UNIT 7 LESSON 2 PAGES 921-926,927-938



Unit 11 World War I and the 1920’s

Part 1 The Emergence of the German Alliance Systems Reading Assignment pg. 838-843

I. Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems

A. Franco-Prussian War = 1870-1871

1. Prussia wins—

a. France pays war costs—

b. France loses Alsace-Lorraine

B. Tension between Austria-Hungary & Russia

1. concern over land of failing Ottoman Empire—

2. Otto von Bismarck (Chancellor of Germany) fears Germany will be drawn into conflict—might lead to Germany being crushed or fragmented

C. 1873 = *Three Emperors’ League (formed by Bismarck)

--Formed to prevent Aus. and Rus. from forming an alliance with France--

1. *Austria-Hungary, Germany, & Russia

a. alliance over radical movements on the Ottoman Empire—Bosnia & Herzegovina

D. 1878 = Treaty of San Stefano-ended Russo-Turkish War 1877-78

1. Ottoman Empire almost collapses

a. Dardanelles and the Bosporus are open for Russian ships

1. could make Russia a Mediterranean power

2. could threaten Britain’s control of the Suez Canal

b. Bulgaria is created

E. *Congress of Berlin-called by great powers to change San Stefano

1. Bulgaria (Russian ally) reduced in size by 2/3rds

2. Austria –Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina

3. Britain received Cyprus

4. France takes Tunisia (Italy angry)

5. Russia angered, feeling Germany had betrayed them after helping them during Napoleon era

a. Russia withdraws from Three Emperors’ League

F. 1879 = Austrian-German Alliance(1879-1918) (Dual Alliance)

1. treaty was for 5 years & renewed until 1918--SECRET

2. fear of retaliation

3. come to each others aide if attacked by Russia—Defensive alliance

4. promised neutrality if either were attacked by another country

G. 1881= *Three Emperors League renewed (1881-1887)

1. *Austria-Hun., Germany, & Russia rejoin

a. promised neutrality in case any of them were attacked by a fourth power

b. cooperation in further division of Ottoman Empire

c. Austria gets right to annex Bosnia-Herzegovina

H. 1882= *Triple Alliance

1. *Italy, Germany, & Austria-Hun. (Italy drops out at start of WW I)

a. fear of Russia against Austria

b. fear of France against Italy

I. 1887 = Russia declines to renew alliance of the Three Emperors League

J. 1887 = Reinsurance Treaty

1. Russia & Germany

a. both powers promised to remain neutral if either was attacked

K. Emperor (Kaiser) *William II (1888-1918) of Germany dismisses Otto von Bismarck as Chancellor—Bismarck wants peace

1. General Leo von Caprivi (1831-1899) new Chancellor

a. refused to renew Reinsurance Treaty with Russia

L. Franco-Russian Alliance (1894-1917)

1. Defensive alliance against Germany

II. Forging of the Triple Entente (1890-1907)

A. Britain and Germany

1. Colonies rivalries

a. British against the Russians in central Asia

b. British against the French in Africa

c. Germans against the British in Africa

1. barred British attempts to build railroad from Cape Town to

Cairo

2. 2. Boer War in South Africa (1899-1902)

a. British crush Dutch farmers rebellion

1. Anti-British feelings in nations

a. threat of “imperialism”=

2. Economic rivalries

a. Germany made vast strides to challenge & overtake British production in various materials and markets

3. Military rivalries

a. *German naval law of 1898 – build 19 ships

b. *German naval law of 1900 – doubles #

B. 1902 – Anglo-Japanese Alliance

1. purpose = defend British interest in Far East against Russia

C. 1904 – Anglo- French Alliance (Entente Cordiale)

1. purpose = settled colonial disputes between Britain & France

a. French get Morocco

b. Britain gets control over Egypt

D. 1906 – First Moroccan Crisis and the*Algeciras Conference

1. purpose = Germany tried to threaten France’s authority in Africa

a. William II gives independence speech in Tangier, Morocco

2. results = U.S., Britain, France, Spain, & Russia see Germany as threat

a. *Germany worries about being encircled

E. 1907-Anglo-Russian Alliance

1. settled quarrels between Britain & Russia over Persia and in central Asia

Triple Entente ( ) vs. Triple Alliance ( )

