PARADISE COMPUTER - Home
Fundamental of Computer
1. What is Computer?
Ans: - Computer is an advanced/ modern electronic device, which takes raw data as input then processes these data as per given instruction then gives output (result) is called Computer.
Or
It is also a problem-solving machine, which can process both numerical and non-numerical information. It is a totally user dependent device. It has no its own brain, so it cannot think its own.
In one word, any electronic machine that can perform 'IPO' cycle is known as Computer.
2. What is data?
Ans :- Data is the collection of raw materials .
3. What is input device?
Ans :- Those device which are used to input the data into computer is called input device . For example:-keyboard, Mouse, Joystick …………….etc .
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4. What is a output device?
Ans :- Those device which are used to show the data is called output device .
For example: - Monitor, Printer, Speaker…………………etc.
5. What is C.P.U.(Central Processing Unit) ?
Ans :- C.P.U. is the main part of Computer it is process the data. C.P.U. is the heart of Computer.
IPO Cycle:
Input Process Output
(Raw data) [C.P.U.] (Result)
[Input Device] [Output Device]
Full form of Computer.
C Commonly
O Operating
M Machine
P Primary
U Used for
T Technology
E Education
R Research
History of Computer
The history of Computer can track back to the Abacus (2000BC.) used by merchants and developed by Chinese. The Abacus was mechanical device that is used to add, subtract, multiply and divide numbers.
This machine could add, subtract numbers was developed by Blaise Pascal in 1640. It was called calculating machine. Another machine Multiplying and dividing numbers was developed by Leibniz’s in 1671. His invention is called calculator. In 1804 Joseph Jacquard, a French weaver, devised a loom that was used to punched card to direct the weaving pattern. This was the first device to used instruction on cards to “program” the operation of a machine.
A few years later (1837), Charles Babbage, who is referred to as the “father of computers”, devised a machine which is analytical engine. Lady Ada Lovelace(the first program lady) developed Binary number system and also a program, which was stored in punched card and fed into analytical engine. In 1940’s Johan Von Neumann suggested that “the data can be manipulated, and instruction could be stored internally” and “Binary number system could be used in building computers”. This revolutionized the design of equipment, since the binary numbering system represented by two digits (0 and 1) and electronic components are typically in one of the two conditions (on and off ). However, at this time computers were still huge devices used only for scientific purpose.
History of Computer In Nepal
The first Computer, IBM 1401, was introduced in Nepal in 1972 by HMG Nepal for the population census of 1972 and paid Rs one lakh, Twenty five thousand per month as rent, It took 1 year 7 months and 15 days for the processing of 1 crore, 12 lakh and 50 thousand population later government purchased a separate organization called Electronic Data processing center (EDPC) in 1975, which after six years converted to National Computer Center (NCC). In 1982, ICL 2950110, a better fourth generation computer was imported with the aid of UNDP and UNFPA to tabulate the population census of 1982, which took only 1 year and 3 months and had 64 terminals. In 1980, onwards many private computer companies were established who either started importing computer from foreign countries or assembling computer in the country only. Microcomputer like Vector, Apple, Sires, etc. was introduced in Nepal in 1983.
Characteristics of a Computer
1. Speed:-In short time computer can perform complex calculations at high speed.
2. Storage:-The storage characteristic of a computer has made it distinct from a calculator. A large amount of data can be stored in computer's memory.
3. Automatic:-Computer can perform any operations automatically, when we give any instruction to the computer.
4. Accuracy:-The result given by the computer will be extremely accurate. If mistake occurs in any calculation, i.e. due to the wrong instruction given by user.
5. Versatility:-The computer is a versatile device. The operations performed by computer are very flexible. It executes different types of applications of different area such as education, medicine, astrology, geography, business &information Technology.
Types of Computer
On the basis of work
There are 3 types of computer.
1. Analog Computer:-
The computer which can process analog quantities is called an analog computer." They are designed to accept physical forces such as temperature, pressure and record them as reading along a continuous scale. Example of analog devices:
Thermometer- This is used to measure the temperature of the body
Speedometer- This is used in Vehicle to measure their speed.
2. Digital Computer:-
The computer which accepts discrete data (discontinuous data) is known as digital computer. Digital computer counts digits that represent numbers o &1 letters. They are the most widely used type of computer. It is used to preparation of document, paper, design, film, accounting, etc.
Example of digital computer: IBM PC, IBM Compatibles
3. Hybrid Computer:-
The data processing device, which uses both analog and digital data, is known as hybrid computer. Hybrid computer can perform the tasks of both analog and digital computers. They can transfer data from analog to digital and vice-versa.
