. acetaldehyde.
c. pyruvate.
d. lactate.
e. citrate.
72. Fermentation
a. may occur in a muscle under anaerobic conditions.
b. produces more ATP than is liberated in the hydrogen transfer series.
c. breaks down glucose in reaction with oxygen.
d. is restricted to yeasts.
e. none of these
73. Sour cream and sour milk are produced by bacteria that form
a. ethyl alcohol.
b. acetaldehyde.
c. pyruvate.
d. lactate.
e. citrate.
74. The illustration shows details of
* a. alcoholic fermentation.
b. lactate fermentation.
c. alcoholic and lactate fermentation.
d. anaerobic electron transfers of archaeans.
e. none of these
75. If you were searching for anaerobic bacteria, you would NOT look for them in
a. the guts of farm animals.
b. swamps.
c. mountain streams.
d. sediments of lakes and oceans.
e. canned goods.
76. Lactate production in muscle cells is
a. temporary.
b. due to oxygen deficiency.
c. an NAD+ regenerator.
d. temporary and due to oxygen deficiency.
e. temporary, due to oxygen deficiency, and an NAD+ regenerator.
77. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of slow- twitch muscle fibers?
a. pale color
b. many mitochondria
c. form ATP only by aerobic respiration
d. operate during marathon runs
e. found in abundance in migrating ducks
78. The bacteria that live in hot springs use __________ as their final hydrogen acceptor.
a. oxygen
b. sulfate
c. nitrogen
d. magnesium
e. phosphorus
79. Sulfate-reducing bacteria transfer electrons to __________ in their environment.
a. SO2
b. H2
c. H2SO4
d. S
e. SO4– –
Alternative Energy Sources in the Body
80. The main source of energy in the normal human diet is
a. fats.
b. carbohydrates.
c. proteins.
d. nucleotides.
e. steroids.
81. Intermediates in the breakdown of __________ can be diverted into glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
a. carbohydrates
b. lipids
c. proteins
d. all of these
e. carbohydrates and lipids only
82. Which statement is false?
a. High concentrations of ATP inhibit the formation of more ATP.
b. The ATP concentration in cells actually decreases at first when cells need large supplies of energy.
c. When ATP concentration declines, enzymatic activity that produces ATP declines.
d. Cells constantly adjust their metabolic reactions to provide energy whenever it is needed.
e. The activity of many different enzymes influences the supply of ATP in cells.
83. Between meals
a. the pancreas secretes glucagons.
b. liver cells convert stored glycogen to glucose.
c. the brain continues to receive adequate glucose.
d. fatty-acid conversions supply about half of the ATP needed by muscle and liver cells.
e. all of these
84. Which of the following statements is true?
a. In aerobic respiration ATP is released in the very first reaction.
b. The process of fermentation is restricted to anaerobic organisms.
c. Glucose has more energy than fructose bisphosphate.
d. Glycolysis occurs free in the mitochondria.
e. Enzymes lower the activation energy for each step in the chemical reactions in respiration.
85. Excess glucose in the human diet can result in accumulations of
a. pyruvate.
b. NADH.
c. fat.
d. lactate.
e. ATP.
Connections: REFLECTIONS ON LIFE’S UNITY
86. Which of the following features is characteristic of all life?
a. organization of molecules into cells
b. metabolic control using enzymes
c. a continuous flow of sustaining energy
d. DNA with its hereditary code
e. all of these
87. Which of these statements is false?
a. Photosynthesis continues to enrich Earth’s atmosphere with “leftover” molecular oxygen.
b. Photosynthesizers bring solar energy into living systems.
c. Photosynthesizers produce energy-rich molecules to feed themselves and most other life forms.
d. Photosynthesizers utilize the “leftovers” of aerobic respiration to make more food.
e. Photosynthesis and cell respiration cycle carbon, sulfur, and oxygen through the living world.
Matching Questions
88. Matching. Select the one most appropriate choice for each.
| 1. ___ glycolysis |
|2. ___ fermentation |
|3. ___ acetyl-CoA formation |
|4. ___ the Krebs cycle |
|5. ___ electron transfer phosphorylation |
|phosphorylation |
|A. produces NADH and CO2; changes pyruvate |
|B. produces ATP, NADH, and CO2 |
|C. splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules |
|D. regenerates NAD+ as pyruvate is converted |
|to ethanol or lactate |
|E. uses a membrane-bound system that sets up |
|production of ATP |
Classification Questions
Use the five processes listed below for questions 89–93.
a. glycolysis
b. aerobic respiration
c. anaerobic electron transfer
d. alcoholic fermentation
e. lactate fermentation
89. In this process, the net energy yield is equal to two molecules of ATP and the final product is ethanol.
90. In this one-step process, the final product is lactate.
91. This process yields the most energy.
92. This process involves electron transfer phosphorylation.
93. This process precedes the Krebs cycle.
Use the five compounds listed below for questions 94–98.
a. ethanol
b. pyruvate
c. lactate
d. citrate
e. acetaldehyde
94. This compound is utilized in alcoholic fermentation and lactate fermentation.
95. This compound is produced by fast-twitch muscle fibers.
96. This compound is an intermediate product of alcoholic fermentation, but not lactate fermentation.
97. This compound is the end product of glycolysis.
98. This compound is an end product of anaerobic respiration in exercising muscle.
Selecting the Exception
99. Four of the five molecules listed below are hydrogen acceptors. Select the exception.
a. oxygen
b. transfer chain proteins
c. ATP
d. NAD+
e. FAD
100. Four of the five compounds listed below are associated with anaerobic respiration. Select the exception.
a. pyruvate
b. lactate
c. ethanol
d. oxaloacetate
e. acetaldehyde
101. Four of the five compounds listed below are found in glycolysis reactions. Select the exception.
a. fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
b. 3-phosphoglycerate
c. pyruvate
d. phosphoenol pyruvate
e. citrate
102. Four of the five molecules listed below are found in the second stage of aerobic respiration. Select the exception.
a. pyruvate
b. citrate
c. oxaloacetate
d. dihydroxyacetone phosphate
e. acetyl-CoA
103. Four of the five molecules listed below are intermediates in the Krebs cycle. Select the exception.
a. succinate
b. citrate
c. oxaloacetate
d. fumarate
e. acetyl-CoA
104. Four of the five molecules listed below appear in the Krebs cycle reactions. Select the exception.
a. oxaloacetate
b. citrate
c. FAD
d. pyruvate
e. ATP
105. Four of the five processes listed below degrade carbon compounds. Select the exception.
a. Calvin-Benson cycle
b. Krebs cycle
c. fermentation
d. respiration
e. glycolysis
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