Petroleum Supply Operations - United States Army

ATP 4-43

Petroleum Supply Operations August 2015

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. SUPERCESSION STATEMENT. This publication supersedes ATP 4-43 dated 21 July 2014, FM 10-67-1 dated 2 April 1998 and FM 10-602 dated 12 September 1996.

Headquarters Department of the Army

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Army Techniques Publication No. 4-43

*ATP 4-43 (ATP 4-43)

Headquarters Department of the Army Washington, DC, 06 August 2015

Petroleum Supply Operations

Contents

Chapter 1 Chapter 2

Page

PREFACE............................................................................................................. vii

INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................viii

PETROLEUM SUPPLY OVERVIEW ................................................................. 1-1 Section I ? Fundamentals of Petroleum Supply ............................................ 1-1 Petroleum Supply Description ............................................................................ 1-1 Principles of Petroleum Supply .......................................................................... 1-1 Fuels Management............................................................................................. 1-3 Operational Energy............................................................................................. 1-4 Section II ? Petroleum Distribution Organizations ....................................... 1-4 Strategic Organizations ...................................................................................... 1-5 Operational Level Organizations ...................................................................... 1-11 Tactical Level Organizations ............................................................................ 1-15

PETROLEUM SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT ................................................... 2-1 Section I ? Storage and Distribution Systems............................................... 2-1 Storage Containers............................................................................................. 2-2 Distribution Equipment ..................................................................................... 2-11 Pumps............................................................................................................... 2-11 Meters ............................................................................................................... 2-12 Dispensing Nozzles .......................................................................................... 2-13 Inland Petroleum Distribution System .............................................................. 2-13 Fuel System Supply Point ................................................................................ 2-23 Modular Fuel System........................................................................................ 2-25 Tank Vehicles and Tank Cars .......................................................................... 2-27 Assault Hoseline System.................................................................................. 2-33 Aviation Refueling Systems.............................................................................. 2-34 Extended Range Fuel System (ERFS II).......................................................... 2-36 Section II ? Quality Surveillance Systems ................................................... 2-37 Petroleum Quality Analysis System ? Enhanced ............................................. 2-38

Distribution Restriction: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

*This publication supersedes ATP 4-43 dated 21 July 2014, FM 10-67-1 dated 2 April 1998 and FM 10-602 dated 12 September 1996.

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Contents

Fuel Additive Injector......................................................................................... 2-38 Test Kit, Aviation Fuel Petroleum...................................................................... 2-38 Sampling and Gauging Kit, Petroleum.............................................................. 2-39 Filter Separators................................................................................................ 2-39

Section III ? Force Provider Fuel System ..................................................... 2-41

Chapter 3 ? GENERAL PETROLEUM CONSIDERATIONS ...................................................... 3-1

Section I ? Petroleum Properties..................................................................... 3-1 Description of Fuels ............................................................................................ 3-1 Characteristics and Hazards ............................................................................... 3-3

Section II? Safety and Health ........................................................................... 3-6 Storage and Tank Vehicle................................................................................... 3-6 Static Electricity................................................................................................... 3-8 Grounding and Bonding ...................................................................................... 3-9 Personal Protection........................................................................................... 3-11 Personal Protective Equipment and Individual Protective Equipment..............3-12 First Aid Measures ............................................................................................ 3-12 Petroleum Firefighting and Prevention.............................................................. 3-13 Environmental Considerations .......................................................................... 3-17 Aviation Refueling Special Considerations ....................................................... 3-20

Chapter 4

PERTROLEUM OPERATIONS .......................................................................... 4-1

Section I ? Planning Considerations............................................................... 4-1 Concept of Petroleum Support............................................................................ 4-1 Consumption Estimates ...................................................................................... 4-2 Operational Environment .................................................................................... 4-2 Tampering, Pilferage and Security...................................................................... 4-3

Section II ? Class III ? Bulk Petroleum Distribution....................................... 4-3 Accountability ...................................................................................................... 4-4 Receipt ................................................................................................................ 4-9 Storage.............................................................................................................. 4-10 Distribution ........................................................................................................ 4-11

Section III ? Quality Surveillance................................................................... 4-13 Quality Surveillance Considerations ................................................................. 4-13 Samples Types and Sampling Procedures....................................................... 4-14 Testing Petroleum Products.............................................................................. 4-17 Product Reclamation and Disposition ............................................................... 4-18 Filter Separators................................................................................................ 4-19 Fuel Considerations .......................................................................................... 4-20