On the basis of size
There are 4 types of computer.
a). Super Computer:-Super Computers are the fastest, largest, powerful and expensive Computers. Super Computers have very high speed.
b). Mainframe Computer:-Mainframe Computers were developed by International Business Machine (IBM) in 1951. It were contains 4-8 tape unit, 4-6 HDD, Card Reader, Multi-user System (Many People can share CPU of computer) Multitasking system (The CPU of the computer is capable of doing many jobs at a time) and big computers.
c). Mini Computer:- Mini versions of mainframe computer have multi-user system, Multitasking system but less capacity as compared to mainframe computer.
d). Micro Computer:-These type of computers are small general-purpose computers based on microprocessor chips and single user system.
On the basis of Brand
a).IBM Computer (PC-personal computer) :-The personal computer is manufactured by IBM company are known as IBM PC. IBM was established in USA in 1942 and in 1945, IBM Company started manufacturing of computers. The mainframes, minicomputers, and microcomputers manufactured by IBM Company are called IBM computers.
b).IBM Compatible:-
Those computers having the same functional characteristic of IBM computers are called IBM compatibles. IBM compatibles are not the original computers but their basic architecture is similar to IBM. All software, which runs in IBM computer, can equally run in IBM compatible computer. Parts of the IBM compatible are easy, so it get market easily.
Example of IBM Compatible computers:
Compaq ALR
NEC AST
c).Apple /Macintosh:-
The apple company has manufacture new brand computer, which is called Apple. The apple company was established in USA in 1970. The computer manufactured by Apple Company having different architecture as compared to IBM computers is called apple computers. The apple computers have their own software. It is used for graphics designing.
Generation of Computer
First generation (1946-1958):-
In this generation vacuum tube is used, watches and wires plugs boards are used to execute programs. Power consumption and heat generation were high. Fault locating was a difficult task, and machinery language is used. The memory devices are mercury delay lines and storage mediums are punched card, paper tapes.
Second generation (1959-1964):-
First generation change into second generation computer. In this generation transistors and diodes are used. They are smaller in size. They are faster. Level of accuracy and reliability is higher power consumption.
Third generation (1965-1970):-
Second generation change into third generation computer. In this generation using integrated circuit (IC) and multiprocessing ability. Operating system and high-level language were developed.
Forth generation (1971-1982):-
Third generation change forth generation computer. In this generation uses microprocessor chips or IC with CLSI (Very Large Scale integration). They were low power and fewer prices.
Fifth generation (1982 onwards):-
Forth generation change into fifth generation computer. In this generation used also microprocessor. Fifth generation computer is super computer based on KIPS (knowledge information processing system) & LIPS (Logical interface per second) super computer is faster computer of world.
Memory
Memory is a temporary electronic circuit where data display temporarily. Memory is also storage device placed of the data or instruction.
There are two types of memory.
A) Primary Memory : It is a temporary memory.
1. ROM (read Only Memory):-This memory is a read only memory. We cannot write anything into this but can read only. There are five types of memory.
Types of ROM:-
a) ROM - Read Only Memory
b) PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory
c) EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
d) EEPROM - Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
e) Flash EEPROM memory
2. RAM (Random Access Memory):-This is Read and Write memory. You can read the contents of the memory as well as write something into this. However, the contents of this memory are active until the power is on. As soon as the power is cut off, all the contents of this memory will erase. That is why it is also called Volatile memory. Whatever program you start, that will be loaded into this type of memory.
a) SRAM (Static)- Signal Stored or change not leaky, fast expansion.
b) DRAM (Dynamic):- Signal stored or change leaky. Drams are slower, cheaper. They have high packing density and consume less power.
B) Secondary Memory : It is a permanent memory.
1. Hard Disk (HDD):- Hard Disk is default disk or fixed disk. These disks can storage the large volume if information. Hard Disk always inside the cashing (CPU box). It is removable disk (Once disk is full of data, then data can be removed).
2. Floppy Disk;-Floppy disks are made of Mylar plastics coated with magnetic oxide. It is a portable device. It can be classified according to storage capacity –
a). 5.25”:- Its capacity is 360 KB.
b). 3.5”:- It capacity is 1.44 MB.
3. CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read Only Memory):-CD is a non erasable disk used for storing computer data. It can store data up to 850 MB.
