A Student Introduction to Solar Energy - edX | Free online ...
Solar Energy
Copyright Delft University of Technology, 2014
This copy is provided for free, for personal use only.
Copyright Delft University of Technology, 2014
This copy is provided for free, for personal use only.
Solar Energy
Fundamentals, Technology, and Systems
Klaus J?ger Olindo Isabella Arno H.M. Smets Ren? A.C.M.M. van Swaaij Miro Zeman
Copyright Delft University of Technology, 2014
This copy is provided for free, for personal use only.
Copyright ? 2014, Delft University of Technology Typeset in DejaVu Sans Condensed and URW Palatino with LATEX All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Copyright Delft University of Technology, 2014
This copy is provided for free, for personal use only.
Preface
Hereby, we present the first version of our book Solar Energy: Fundamentals, Technology and Systems and hope that it will be a useful source that helps our readers to study the different topics of solar energy.
It covers the topics that are treated in the three lectures on photovoltaics (PV) that are taught at the Delft University of Technology throughout the Academic Year: PV Basics, PV Technology, and PV Systems. In addition the book also covers other forms of solar energy, in particular Solar Thermal applications and Solar Fuels. Many of the topics that are discussed in this book are also covered in the Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) on Solar Energy (DelftX, ET.3034TU) that is given by Arno Smets on the edX platform and starts on 1 September 2014.
The students of this MOOC are the first ones that will use this book for studying solar energy. As this is the very first version, surely several small errors will be present throughout the text. We kindly ask the students to give us feedback, so that all the errors and typos can be eliminated quickly. Please let us also know if some-
thing is not clear or should be explained more detailed. Feedback can be given on the edX website.
Preparing such a book is not possible without a lot of support from others. We want to express our special Thanks to Arianna Tozzi, who provided us with the model on estimating the effect of wind speed and irradiance on the module temperature that we present in Section 18.3. Further, we are very grateful on the information on real-life PV systems provided by Stephan van Berkel. Ravi Vasudevan and Do Yun Kim are acknowledged for their discussions on PV systems. We also want to thank Mirjam Theelen for providing feedback on the sections on CIGS and CdTe technologies. Further, we want to thank all the students that provided feedback during the 2013/14 PV Systems lecture given at Delft University of Technology.
The AUTHORS
Delft, the Netherlands 1 September 2014
Copyright Delft University of Technology, 2014
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This copy is provided for free, for personal use only.
vi
Copyright Delft University of Technology, 2014
This copy is provided for free, for personal use only.
Contents
About this Book
1
I Introduction
3
1 Energy
5
1.1 Some definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2 Human and world energy consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Methods of Energy Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2 Status and prospects of PV technology
15
3 The Working Principle of a Solar Cell
23
II PV Fundamentals
27
4 Electrodynamic basics
29
4.1 The electromagnetic theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2 Electromagnetic waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Copyright Delft University of Technology, 2014
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viii
Contents
4.3 Optics of flat interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4.4 Optics in absorptive media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.5 Continuity and Poisson equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
5 Solar Radiation
37
5.1 The Sun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.2 Radiometric properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.3 Blackbody radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.4 Wave-particle duality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.5 Solar spectra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6 Basic Semiconductor Physics
49
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
6.2 Atomic structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
6.3 Doping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6.4 Carrier concentrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
6.5 Transport properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
7 Generation and Recombination of Electron-Hole Pairs
67
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
7.2 Bandgap-to-bandgap processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.3 Shockley-Read-Hall Recombination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.4 Auger Recombination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
7.5 Carrier concentration in non-equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
8 Semiconductor Junctions
83
8.1 p-n homojunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
8.2 p-n heterojunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
8.3 Metal-semiconductor junctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
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