EDUC 2112 Foundations of Education
[Pages:10]EDUC 2112 Foundations of Education
Chapter 11: Educational Theory in American Schools:
Philosophy in Action
Dr. Stewart
EDUC 2112 Foundations of Education
Philosophy Provides the Foundation for Educational Theories
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Philosophy -- Theory
z Educational theory is the application of philosophy to the classroom.
z Organization of Curriculum z Manner of Instruction z Character of school environment z Grading and testing (assessment) z Varies from school to school and state to state
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Authoritarian / Nonauthoritarian
z Idealism / Realism z Pragmatism / Existentialism
Convergent / Divergent Thinking
z One Possible Answer z Possibility of Many Answers
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EDUC 2112 Foundations of Education
Authoritarian
z Purpose of education is to train pupil's minds so they can deal with intellectual concepts of life.
z Mastery of facts and information z Any child can learn any subject at any level
if the subject matter is properly presented z "Mastery Teaching"
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Authoritarian
z Attention to test scores z Grade level achievement z P.A.S.S z Accountability z More traditional teaching strategies z Convergent Thinking--One answer to
question, and the teacher has it!
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Authoritarian--Idealism
z Learning Focus--subject matter of the mind: literature, history, philosophy, religion
z Curriculum goal--same education for all
z Teaching method--lecture, discussion
z Character development--imitation
z Aesthetic development--study of masterworks, values of past heritage
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Authoritarian--Realism
z Learning Focus--subject matter of physical world: math, science
z Curriculum goal--Mastery of laws of the universe
z Teaching method--mastery of information and skills: lecture, recitation, demonstration
z Character development--rules of conduct
z Aesthetic development--study of design in nature
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Nonauthoritarian
z Mind is not just a muscle to be developed (John Dewey)
z Human beings are problem solvers who profit from experience
z Importance of the individual and personal awareness
z Interest aroused through student inquiry
z Divergent thinking--possibility of multiple answers to question
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Nonauthoritarian--Pragmatism
z Learning Focus--social experience
z Curriculum goal--creation of new social
order
z Teaching method--problem solving, project
method and development
z Character development--group decision making in light of consequences
z Aesthetic development--participation in art project based on cross-culture and universal
values
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Nonauthoritarian--Existentialism
z Learning Focus--subject matter of personal choice
z Curriculum goal--personal freedom and development
z Teaching method--Individual exploration: discovery method
z Character development--development of individual responsibility
z Aesthetic development--personal view of
the world, self-initiated activities
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Relationship of Philosophies to Educational Theories
z Idealism
? Perennialism & Essentialism
z Realism
? Behaviorism & Positivism
z Pragmatism
? Progressivism & Reconstructionism
z Existentialism
? Humanism & Constructivism
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Eight Educational Theories
z Perennialism z Essentialism z Behaviorism z Positivism z Progressivism z Reconstructionism z Humanism z Constructivism
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Perennialism--(Idealism)--Basic View
z Principles of knowledge are enduring -"Everlasting"
z Stress the time-honored ideas, the "Great Works", and the ability to reason
z The intellect must be nourished by contact with ideas
z Truth resides in the nature of the things rather than n the sensory aspects of things.
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Perennialism--Focus of Learning
z Discipline the mind z Learner assumed to be rational and
spiritual person z Reading, Writing, Recitation,
Computation are considered important z Stress "Higher-Order Thinking Skills"
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Perennialism--Curriculum
z Early schooling best directed toward preparing children for maturity--3Rs
z Secondary school level directed more toward "intellectually elite"
z Vocational training for less gifted z Strong use of Great Books Program
? Hutchins and Adler ? Studying the works of the leading scholars of
history is the best way to a general education
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Essentialism--(Idealism)--Basic View
z Formulated by William C. Bagley--1938 z Common Core of information and skills
needed z Three basic principles of Essentialism
? Core of information ? Hard work ? Teacher-centered instruction
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Essentialism--Basic View
z "Back to the Basics" z Not so intent on transmitting underlying
basic truths z Advocate teaching that will help a person
live a productive life today z Therefore this "core" of information can
and will change
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Essentialism--Focus of Learning
z Transmit cultural heritage z Develop good citizens z How?-z emphasize core of fundamental
knowledge and skills z develop sound habits of mental discipline z demand respect for authority in a
structured learning situation
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Essentialism--Focus of Learning
z School is a place where children come to learn what they need to know, and the teacher is the person who can best instruct students in essential matters
z Role of teacher is "imparter of knowledge" z Role of student is "learner"
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Essentialism--Curriculum
z Subject matter of symbol and content (Idealism)--laws of nature and universal truths of the physical world
z Literature, history, foreign language, religion
z Lecture, required reading, memorization, recitation, examinations
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Essentialism--Curriculum
z Truth is defined as observable fact, therefore field trips, laboratories, A/V materials and nature studies
z Subject matter is the core of education z School is the curator of knowledge
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Essential Schools Movement
z Theodore Sizer z Strip away the nonessentials z Focus on students "using their minds well" z Does not specify what specific content is
essential z Essential schools required to analyze what
curriculum should be and change the curriculum to emphasize this core.