France Germany (Central Power)

Great Britain Austria (Central Power)

Russia & Japan-not part of Triple Entente Italy (dropped out)

1907 = Germany builds up its navy

= Germany’s industrial growth causes economic rivalry with Britain

= journalists & special-interest groups stir ill feelings in both countries

a. 1908 – London Daily Mail

“Germany is deliberately preparing to destroy the British Empire”

Part 2 World War I Reading Assignment pg. 843-854

I. The Road to World War I

A. Nationalism

1. Ottoman Empire was collapsing

2. Austria-Hungary was facing a break up

B. 1830 = Serbia - becomes an independent nation

a. hostile toward Austria-Hungary & Ottoman Empire

b. Russia couldn't help - weak after 1905 revolution

1. 1908 = Austria - annexed Bosnia & Herzegovina

a. majority of Serbian population angry

b. blocked Serbia from expansion

2. 1912 = First Balkan War

a. Serbia, Greece, Mont. & Bulgaria take Macedonia from Ottom. Emp.

b. Serbia & Bulgaria disagree over settlement-leads to another war

3. 1913 = Second Balkan War

a. Serbia, Turkey, Greece, Montenegro, Romania vs. Bulgaria

b. results:

1. Austria forces Serbia to give up Albania

2. Russia and Serbia become closer

4. 1914, June 28 = Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated

a. heir to Austria & Hungary assassinated in Sarajevo, Bosnia

b. *Black Hand = revolutionary group supported by

Serbian gov't responsible for assassination. G. Principe=

c. Austria-Hungary's unconditional ultimatum:

1. Serbia must end all subversion in

Austria-Serbia agrees

2. Serbia must end all anti-Austrian

propaganda in Serbia-Serbia agrees

3. Austria demands an investigation by joint

Serbian & Austrian commission-Serbia says no

4. 48 hours to comply-Serbia says no to Austrian

investigation

5. 1914, July 28 = *Third Balkan War—

a. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia

1. Germany gives support to Austria-Hungary—

6. 1914, July 28=Austrian armies bombard Belgrade, Serbia

7. 1914, July 29 = Russia declares war on Austria/ Germany

declares war on ____________.

8. 1914, August 2 = Ger. attacks Belgium/ Ger. declares war on _______

a. *Schlieffen Plan - attack France through Belgium and Luxembourg then move quickly to the Eastern Front

[pic][pic][pic][pic] The Schlieffen Plan Kaiser William II of Germany Emperor of Austria: Franz Joseph

1. Belgium refused (Lux. allowed) to let German troops pass through-“Rape of Belgium”=

9. 1914, August 3, = Great Britain declares war on Germany because it had an agreement to protect Belgium.

II. Reflections on the Origins of the War

A. Austria-Hungary started the "Third Balkan War"??

B. Serbian nationalists wanted to unify their people in a single state

C. Germany pushed Austria-Hungary into war—

D. Triple Entente made Germany paranoid (loss of power)

E. Imperialism threat

F. Nationalism

G. *Arms race (militarism) and the alliance systems

H. Wealthy governing classes underestimated the risk of war

III. The First World War (*The Great War)

A. *The First Battle of the Marne

1. September 6, 1914 - France attacks approaching Germans

a. stops Germany from taking Paris

b. General Joseph Joffre - head of French troops

IV. Stalemate and Slaughter

A. Trench Warfare

1. November 1914 - trenches stretch from Belgium to

Verdun and later all the way to ______________.

a. machine gun fire, heavy artillery. What other inventions were

used in World War I?