Unit of Measurement
4 Bits = 1 Nibble
8 Bits = 1 Byte
1024 Bytes = 1 KB (Kilo Byte)
1024 KB = 1 MB (Mega Byte)
1024 MB = 1 GB (Giga Byte)
1024 GB = 1 TB (Tera Byte
Components of Computer
1. Hardware: - The physical parts of computer are called Hardware.
2. Software: - The non physical part’s of computer is called software.
there are different categories of software .
a) system software: - system software is collection of master program designed to operate the computer system. ex- Windows95, 97, 98.2000, xp, NT etc.
b) application software:-It is a set of programs do specific job for the user such as Financial accounting, Share Accounting, Typshala etc.
Number System
The organization of computer system depends on Number system. All digital computers store numbers, letters and other characters in coded form. There is various type of number system.
1. Decimal Number System:- The decimal number system, which has 10 (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) digits. It is known as decimal number system.
It base is 10. For example: (68)10, (244)10
2. Binary Number System:- The binary number system, which has 2 digits, is known as binary number system. The digits are 0 and 1.
It base is 2. For example: (100011)2, (1111)2,
3. Octal Number System:-The octal number system, which has 8 digits (0-7)is known as octal number system. It base is 8.For example:
(58)8, (66)8
4. Hexadecimal Number System:-The hexadecimal number system, which has 16 digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,a,b,c,d,e,f) is called hexadecimal number system. It base is 16. For example: (2f4)16
How to start the Computer?
First of all,
1. Switch ON the power in CPU.
2. Switch On the Monitor (Screen).
Then, wait for just a minute, after then you will directly enter into the windows Environment (Desktop).
With the help of this Environment, you can perform any types of work related to Computer.
How to Shutdown the Computer?
How to shutdown the Computer (In windows xp)?
Before shutdown the Computer, you have to close all opened program. Then,
1. Click on Start button.
2. Click on Turn off Computer.
3. A dialog box will display.
4. Click on Turn off button
Then our Computer will be automatically shutdown.
How to Shutdown the Computer (In windows’ 98)?
Before shutdown the Computer, you have to close all opened program. Then,
1. Click on Start button.
2. Click on Shutdown button.
Then Computer asks you:
What do you want the Computer to do.
• Standby
• Shutdown
• Restart
• Restart in Ms-DOS mode.
3. Click on 2nd option.
Then our Computer will be automatically shutdown.
Windows 98, xp
Widows are an advanced/ modern excellent operating system, developed by Microsoft Corporation, from U.S.A. This operating system controls overall activities of the computer system.
There is nothing special you need to start this system. Just turn ON the computer and Screen and wait for just a minute then you will directly enter into the windows Environment (Desktop) and see the following Dialog Box (Screen).
Icons Desktop
Start
Indicators
Desktop:- The full area of screen is called desktop, which consists some important icons, related to computer.
Icon:- Icon is the graphical presentation of the computer’s items.
Taskbar:-Taskbar is the Grey Horizontal Line located at the bottom of the Desktop with Start Button and Indicators.
My Computer:-My Computer is the main heading (location), where all of the items related to Computer are stored. We can see quickly and easily item inside it. We can also manage the files and folders by using my computer.
My Document:- My Document is a default folder where files and folder are store.
Recycle Bin:- Recycle Bin is a system folder that stores all deleted items. When you delete any items, then it stores in Recycle Bin. But we can restore or permanently delete the deleted items from Recycle Bin. It is like a dustbin.
Basic Mouse Skills
The mouse is a hardware that least you interact with windows' Graphical user interface by letting you performs actions such as pointing, clicking, and dragging. There are tow button in mouse – one is right button and other is left.
Right button: - for special purpose such as – Rename, Delete, copy, Cut, Paste, Properties, Open, Close etc.
Left button:-Single Click –for select program Double click- for Open Program.
Set system's Date and time:
➢ Double click on Date and Time from task bar
➢ A Date and Time dialog box will display.
➢ Set Date and Time by using Clock & Calendar.
➢ Click on apply button.
➢ Click on ok button.
To Change Background of Desktop.
➢ Right click on the mouse button in the
Desktop.
➢ Click on the properties.
➢ A properties Dialog box will display.
➢ Select Desktop (Background) button.
➢ Select any wallpaper from list box.
➢ Click on apply button.
Or
➢ Click on browse option.
➢ A browse dialog box will displayed.
➢ Choose the picture drive and select the picture folder.
➢ Click on open button, then picture folder will be open.
➢ Select any picture and click on open button.
➢ Click on apply button.
➢ Click on ok button.
Then our Desktop Background will be changed.
How to change Screen Sever.
➢ Right click on the mouse button in the Desktop.
➢ Click on the properties.
➢ A properties Dialog box will displayed.
➢ Select Screen Sever button.
➢ Click on dropdown arrow of Screen Sever and
choose required one.