Section IV ? Petroleum Pipeline Operations ................................................ 4-24 Site Selection .................................................................................................... 4-24 Site Preparation and Earthwork ........................................................................ 4-25 Duties of Pipeline and Terminal Personnel....................................................... 4-26 Deployment and Layout .................................................................................... 4-27 Line Operations................................................................................................. 4-29 Schedules ......................................................................................................... 4-33 Batching (Multi-product Pipeline) ...................................................................... 4-36 Dispatching and Records Control of Product in Pipelines ................................ 4-38

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Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E

Appendix F Appendix G Appendix H Appendix I Appendix J Appendix K

Section V ? Class III Supply Point ................................................................ 4-40 Duties Of Class III Personnel ........................................................................... 4-40 Layout ............................................................................................................... 4-41 Operation .......................................................................................................... 4-41 Fuel System Supply Point ................................................................................ 4-42 Modular Fuel System........................................................................................ 4-44 Section VI ? Refuel on the Move ................................................................... 4-44 Concept ............................................................................................................ 4-44 Planning Considerations................................................................................... 4-45 Establish the ROM Site .................................................................................... 4-46 Operation .......................................................................................................... 4-46 Section VII ? Aircraft Refueling ..................................................................... 4-49 Types of Aircraft Refueling ............................................................................... 4-49 Refueling Policy................................................................................................ 4-50 Site Layout........................................................................................................ 4-51 Operation .......................................................................................................... 4-52 Emergency Fire and Rescue Procedures ........................................................ 4-52 Section VIII ? Assault Hoseline System Operations ................................... 4-53 Duties of Assault Hoseline Personnel .............................................................. 4-53 Layout ............................................................................................................... 4-53 Section IX ? Tank Vehicle Operations .......................................................... 4-55 Preparation for Operation ................................................................................. 4-55 Use of Tank Vehicles........................................................................................ 4-56 Section X ? Defueling Operations................................................................. 4-56 Method.............................................................................................................. 4-56 Power Defueling ............................................................................................... 4-56 Gravity Defueling .............................................................................................. 4-57 Defueling Techniques ....................................................................................... 4-57 Section XI ? Waterfront Operations .............................................................. 4-58 Section XII ? Tank Car Operations................................................................ 4-59 Section XIII ? Class III ? Packaged Petroleum Products ............................ 4-60

SUPPLY CHAIN CONVERSION FROM JP8 TO F-24......................................A-1

MARKING, LABELING AND PLACARDS ........................................................B-1

PETROLEUM PRODUCT FACTORS................................................................C-1

PROCEDURES FOR TESTING RESISTANCE TO GROUND .........................D-1

PURGING PETROLEUM TANK VEHICLES AND RIGID WALLED TACTICAL PETROLEUM TANKS........................................................................................ E-1

FLOW CONVERSION CHART .......................................................................... F-1

VOLUME CORRECTION ...................................................................................G-1

PIPELINE OPERATIONS HYDRAULICS..........................................................H-1

ASSAULT HOSELINE HYDRAULICS ............................................................... I-1

DELIVERY AND UNLOADING PROCEDURES ............................................... J-1

BERM CALCULATIONS....................................................................................K-1

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Appendix L Appendix M Appendix N Appendix O Appendix P Appendix Q Appendix R Appendix S Appendix T Appendix U Appendix V Appendix W Appendix X

CONVERSION FORMULAS ..............................................................................L-1 NATO FUEL CODES AND PLACARD ID NUMBERS ..................................... M-1 CAPACITIES FOR TANK VEHICLES, ON/OFF ROAD ................................... N-1 PETROLEUM LEADER'S MANAGEMENT TOOL........................................... O-1 RECIRCULATION ............................................................................................. P-1 METER VERIFICATION .................................................................................... Q-1 HOSE END STRAINER ..................................................................................... R-1 FILTER EFFECTIVENESS ................................................................................ S-1 ROM PLANNING TOOL.....................................................................................T-1 AIRCRAFT REFUELING OPERATIONS .......................................................... U-1 AVGAS CONSIDERATIONS............................................................................. V-1 VOLUME CORRECTION OF COLLAPSIBLE FABRIC FUEL TANKS .......... W-1 PROCEDURES FOR LOADING AND UNLOADING TANK CARS ................. X-1 GLOSSARY .......................................................................................... Glossary-1 REFERENCES.................................................................................. References-1 INDEX ......................................................................................................... Index-1