[pic][pic]

Typical Trench in WW I The Romanovs: Czar Nicholas II and family

b. heavy loss of life for little land

III. The Widening War

A. Eastern Front -

1. Russia - defeated at *Tannenberg & Masurian Lakes

in August & Sept. 1914 by Germany.

a. German Generals = *Paul von Hindenburg

*Erich Ludendorff

2. Austria-Hungary - forced Russians to retreat

a. 2.5 million Russians killed, wounded, or captured

3. Italy - neutral at first, joins the Triple Entente

in 1915. Italy lost Battle of Caporetto:

a. promised Austrian lands if allies won

4. Bulgaria - joined Central Powers= Germany, Aus.-Hun., Otto. Emp.

a. settle old score with Serbia

5. Battle of Gallipolli 1915-16:

6. Ottoman Empire - smashed by British in 1918

a. *T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) gained support of

Arab princes to overthrow Ottomans

7. Global - Great Britain, France, and Japan seize German colonies.

IV. Back to the War on the Western Front

A. *Battle of Verdun: February-December 1916

B. *Battle of the Somme: July-November 1916

C. Battle of Messines: (Part of Battle of Passchendaele/3rd Ypres) June 1917:

D. United States - declared war on Germany April 1917

1. 1915 - Germans use submarine to stop British

blockade

a. sank about 90 ships

b. Lusitania sunk

i. carried arms and munitions

ii. 139 Americans on board; 128 died. 1,198 total deaths

iii. Pres. Woodrow Wilson protest

1. Germany cuts back sub use

2. 1917 - Germany goes back to full sub use (unrestricted

submarine warfare)

a. British use convoy system for shipping of

goods

b. Pres. Woodrow Wilson - "German submarine

Warfare against commerce is warfare against mankind."

c. Zimmerman Note:

Part 3 The Russian Revolution of 1905 and 1917 Reading Assignment pg. 787-792 & 854-858

I. Lenin’s early thought and career

A. Russia had no true representative institutions

B. There was not a legislative body to hear the concerns of the people.

1. In response, the Russian Social Democratic Party formed in 1898.

a. party admired Marxist’s Ideology

b. of course, the party was not welcome in Russia and many of its leaders lived in exile

i. one such leader was Gregory Plekhanov

ii. Plekhanov’s most devout pupil was V.I. Lenin

iii. Previously, Lenin had joined the party in the 1890’s and was exiled to Siberia, and later moved to Switzerland.

2. The Russian Social Democratic Party, although all Marxist, differed on what a Marxist revolution would mean for Russia.

a. in 1903 at the London Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Party, Lenin forced a split.

i. Bolsheviks who wanted a small elite party.

ii. Mensheviks wanted mass memberships.

II. The Revolution of 1905

A. In 1904, in response to conflicts over Manchuria and Korea, Russia went to war against Japan

1. the czar, Nicholas II hoped to rally public opinion in favor of himself

2. Russia was losing the war to the island nation of Japan

B. Bloody Sunday: January 22, 1905, father Gapon led several hundred workers to present a petition to the czar to improve industrial conditions.

1. approximately 200 were killed and 800 were wounded

2. people believed they could no longer trust the czar

3. strikes and disturbances spread across Russia

4. workers groups called soviets controlled Saint Petersburg

5. to calm the crowd the czar promised a representative government called the Duma

i. Czar then hired Peter Stoylipin to execute radicals

ii. Stolypin convinced the Czar to dissolve the Duma

III. The Fall of Imperial Russia

A. Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917)

1. *poor leadership

a. distrusted moderate Duma

1. Duma =

a. critical of tsar's

b. rejected popular involvement in World War I

c. czar resisted calls to share power

1. Nicholas II went to front to lead army

2. left Tsarina Alexandra in charge

a. trusted Rasputin

1. self-proclaimed monk

2. murdered in Dec. 1916

B .Strains of War and the *March Revolution—1917

1. Russian supplies of arms depleted

2. morale decline of soldiers/send women soldiers to the front

3. *food shortages in cities

4. Progressive Bloc -socialist party

a. called for a completely new gov't responsible to the Duma

1. Tsar adjourns Duma

5. *riots -Bread riots in Petrograd (St. Petersburg)

a. soldiers join revolutionary crowd instead of firing on them

b. Duma declares provisional government

c. Tsar abdicated (*could no longer govern effectively) March 15, 1917

IV. The Provisional Government

A. Leader was Alexander Kerensky from the Social Revolutionaries Party.

B. Established equality before the law

C. Freedom of religion, speech, and assembly

D. Right of unions to organize and strike

E. Continued WW I

F. Shared power with Petrograd *Soviet of workers' and soldiers' deputies

1. Army Order #1 = stripped officers of authority and placed power in the hands

of elected committees of common soldiers

a. total collapse of army discipline

b. soldiers returned to their villages to help families

V. Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution

A. Basic Ideas

1. capitalism could be destroyed only by violent revolution

2. a socialist revolution was possible even in a relatively backward country like