➢ Click on setting option to set the special effect
to the selected Screen Sever.
➢ Also define waiting time for Screen Sever.
➢ Click on preview button to view its sample.
➢ Click on apply button.
➢ Click on ok button.
To change Desktop Icons.
➢ Right click on the mouse button in the Desktop.
➢ Click on the properties.
➢ A properties Dialog box will display.
➢ Select Desktop (Background) button.
➢ Click on customize Desktop.
➢ A Desktop item will displayed.
➢ Select any one icon, which you want
change.
➢ Click on change icon option.
➢ A change icon list will displayed.
➢ Select any one icon.
➢ Click on ok button.
Then our icon will be changed.
To create a new folder.
➢ Right click on the mouse button, where you want to create folder.
➢ Click on new option from the list.
➢ Click on folder option, then a folder will be creating.
➢ Type folder name and click on outside.
To open folder double click on folder or right click
on folder and click on open button, then our folder will
be open.
To create Shortcut of programs in the Desktop.
➢ Click on the start button.
➢ Click on program.
➢ Choose the program which you want to create shortcut.
➢ Right click on the program.
➢ Click on send to and click on Desktop (create shortcut).
Then our shortcut will be creating in the desktop.
How to copy the file Hard disk to Floppy disk.
➢ Insert the floppy.
➢ Open the My computer and open the floppy drive.
➢ Copy the file, which you want to put the floppy drive.
➢ Go to floppy drive and paste into the floppy drive.
How to copy the file floppy drive to hard disk drive.
➢ Insert the disk.
➢ Open the floppy drive.
➢ Select the file which you want to copy.
➢ Open the hard disk drive, and paste into the hard disk drive.
Ms. Paint Brush
Ms-paint brush is a drawing program developed by Microsoft Corporation. By the help of these tools we can draw a picture, cartoons and also used to create background for the desktop.
Loading Ms-paint brush.
➢ Click on start button.
➢ Click on program.
➢ Click on accessories.
➢ Click on Ms-paint.
Tools of the paint.
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
9 10
15 16
|1 |Free-from select |: |To select object with free form. |
|2 |Select |: |To select object with rectangular shape. |
|3 |Eraser/Colour Eraser |: |To eraser any object. |
|4 |Fill with Colour |: |To fill required color inside the boundary and into the line. |
|5 | Peck Colour |: |To choose the pre using color. |
|6 |Magnifier |: |To magnify the object. |
|7 |Pencil |: | To draw any bitmap with freehand. |
|8 |Brush |: |To draw required bitmap with different brush shape. |
|9 |Airbrush |: |To spray required color anywhere inside the creating area. |
|10 | Text |: |To write any required text. |
|11 |Line |: |To draw straight object. |
|12 |Curve |: |To draw curve line. |
|13 |Rectangle |: |To draw rectangular object. |
|14 |Polygon |: |To draw multi- sided object. |
|15 |Ellipse |: | To draw ellipse and oval shaped object. |
|16 |Rounded rectangular |: |To draw rectangular object with rounded corner. |
MS-WORD
Ms-word (Microsoft word) is one of the most popular word processing software, developed by Microsoft Corporation.
Ms-word is popularly used in writing documents, letters, thesis, reports etc.
Loading Ms-Word.
➢ Click on start button.
➢ Click on program.
➢ Click on ms-word.
Or
➢ Click on start button.
➢ Click on Run button.
➢ Type Winword and press ENTER Key.
➢ Then ms-word will be open.
[pic]
COMPONENTS OF WORD WINDOW
Title Bar:-The top position of window that tells the application package is currently running and which document is currently open.
Menu Bar:-The Bar where different commands and sub commands are available for the different operation during the documentation process.
Ruler:-The rulers (Horizontal/Vertical) are used for measurement and also allow you to change margins, tabs etc.
Status Bar:-The Bottom part of word window which gives page no., line no, position of the document.
Recent document List:-The word helps track of previously opened document and assign them in bottom part of file menu.
Most commonly useful Toolbars
Standard Toolbar:-The toolbar contains various commands (buttons) that are used for various major (standard) operation of the documentation process.
Buttons (Commands): New, Open, Save, Print, Spelling, Cut, Copy, Paste, Format, Pointer, Undo, Redo, Send, Insert table, Insert, Hyperlink, Column, Table and Border, Document map & Zoom.
Formatting Toolbar:-The toolbar contains various commands (buttons) for the formatting operation in the document.
Button:-
Style, Font, Size, Italic, Bold, Underline, Left align, Center align, Right align, Justify, Bullets, Numbering, Decrease indents, Increase Indents, Boarder, Font color, Highlight.