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Behaviorism--(Realism)--Basic View
z "Control the environment and you will control the individual's behavior"
z B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) z followed Pavlov z suggested that human behavior also could
be explained as responses to external stimuli
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Behaviorism--Basic View
z Share common belief that a student's misbehavior can be changed and reshaped in a socially acceptable manner by directly changing the student's environment.
z All people will attempt to avoid experiences and stimuli that are not pleasing and will seek experiences that are pleasing and rewarding.
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Behaviorism--Focus of Learning
z Behavior is determined by environment, not heredity
z School environment highly structured z Curriculum based on behavioral
objectives z Knowledge is best described as behaviors
that are observable
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Behaviorism--Curriculum
z Mastery of Facts z Empirical evidence is essential--Scientific
methodology z Develop learning environments that lead
to desired behaviors in students for which they are rewarded and will be motivated to continue
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Behaviorism--Reinforcement
z Positive reinforcement z Negative reinforcement z Some believe negative reinforcement is
ineffective z Punishment z "Extinguished"
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Behaviorism--Reinforcement
z Not concerned about the cause of student's problems
z Discover what is happening in the classroom environment and change it to allow student's behavior to change
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Positivism (Realism)
z Auguste Comte (kont) (1798-1857)
z Divided thinking of humankind into three historical periods--each characterized by distinct way of thinking
z Theological era--people explained things by reference to spirits and gods
z Metaphysical era--explained by causes, essences, and inner principles
z Positive period--do not attempt to go beyond observable, measurable facts
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Positivism--Focus of Learning
z Acquisition of facts based on empirical observation
z Schools must develop content standards that represent understandings of experts
z Students are encouraged to master these understandings and to develop their own skills of observation, classification, and logical analysis
z Objective testing--all tested with same objective set of criteria
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Progressivism--Basic Views
z William James (1842-1914)--Pragmatism-theory of truth
? Meaning and value of ideas only found in practical results
? Satisfactory working of an idea constitutes its whole truth
z John Dewey (1859-1952)--founder of Progressivism
? Ideas must always be tested by experiment
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Progressivism--(Pragmatism)--Basic Views
z Pierce (1839-1914) founded Pragmatism--1800s
z Need for people to be able to adjust to change
z Alvin Toffler--"Future Shock"
? First wave--agriculture ? Second wave--industry ? Third wave--information
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Progressivism--Focus of Learning
z Educational theory that emphasizes that ideas should be tested by experimentation
z Learning is rooted in questions developed by the learners
z Progressivists favor human experience as basis for knowledge
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Progressivism--Focus of Learning
z Emphasize learning how to think rather than what to think
z Should actively prepare students for change
z Flexibility is important in curriculum design
z Life experience determines content
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Progressivism--Curriculum
z Encourages divergent thinking z Experience-centered curricula stresses
process of learning rather than the results z Interest in an intellectual activity will
generate the practice needed for learning.
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Progressivism
z Sees the learner as an experiencing, thinking, exploring individual
z Goal is to expose the learner to the subject matter of:
z social experiences, z social studies, z projects, z problems, and z experiments that.....
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Reconstructionism--(Pragmatism & Existentialism)--Basic Views
z Founded by Counts, Rugg, and Brameld z Recognized that Progressivism had made
advances beyond Essentialism in the area of teacher-pupil relations and teaching methodology z However--Progressivism fixated too heavily on needs of the child and failed to develop long-range goals for society
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Progressivism
z when studied, by the scientific method, will result in functional knowledge from all subjects.
z Books are tools of learning--not a source of indisputable knowledge.
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Reconstructionism--Basic Views
z Calls for new social order that will fulfill basic democratic ideals
z People should control institutions and resources
z This can happen if international democracy of world government
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Reconstructivism--Focus of Learning
z Critically analyze world events z Explore controversial issues z Develop vision for new and better world z Promote programs of cultural renewal
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Reconstructivism--Curriculum
z Critical Pedagogy
? Unites theory and practice ? Provides students with critical thinking tools
z Public Education should be the direct instrument of world reformation
z Use moral dilemmas to direct attention toward social and world reform
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Humanism--(Existentialism)-Basic Views
z Based on the writings of Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
z In "?mile," Rousseau states "God makes
all things good; man meddles with them and they become evil." z Humans are born free and "good" at birth z Become enslaved by institutions
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Humanism--Basic Views
z Concerned with enhancing the innate goodness of the individual
z Rejects group-oriented educational system
z Believe that most schools de-emphasize the individual and the relationship between the teacher and the student.
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Humanism--Focus of Learning
z Education should be a process of developing a free, self-actualizing person, centered on the feelings of the student.
z Education does not start with great ideas, the world, or humankind, but with the individual self.
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Humanism--Curriculum
z Goal--complete autonomous person z Education should be without coercion or
prescription z Students should be active and encouraged
to make their own choices
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