Russia

3. revolution was determined more by human leadership than by historical laws

a. the necessity of a highly disciplined workers' party strictly controlled by

a dedicated elite of intellectuals and full-time revolutionaries like

himself (V.I. Lenin)

B. Russian Social Democratic Labor Party meeting (Partial Review from I,B,2,a)

1. split into two factions

a. Bolsheviks ("Majority group")

1. wanted small, disciplined, elitist party

2. German government provided safe passage of Lenin across

Europe into Russia April 1917

b. Mensheviks ("Minority group")

1. wanted large democratic party

C. Bolsheviks try to seize power in July 1917

1. failed

2. Lenin goes into hiding in ______________.

VI. Trotsky, the Seizure of Power, and the November Revolution-Bolshevik Revolution

A. Leon Trotsky (1877-1940) -supporter of Lenin. Lenin returned to Russia October of 1917.

1. Trotsky convinced Petrograd Soviet to form Military-Revolutionary Committee

a. *military power in hands of Bolsheviks—end involvement in Great War

1. seize gov't & buildings

2. drove provisional gov't out of office

3. Lenin head of new gov't

4. Kerensky escaped and later moved to the United States.

VII. Dictatorship and Civil War

A. Lenin's laws

1. *gave land to peasants

2. *ratified urban workers demand of direct control of individual factories

3. *Treaty of Brest-Litovsk -end war with Germany.

a. Russia gives up Poland, Finland, Baltic states and Ukraine to

Germany.

4. allowed free election of Constituent Assembly in November 1917

a. Bolsheviks only won 1/4 of seats

1. Lenin disbands Constituent Assembly w/ red army

a. Civil War breaks out

1. *Reds (Lenin's and Trotsky’s group) vs

Whites (opposed the ___________)

a. Reds win

1. controlled center

2. better defined

political program

3. better army

a. re-established draft

b. used former

tsarist army

officers (skill)

4. mobilized home front

a. seized grain

b.used rationing

c. nationalized

all banks &

industry

d. required

everyone to

work

5. re-established Cheka

a. secret police

1. executed foes

6. foreign military ( )

Gregory Rasputin intervention sent to help

Whites— only helped Reds

(Communists)-backfired

a. didn't help

the Whites

7. Reds kill the tsar and

his entire family.

Part 4 The End of World War I and the Settlement at Paris Reading Assignment pg. 858-862

I. The Social Impact

A. Employment

1. demand for labor

a. reduce unemployment & poverty

2. rise of labor unions

a. worked with gov't on work rules, wages, and production

schedules

b. entry of socialist leaders into war gov't.

B. Women -

1. increase in work force

a. munitions workers, tellers, mail carriers, policewomen

b. war front - nurses & doctors

c. equal pay for equal work

2. suffrage

3. independence movement - shorter skirts, smoke, hair styles

C. Social equality

1. higher wages for lower classes = labor shortage

2. rationing according to physical needs

D. Death

1. affected mainly peasants & unskilled laborers

2. upper class needed for manufacturing

II. Growing Political Tensions

A. Both sides draw support

1. a just cause

2. patriotic nationalism

3. planned economy

4. sharing of burdens

B. Allies

1. propaganda =

a. maintain popular support

b. inflamed national hatreds

2. strikes and protest - inadequate food

3. Easter Rebellion - Irish nationalists in Dublin

4. soldiers’ morale decline

a. some French troops refused to fight

5. defeatism attitude growing

C. Central Powers

1. propaganda =

2. strikes & protest

a. allied blockade - people were starving

3. chief minister of Austria assassinated

4. emperor of Austria (Franz Josef) died 1916 - no more unity

5. Auxiliary Service Law =

6. socialists & Catholics vs. conservatives & military leaders=Germany

peace vs. all-or-nothing

7. stalemates & Russian failures affect Germany's military superiority attitude

III. The Peace Settlement

A. The End of the War

1. *Second Battle of the Marne - July 1918

a. last German advance on France

2. Bulgaria drops out Sept. 1918. Otto. Emp. Drops out Nov. 1, 1918.

3. German sailors & soldiers revolt - November 3, 1918

4. Austria-Hungary surrenders to the Allies - Nov. 3, 1918

5. *German Emperor William II abdicates & flees to Holland

6. Socialist leaders proclaim a German republic - Nov. 9, 1918=

7. Armistice goes into effect - Nov. 11, 1918, at _______________

[pic]