Drawing Toolbar:-The toolbar contains various commands (buttons) for the drawing objects and enhancing it in the document.
Button:-
Draw, Select object, Free rotate, Auto shape line, Arrow, Rectangle, Oval, Textbox, Insert word art, Fill color, Line color, Font color, line Style, Dash style, Arrow style, Shadow, 3D.
Picture Toolbar:-The toolbar contains various commands (buttons) to enhance the picture (image) in the document.
Button:-
Insert picture, Image control, Contrast (more/less), brightness (less/more), Crop, Line style, Text wrapping, Format object, Set transparent color, Reset picture,
File Menu.
New(ctrl+ N):- It is used to create a new bland document.
Step:
➢ Go to File menu.
➢ Click on New
➢ Click on OK.
Open: (ctrl+O):- with the help of this option we can open the existing file.
Step:
➢ Go to File menu
➢ Click on Open (choose file)
➢ Click on OK
Close:-It is used to close the active file.
Save: (ctrl+S):-It saves the active file with its current file name, location, and file format.
Step:
➢ Go to File menu.
➢ Click on Save button
➢ Open the Save dialog box and give
the required file name.
➢ Click on Save.
Save as (F12):-It is used to save the active file with a different file name and location.
Step:
➢ Go to File menu.
➢ Click on Save as
➢ Give file name in name box
➢ Click on Save.
: Versions:-It is used to display the version of saved file
Page Setup:-With the help of this option we can sets margins, paper size and layout options for the active file.
Step:
➢ Go to file menu
➢ Click on Page setup (Opens a page setup box choose margin, layout, paper size etc.)
➢ Click on OK
Print Preview: - It is used to display the (one or more page) how it looks before printing.
Print: (ctrl+ P):-It is used to prints the active file or selected items. To select print options, on the File menu, Click on Print.
Exit:- It is used to closes the application.
EDIT MENU
Undo (Ctrl + Z):-It is used to just previous rivers operation.
Repeat ( Ctrl +Y):- This command is used to repeat a new default setting.
Cut (Ctrl + X):- It is used to cut up the selected text and places it on the Clipboard.
Copy (ctrl+C):- This command is used to copy the selected text and place it on Clipboard.
Office Clipboard:- This command is used to store the copied text.
Paste (ctrl+V):- This command is used to paste contents of the clipboard at the insertion point, any replaces any selection.
Paste Special:-This command is used to pastes links or embeds the clipboard contents in the current file in the format you specify.
Select All (ctrl+A):- This command is used to select the whole document.
Find (ctrl+F):- This command is used to find the specified text or character within a document.
Step:
➢ Go to edit menu.
➢ Click on find button
➢ A dialog box will display.
[pic]
➢ Specify the text.
➢ Click on the find next button from dialog box.
Replace (ctrl+H):-This command is used to replace the specified text or character found by finding operation.
Step:
➢ Go to edit menu.
➢ Click on replace button.
➢ A replace dialog box will be opened.
[pic]
➢ Specify text or character in find what box.
➢ Specify text or character, which you want to replace. In replace with box.
➢ Click on replace button from the dialog box.
(you can replace all by clicking "Replace all" button).
Go To (ctrl+G):-This command is used to jump to the particular page.
Step:
➢ Go to the edit menu
➢ Click on the Go To command.
➢ A Go To dialog box will be displayed.
➢ Specify the particular page.
➢ Click on the Go To command.
[pic]
View Menu
Normal:- This command is used to display the document in Normal View.
Print Layout:- This command is used to display document in actual size, graphics object and actual document, which will print.
Step:
➢ Click on view menu.
➢ Click on Print Layout.
Toolbars:- This option is used to show or hide toolbars.
Step:
➢ Click on view menu.
➢ Click on toolbars option.
➢ Click on any one toolbars.
Ruler:- This option is used to show or hide ruler.
Step:
➢ Click on view menu.
➢ Click in ruler.
Header and Footer:- This command is used to set the top of every page in a document.
Footer is used to set the button of every page in a document.
Step:
➢ Go to view menu.
➢ Click on Header and Footer.
➢ Inserting place of Header and Footer will display in the screen.
➢ Now type header on header box.
➢ (If you want to type footer then click on switch between header and footer button from header and footer toolbar)
➢ Now type footer on footer box.
➢ Click on close button from Header and Footer toolbar.
Full Screen:-This option is used to display document in full screen.
Step:
➢ Click on view menu.
➢ Click on full screen (now document will display in full screen)
➢ If you want to close full screen then click on close button.
