Music Notation and Theory for Intelligent Beginners
Music Notation and Theory
for Intelligent Beginners
by
Jono Kornfeld
Cover art by
Jason Dullack
? 2001, revised 2005 Jono Kornfeld
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be duplicated in any form without written permission of the author.
Artwork ? 2004 Jason Dullack: all rights reserved
Music Notation and Theory for Intelligent Beginners
? 2001, revised 2005 Jono Kornfeld
Table of Contents
Notes, The Staff
The Keyboard
Clefs
Ledger Lines
The Grand Staff, Accidentals
Simple Intervals
Enharmonic Equivalence
Double Accidentals
Note Values
Beaming
Stem Direction
Stem Length
Measure, Bar Line
Time Signatures
Beat Emphasis
Putting Notes into Practice
Counting Eighth Notes
Counting Sixteenth Notes
Rests
The Dot
Ties
Slurs
Other Time Signatures
Compound Time Signatures
The Triplet, Syncopation
Tempo I
Tempo II, Tempo Changes
Dynamics
Articulation
Economical Devices I
Economical Devices II
Economical Devices Exercises
The Major Scale, Keys
Scales Using Flats
Scales Using Sharps
Key Signatures, The Key
The Circle of Fifths
Transposition
Scale Degrees, Note Names
The Minor Scale
The Three Minor Scales
1
2
3
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
39
40
41
42
Review
Continuity
Motion
Intervals
Spelling Intervals
In the scale
Determining Intervals I
Determining Intervals II
Inversion
Compound Intervals
Hearing Intervals
Identifying in Context
Triads
In the Scale
Roman Numerals
Harmonization
Minor Key Harmonization
Terminology
7th Chords
Inverting Chords
Figured Bass Notation
Application to Analysis
Position of Upper Notes
Voicing a Chord
Contemporary Context
Cadences and Phrases
The Period
Melodic Aspects
Analysis
Melodies and Voice Leading
Examples
Combining Melody and Harmony
The Process
Non-Chord Tones
Passing Tone
Neighbor Tone
Suspension
Modulation
Appendix /Review
Scales
Keys & Key Signatures
Circle of 5ths Reference
Major Scales Reference
Intervals & Figured Bass
Reference
43
44
45
47
50
51
53
54
56
58
59
61
63
64
65
65
66
67
70
73
74
76
77
78
81
82
83
84
85
87
89
91
92
93
94
95
96
98
A-1
A-3
A-5
A-6
A-7
X
NOTES
One of the most basic elements in music is the note.
In written music, it might look like this:
h
¨B
q
e
Some free-standing notes
Or this (if there are more than one):
or
THE STAFF
The five horizontal lines on which the notes sit are called a staff.
a staff with no notes on it
Each line or space on the staff is for its own note.
Notes represent sounds called pitches. Because music employs a set of pitches (ranging from low to
high), the staff acts like a map for the notes--allowing us to hear, read or write them as:
Higher
(higher on the staff)
Lower
(lower on the staff)
We read the sequence of notes from left to right.
Another way to understand the idea of pitches being lower or higher is to compare it to bears and birds.
A bear's voice is low-pitched, while the voice of a bird's is high (this explanation works well for children!).
A less musically specific term for pitch is frequency, which is also referred to as low or high.
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