B. Revolution in Germany

1. military defeat brought political revolution to Germany &

Austria-Hungary

a. liberals & moderate socialists take control of the central

government

1. German Social Democrats = Marxian socialists

a. ended the war

b. workers' & soldiers’ councils formed counter-gov't

2. Habsburg Empire (Austrian-Hungarian Empire) perished

a. Austria

b. Hungary

c. Czechoslovakia

d. Yugoslavia

1. new countries created

3. Turkey’s Armenian Genocide:

C. The Treaty of Versailles (treaty 1/5 of the Paris Peace Settlement) Jan. 1919=

1. *United States, Great Britain, France, Italy=Big Four (26 other nations)

a. President Wilson's 14 Points

1. stressed national self-determination

2. rights of small countries

3. *viewed the war as a way to make the world safe for

democracy--14 Points would insure this

4. League of Nations:

b. Lloyd George - Britain

1. make Germany pay for the war, "squeeze"

c. Georges Clemenceau - France

1. revenge

2. wanted the creation of a buffer state between

France & Germany (“Rhineland Nation”)

3. permanent demilitarization of Germany

4. make Germany pay for the war (reparations)

d. Vittorio Orlando-Italy=wanted some Austrian lands

2. formal defensive alliance with the U.S. & Britain to protect France

3. agreements in the Treaty of Versailles-officially ended the war w/ Ger.

a. Germany's colonies given to France, Britain, & Japan

b. Alsace-Lorraine returned to France and Saar Basin coal mines

could be worked for 15 years by the French

c. parts of Germany inhabited primarily by Poles were

ceded to the new Polish state

d. Germany limits its army to 100,000 men and . . .

e. Germany agreed to build no military fortifications in

the Rhineland and have no military whatsoever in this area.

1. also no military 50 kilometers east of the Rhine River

f. *pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by

the war=5 billion dollars a year until 1921, and then a final

figure would be set and Germany would be given 15 years to

to pay the full amount.

g. *war guilt clause: Germany had to accept full ____________for

the war=clause 231.

4. Signed June 28, 1919, by the Social Democrats of Germany and the

Catholic Center Party

D. Separate Peace Treaties (part of The Paris Peace Settlement)

1. Parts of Hungary was ceded to Romania, Czechoslovakia,

Poland, and Yugoslavia

2. Italy got some Austrian territory

3. France got Lebanon & Syria (Mandates)

4. Britain got Iraq & Palestine (Mandates)

5. Germany’s holdings in China to Japan

E. American Rejection of the Versailles Treaty

1. United States Senate rejects peace plan

a. Henry Cabot Lodge - Republican senator

1. refused to pass the treaty

a. wanted to change League of Nations

2. *refused to ratify defensive alliance with France

a. *France was left to guarantee European Peace

2. Great Britain refused to ratify its defensive alliance with France

[pic][pic][pic]

Francis Ferdinand and Wife Sophia shortly before their death. The Assassin G. Principe

EUROPE IN THE 1920’S

Part 5 Political and Economic Factors after the Paris Settlement Reading Assignment pg. 878-879

I. Political and Economic Factors

A. calls to revise or to enforce the Paris treaties contributed to domestic and

political turmoil across the continent.

B. *what had been normal economic and social life before 1914 could not be

reestablished.