Zoom:- This option is used to display document in different size (in percentage)
Step:
➢ Click on view menu.
➢ Click on zoom button.
➢ Select any zoom size.
➢ Click on ok button.
[pic]
Insert Menu
Break:- This command is used to insert a page break, column break or section break at the insertion point.
Step:
➢ Click on Insert menu.
➢ Click on Break command.
➢ Break dialog box will display.
➢ Select page break, column break and section break, from the dialog box.
➢ Click on OK button.
Page Numbers:- This command is used to inserts page numbers and control the Format, position and value.
Step:
➢ Click on Insert menu.
➢ Click on Page Number command.
➢ A dialog box will display in the screen.
[pic]
➢ Define position and alignment from the dialog box.
➢ Click on Format Button and select Number Format
➢ Click on OK and OK button.
Date and Time:- This command is used to insert date and time in document.
Step:
➢ Set cursor position.
➢ Click on insert menu.
➢ Click on date and time.
➢ A date and time dialog box will display.
[pic]
➢ Select any date or time.
➢ Click on OK button.
Auto Text:- The auto text feature lets you store frequently use words and sentences you can them insert them into your document by typing an abbreviated version of the text.
Field:- This command is used to insert a field list and we can choose eq(Equation) to the solve mathematical sign.
Step:
➢ Click on Insert menu.
➢ Click on Field command.
➢ Field dialog box will display.
➢ Select Eq from dropdown list.
➢ Click on equation editor.
➢ Equation editor dialog box will display.
[pic]
➢ Select any sign
➢ Click on outside.
Symbol:- this command is used to insert different sign (symbol) in your document.
Step:
➢ Place the current cursor position.
➢ Click on Insert menu.
➢ Click on Symbol.
➢ A Symbol dialog box will display.
[pic]
➢ Select any symbol
➢ Click on insert button.
➢ Click on close button.
Picture:- This command is used to insert picture such as chart, clip art, auto shape and word art etc.
Step:
Word Art
➢ Click on Insert menu.
➢ Select Picture command.
➢ Click on Word Art.
➢ Select style and click ok button.
➢ Type your text and click on ok button.
Clip Art
➢ Click on insert menu.
➢ Select Picture command.
➢ Click on Clip Art.
➢ Click on picture categories.
➢ Select picture and insert clip.
From File
It is used to insert picture from file.
➢ Click on Insert Menu.
➢ Select picture command.
➢ Click on From file.
➢ Select file and insert picture.
Auto Shape
➢ Click on Insert Menu.
➢ Select picture command.
➢ Click on Auto Shapes.
➢ Select any auto shapes
➢ Click any style and drag the mouse.
Diagram:-This command is used to insert the different
type of diagram in the active document.
Step:
➢ Click on the Insert Menu.
➢ Click on diagram command.
➢ Diagram dialog box will display.
➢ Select any one diagram.
➢ Click on ok button.
Text Box:- This command is used to draw a text box where you click or draw in the active window.
Step:
➢ Click on Insert Menu.
➢ Click on Text Box command.
➢ Define area by dragging the cursor.
➢ Type text in text Box area.
➢ Click on out of the Text box area.
File:-This command is used to inserts all or part of the file you select, into the active file at the insertion point.
Step:
➢ Select insertion point.
➢ Click on file command.
➢ Insert file dialog box will display.
➢ Select a file from a dialog box.
➢ Click on ok button.
Object:- this command is used to inserts an object such as Bitmap Image, media clip, Microsoft word picture etc. at the insertion point.
Step:
➢ Click on Insert Menu.
➢ Click on object command.
➢ A object dialog box will display.
➢ Select any one object.
➢ Click on ok button.
Hyperlink:- This command is used to create links between one file to another file.
Step:
➢ Select the text.
➢ Click on Insert Menu.
➢ Click on Hyperlink command.
➢ Insert dialog box will display.
➢ Select file which you want to link file.
➢ Clock on ok button.
Format Menu
Font:- This command is used to change the Font (font, font style, font size), character spacing and Text Effects.
Step:
➢ Clock on format menu.
➢ Clock on font command.
➢ Font dialog box will display.
➢ Select font, font style, font size, underline, color and effect the dialog box.
For character spacing:
➢ Click on character spacing.
➢ Define scale, spacing, position etc.
For Text Effects:
➢ Click on Text Effects.
➢ Select any one text effect.
➢ Click on ok button.