Figures

Figure 1-1. Undeveloped/developed theater ......................................................................... 1-2 Figure 1-2. Echelons of bulk petroleum distribution in theater............................................... 1-5 Figure 1-3. Petroleum management .................................................................................... 1-12 Figure 1-4. Quartermaster composite supply company....................................................... 1-16 Figure 1-5. Petroleum support company.............................................................................. 1-17 Figure 1-6. Medium truck company ..................................................................................... 1-21 Figure 2-1. Stacking of 55-gallon drums ................................................................................ 2-4 Figure 2-2. Dunnage stack of filled 55-gallon drums ............................................................. 2-5 Figure 2-3. Layout of area for stacking 55-gallon drums ....................................................... 2-5 Figure 2-4. Typical collapsible fabric fuel tank ....................................................................... 2-7 Figure 2-5. Offshore Petroleum Discharge System ............................................................. 2-11 Figure 2-6. IPDS overview ................................................................................................... 2-15 Figure 2-7. Standard TPT .................................................................................................... 2-15 Figure 2-8. Tanker-truck receipt manifold ............................................................................ 2-16 Figure 2-9. Fuel dispensing assembly ................................................................................. 2-17 Figure 2-10. Tank farm assembly ........................................................................................ 2-18 Figure 2-11. Fire suppression equipment ............................................................................ 2-19 Figure 2-12. 50,000 gallon tank TPT, optional configuration ............................................... 2-20 Figure 2-13. Switching manifold........................................................................................... 2-21 Figure 2-14. 120,000/300,000 gallon fuel system supply point ........................................... 2-24

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Figure 2-15. 800,000 gallon fuel system supply point .......................................................... 2-24 Figure 2-16. Modular fuel system/HEMTT tanker configuration........................................... 2-26 Figure 2-17. Modular fuel system bulk layout....................................................................... 2-27 Figure 2-18. Modular fuel system retail layout ..................................................................... 2-27 Figure 2-19. Vapor recovery kit ............................................................................................ 2-32 Figure 2-20. Typical petroleum tank car............................................................................... 2-33 Figure 2-21. HTARS ............................................................................................................. 2-35 Figure 4-1. Typical TPT layout ............................................................................................. 4-28 Figure 4-2. Consumption graph............................................................................................ 4-34 Figure 4-3. Monthly pipeline schedule.................................................................................. 4-35 Figure 4-4. Example ROM layout ......................................................................................... 4-47 Figure 4-5. ROM alternate configuration layout ................................................................... 4-48 Figure G-1. Typical API gravity ranges (corrected to 60 degrees)........................................ G-3 Figure G-2. Hydrometer ready to be read ............................................................................. G-4 Figure H-1. Relationship between static head and dynamic head ........................................ H-3 Figure H-2. Illustration of Pascal's law .................................................................................. H-4 Figure H-3. Kinematic viscosities for common military fuels ................................................. H-6 Figure I-1. Graph paper ........................................................................................................... I-2 Figure I-2. Elevation changes.................................................................................................. I-3 Figure I-3. Ground profile ........................................................................................................ I-3 Figure I-4. Pump station locations ........................................................................................... I-5 Figure I-5. Ground profile with significant elevation change ................................................... I-5 Figure I-6. Ground profile with significant elevation change pump station locations .............. I-6 Figure I-7. Pressure-reducing stations .................................................................................... I-7 Figure Q-1. Master meter layout............................................................................................ Q-2 Figure S-1. DD Form 2927 ? Petroleum and Lubricants Sample Identification Tag ..............S-2

Tables

Table 2-1. Maximum storage capacity for collapsible fabric fuel tank.................................... 2-9 Table 3-1. Classification of flammable and combustible fuel ................................................. 3-6 Table 3-2. Safe distance for fuel storage ............................................................................... 3-6 Table 3-3. Required depths for ground rods ........................................................................ 3-10 Table 4-1. Minimum distance rotor hub-to-rotor hub ............................................................ 4-51 Table C-1. Petroleum product factors ................................................................................... C-1 Table F-1. Flow conversion table ...........................................................................................F-1 Table K-1. Berm dimensions for collapsible fabric fuel tanks.................................................K-1 Table M-1. NATO fuel codes and placard identification numbers......................................... M-1 Table N-1. Capacities for fuel tankers ................................................................................... N-1 Table P-1.Suction hose ..........................................................................................................P-1 Table P-2. Discharge hose .....................................................................................................P-2

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Table P-3. Fuel content per foot ............................................................................................ P-2 Table T-1. Number of refueling points required ..................................................................... T-2 Table T-2. Fuel usage per vehicle type.................................................................................. T-2 Table T-3. Fuel estimate ........................................................................................................ T-2 Table T-4. ROM execution ..................................................................................................... T-3

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