C. European states were deep in debt to each other and to the United States

D. *Collective bargaining and union recognition brought on by the war were there to stay

Part 6 The Soviet Experience Begins Reading Assignment pg. 880-886

I. The Soviet Experiment Begins (Russia becomes the Soviet Union/U.S.S.R.)

A. communism was seen as exportable commodity that could disrupt other

countries

B. Communist Party ruled the Soviet Union from 1917 until 1991

II. War Communism (Russian Civil War)

A. *White Russian armies were eventually ___________

B. Cheka appeared:

C. political and economic administration became highly centralized under the Bolsheviks

D. many Russians rebelled against the Soviet government in 1920 and 1921

1. grain shortages and starvation-5 million people died

2. Baltic fleet mutinied and was crushed by Red Army

III. *New Economic Policy

A. *under pressure from the above mentioned rebellions Lenin, changed course under his New ____________ Policy program

1. peasants could farm for profit

2. tolerate some capitalistic ideas in light industry

B. some communist considered NEP a betrayal of Marxist’s ideas

C. in 1924 Lenin died

IV. Stalin vs. Trotsky

A. Lenin’s death started a power vacuum

1. Two factions emerged

a. Leon Trotsky

i. leader of the Red Army

ii. believed Russian successes depended on

Communists revolutions all over the

world

b. Joseph Stalin

i. communists parties general secretary

ii. *being party leader allowed him to isolate

Trotsky, exile him, and then to________ him in Mexico City

V. *Third International (Comintern)

A. job was to spread communism to other countries

B. communist parties in other countries had to accept the Twenty-one

Conditions:

1. wanted to destroy democratic socialism

a. some communist parties in other countries did not accept the Twenty-one Conditions

i. split every major European socialist

party

Part 7 The Fascist Experiment In Italy Reading Assignment pg. 886-891

I. Fascism

A. term was coined by Benito Mussolini= first fascist ______________

B. *What are the characteristics of Fascism?*:

1. antidemocratic

2. extremely anti-Marxist (anti-Communist)

3. antiparliamentary

4. frequently anti-______________=

5. wanted to make the world safe for the middle class,

small businesses, and small farmers

6. against parliamentary government

7. usually single-party dictatorships characterized by

terrorism and police surveillance

8. a cult of great leaders

II. Rise of Mussolini

A. 1919: “Bands of Combat” was founded by Mussolini

B. *A socialist at first, Mussolini later changed his mind

1. “*whichever way the wind blows”

C. Postwar Italian Political Turmoil

1. politics was a muddle

2. many different political parties in the Italian

legislature

3. industrial strikes were common

4. Peasants occupied land that was not their own

D. Early Fascist Organization

1. Mussolini and his supporters terrorized Socialist Party

meetings

1. fascists attacked strikers and farm workers

2. Italian government simply looked the other way

3. by 1922 fascist controlled the local government of Northern Italy

E. March on Rome—October 22, 1922

1. *fascists dressed in Black Shirts marched from Naples

to Rome=*King would not block the march with army

2. intimidated, King Victor Emmanuel III made Mussolini

his prime ______________.

a. Mussolini came into office through legal means

III. The Fascists in Power

A. November 23, 1922, the king and parliament granted Mussolini dictatorial authority for one year.

B. parliament changed the election law to allow any party who gained 25% the vote to receive 2/3rds seat in the Chamber of Deputies (lower house in parliament)

C. 1924 fascist won enough votes to control the Chamber of Deputies

1. Mussolini was given the authority to rule by decree

2. all other political parties were dissolved

D. Lateran Accord of February 1929

1. *officially gave the Pope the authority to rule the

independent state of the Vatican City

2.

E. Women were encouraged to have 14 children

1. gave gold wedding bands in exchange for iron ones

Part 8 Joyless Victors Reading Assignment pg. 891-895

I. France

A. The search for security

1. Clemenceau was not reelected president by the Chamber of Deputies because he was too lenient to the Germans at Versailles

2. France made military pacts with Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, and Poland.

3. Germany and Russia established diplomatic and economic relations with each other. This worried France

B. *Ruhr Crisis (1923):

II. Great Britain

A. WW I changed politics and the political system in Great Britain

1. 1918 Parliament expanded the electorate to include all men aged twenty-one and women aged thirty. (1928 women voters allowed to vote at twenty-one)

2. a coalition of Liberal, Labour, and Conservative ministries directed the war effort.

a. participation of the Labour party helped dispel its radical __________.