Shortcut Key for Font style
Bold – Press (Ctrl+B)
Italic – Press (Ctrl+I)
Underline – Press (Ctrl+U)
Double Underline – (Ctrl+Shift+D)
Shortcut Key for Font Size
Increase Font size – Press Ctrl+]
Decrease Font size – Press Ctrl+[
Shortcut Key for text Alignment
Right – Press Ctrl+R
Left – press Ctrl+L
Center – Press Ctrl+Educaion
Justify – Press Ctrl+J
Shortcut Key for Superscript/Subscript
Superscript – Select text and Press Ctrl+Shift+=
Subscript – Select text and press Ctrl+=
Paragraph:- This command is used to change paragraph, indents and text alignment, line spacing and other paragraph formats in the selected paragraph.
Step:
➢ Select the paragraph.
➢ Click on Format Menu.
➢ Click on paragraph command.
➢ Paragraph dialog box will display.
[pic]
➢ Set the alignment, indentation, outline level, spacing from dialog box.
➢ Click on ok button.
Bullets and Numbering:- This command is used to insert bullets or numbers to selected paragraphs and modifies the bullets and numbering.
Step:
➢ Click on Format Menu.
➢ Click on Bullets and Numbering command.
➢ Bullets and Numbering dialog box will display.
[pic]
➢ Select the Bullet and number from dialog box.
➢ Click on ok button.
Border and Shading:- This command is used to insert border and shading to selected text, paragraph, pages and pictures.
➢ Step: Select the object.
➢ Click on Format Menu.
➢ Click on border and Shading command.
➢ Border and Shading dialog box will display.
➢ Set the paragraph border, page border and shading from the dialog box.
➢ Click on ok button.
Columns:- This command is used to changes the number of column in a document.
Step:
➢ Click on Format Menu.
➢ Click on column command.
➢ Column dialog box will display.
[pic]
➢ Define number of column: presets, width and spacing.
➢ Click on ok button.
Tabs:- This command is used to set the position and alignment of tab stops and determines the type of leader character for each tab stop.
Step:
➢ Click on Format Menu.
➢ Click on Tabs command.
➢ Tabs dialog box will display.
➢ Define stop of each position alignment etc.
➢ Click on ok button.
Drop Cap:- This command is used to dropped
the selected character of paragraph.
Step:
➢ Select a character of the paragraph.
➢ Click on Format Menu.
➢ Click on Drop Cap command.
➢ Drop cap dialog box will display.
➢ Select the position from dialog box.
➢ Click on ok button.
text Direction:- This command is used to change
the text direction.
Step:
➢ Draw text box and type text.
➢ Select text.
➢ Click on Format Menu.
➢ Click on Text Direction.
➢ Text Direction dialog box will display.
➢ Select any box (on your requirement)
➢ Clock on ok button.
Change Case:- This command is used to change
the capitalization of the text from dialog box.
Step:
➢ Select the word.
➢ Click on Format menu.
➢ Click on Change Case.
➢ Change Case dialog box will display.
➢ Select the capitalization of the text from
dialog box.
➢ Click on ok button.
Background:- This command is used to set the different type of background of entire document.
Step:
➢ Click on Format Menu.
➢ Click on Background command.
➢ Click on more color or fill effect, and we can set also printed watermark.
➢ Click on printed watermark.
➢ Printed watermark dialog box will display.
[pic]
➢ Click on picture watermark.
➢ Click on select picture.
➢ Insert picture dialog box will display.
➢ Select picture.
➢ Click on insert button.
➢ Click on apply button.
➢ Click on close button.
Tools Menu
Spelling and Grammar:- This command is used to check the active document for possible spelling, grammar and writing style error and displays suggestions for correcting them.
Step:
➢ Click on Tools Menu.
➢ Click on Spelling and Grammar command.
➢ Spelling and Grammar dialog box will display.
[pic]
➢ Spelling and grammatical mistakes and its suggestion will display at the dialog box.
➢ Click on ignore or change from the dialog box.
Word Count:- This command is used to count a number of pages, words, characters, paragraphs and line in the active document.
Step:
➢ Click on Tools Menu.
➢ Clock on Word Count Command.
➢ Click on ok button.
Protect Document:- this command is used to protect and unprotect the active document, with the help of password.
Step:
➢ Click on Tools Menu.
➢ Click on protect command.
➢ Enter password in the dialog box.
➢ Click on ok button.
➢ Confirm dialog box will display.
➢ Enter the reenter password.
➢ Click on ok button.
Unprotect Document
➢ Click on Tools Menu.
➢ Click on Unprotect Document command.
➢ Enter password in Unprotect Document dialog box.
➢ Click on ok button.
Mail merge:- This command is used to merge one than more documents one is main document and other is sub documents.
Step:
➢ Click on Tools menu.
➢ Go to Letters and Mailings.