B. Economic Downturn

1. British economy was severely depressed during the 1920’s

2. unemployment never dipped below 10%

3. the “dole”:

C. First Labour Government

1. In October 1922, Liberal Lloyd George (last liberal P.M.) was replaced with Andrew Bonar Law, a Conservative.

2. Law, who was dying, was replaced with Conservative Stanley Baldwin.

a. *Baldwin abandoned free trade

i. *imposed high protective tariffs

b. voters rejected Baldwin’s policies

3. for the first time in British History the Labour Party ran the cabinet

a. first Labour P.M. was Ramsey ________________

i. Labour Party was socialist in its platform but democratic and distinctly non-revolutionary.

ii. not Marxist

b. McDonald proved that the Labour party was both respectable and responsible.

c. Liberal party is weakened with many people switching to the Conservative or Labour party

D. General Strike of 1926:

E. Ireland

1. Irish Home Rule Bill had passed Parliament but its implementation was postponed until after the war.

2. Easter Rebellion April 1916 in Dublin

1. crushed by Britain

2. executed leaders of rebellion

a. leadership of the nationalist cause soon shifted from the __________ party in Parliament to Sinn Fein:

b. 1918 won all but four of the Irish Parliamentary seats outside Ulster.

i. Sinn Fein refused to go to Parliament and constituted into the Dail Eireannor Irish Parliament.

ii. declared independence

3. late 1921 treaty was signed that allowed Ireland to became part of the British Commonwealth except for the six counties of Ulster of Northern Ireland

Part 9 The Weimar Republic in Germany Reading Assignment pg. 898-904

I. Weimar Republic’s early days

--Spartacus Uprising. Communists uprising in Berlin crushed just before Weimar government is set up

A. *name of the German government after WW I until the rise of Adolf

Hitler. Named after the Weimar Constitution.

B. made up primarily of social democrats

1. Weimar government was associated with the disgraces and

economic hardships of the Treaty of ____________

2. Social Democrats were distrusted and never commanded popular

support

3. *March 1920 Kapp Putcsh:

4. May 1921, Allies presented a reparations bill for 132 billion gold marks

5. Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution:

III. *Ruhr Crises (German point of view) and Inflation:

A. Borrowing to finance the war and the continued postwar deficits generated an immense rise in _____________

1. early, 1921 the German mark traded against the American dollar at a ration of 64 to 1.

2. France invaded the Ruhr valley and when German workers refused to work the Germany government printed money to support them.

a. *led to massive inflation--

i. November 1923, one American dollar equals more than 800 million German marks.

ii. debts and mortgages were easy to pay off

iii. savings and insurance policies were wiped out.

iv. wheel barrel full of money, toy money, paper worth more than printed on, burning money, money wallpaper and the price of bread:

[pic][pic][pic]

So much money, for so little: German Hyperinflation Can you find Hitler as a German WWI soldier? German General Ludendorff

IV. Adolf Hitler’s early career

A. from Austria

B. served in WW I as a ___________ soldier

C. settled in Munich and became acquainted with a small nationalistic anti-Semitic, political party called the *National Socialist German Workers’ Party or simply known as the Nazis.

D. *state four of the Twenty-Five Points:

E. The Nazis had their own private army called the SA or storm troopers.

1. wore brown shirted uniforms (Sturmabteilung)

2. used terror and intimidation

F. Hitler came to dominate the Nazi Party

1. role model was Mussolini

G. *Beer Hall Putsch

1. Hitler and General Ludendorff (German WW I General) attempted to take over Munich.

2. attempt failed and Hitler sentenced to five years (only served a few months time)

a. while in jail Hitler wrote Mein Kampf:

V. *Locarno Agreement: 1. Did not undo the Treaty of Versailles. 2. Germany accepted the border with France. 3. Germany and France agree not to ___________ each other 4. France agreed to let ____________ in the League of Nations 5. Germany did not get what it wanted in the East—Germany was unreconciled when it came to its’__________ border. Germany still wanted parts of _________ and Czechoslovakia back. 6. Most Germans regarded Locarno as an extension of the Versailles treaty.

[pic] [pic] [pic]

Big Four at the Paris Peace Settlement (in no particular order) 1. Woodrow Wilson-U.SA. 2. V. Orlando-Italy

[pic] [pic] [pic]

3. Georges Clemenceau-France 4. Lloyd George-UK The German delegation who signed the Treaty of Versailles.

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download