➢ Click on Mail Merge wizard.
➢ Mail merge list will display.
➢ Click on Next step1.
➢ Click on Next step2.
➢ Click on Type a new list.
➢ Click on create button.
➢ New Address List will display.
[pic]
➢ Fill in the one than address of your friends.
➢ Click on close cotton.[pic]
➢ Save Address list will display.
➢ Give the require file name.
➢ Click on save button.
➢ Click on ok button.
➢ Click on Next step3.
➢ Click on insert merge fields.
➢ Insert Merge Field dialog box will display.
➢ Select the field and click on Insert button.
➢ Click on close button and arrange the field of address.
➢ Click on Next step4.
➢ Click on Next step5.
➢ Click on Print button to the print document or click on Edit individual letters to preview document in individual.
Macro:-This command is used to records a new macro or stops recording after you start recording a macro.
Step:
➢ Click on Tools menu.
➢ Go to Macro and click on record new macro.
➢ Record macro dialog box will display.
[pic]
➢ Click on Keyboard button.
➢ Customize Keyboard dialog box will display.
➢ Press new shortcut key in shortcut key box, just like (Ctrl+1)
➢ Click on Assign button.
➢ Click on close button.
➢ Type any sentence, word to record.
➢ Click on stop recording.
To Run Macro.
➢ Press define shortcut key (Ctrl+1) or click on Tools menu.
➢ Click on macro.
➢ Macro dialog box will display.
➢ Select the macro from dialog box.
➢ Click on run button.
Auto Correct Options:- This command is used to automatically correct the misspelled word every time you type it in your document.
Step:
➢ Click on tools Menu.
➢ Click on Auto Correct option.
➢ Auto Correct dialog box will display.
➢ Place the cursor inside the Replace box and type the word what you are going to replace every time.
➢ Type the word what you are going to replace with inside the with box.
➢ Click on Add button.
➢ If you want to delete the auto correct, choose the word from auto correct list.
➢ Click on delete button.
➢ Click on ok button.
Customize:- This command is used to customize Tools bars, button, Menu command and shortcut key assign.
To create Shortcut.
➢ Click on Tools menu.
➢ Click on customize command.
➢ Customize dialog box will display.
[pic]
➢ Click on Keyboard option.
➢ Customize Keyboard dialog box will display.
[pic]
➢ give the shortcut key in press new shortcut key box.
➢ Click on assign button.
➢ Click on close button.
➢ Click on close button.
Table Menu
Draw Table:- This command is used to insets a table where you drag in the document.
Step:
➢ Click on Table Menu.
➢ Click on draw table command.
➢ Drag in the document to draw table
Insert Table:- This command is used to inserts a table with the number of rows and column you specify.
Step:
➢ Click on table Menu.
➢ Click on Insert Table.
➢ Insert Table dialog box will display.
[pic]
➢ type number columns, number of rows, column width from dialog box.
➢ Click on ok button.
Insert Row:- This command is used to inserts a row in specified place.
Step:
➢ Specify the place.
➢ Click on Table Menu.
➢ Click on insert.
➢ Click on row above/below command.
Insert column:- This command is used to enter new columns in specified place.
Step:
➢ Specify the place.
➢ Click on Table menu.
➢ Click on insert command.
➢ Click on column to left/right command.
Delete Table:- This command is used to delete the selected table.
Step:
➢ Select the table.
➢ Click on Table menu.
➢ Click on delete table.
Delete rows/Column/Cell:- This command is used to remove the specified row.
Step:
➢ Select the row.
➢ Click on Table menu.
➢ Click on delete command.
➢ Click on row/column/cell.
Select table:- This command is used to select the table.
Step:
➢ Click in Table menu.
➢ Click on select table.
Select Row:- This command is used to select the row that contains the insertion point.
Step:
➢ Click on Table menu.
➢ Click on select row command.
Select Column:- This command is used to select the column that contains the insertion point.
Step:
➢ Click on Table menu.
➢ Click on select column command.
Merge cells:- This command is used to combines the contents of selected adjacent cells into a single cell.
Step:
➢ Select cells, which you want to merge.
➢ Click table menu.
➢ Click on merge cells command.
Split cells:- This command is used to split the selected cells into the number of row and column you enter.
Step:
➢ Select the cells.
➢ Click on table menu.
➢ Click on split cells command.
➢ Split cell dialog box will display.
[pic]
➢ Define number of column and number of rows from the dialog box.
➢ Click on ok button.
Table Auto format:- This command is used to automatically applies formats, including predefined borders and shading, to a table. Automatically resize a table to fit the contents of the table cells.
Step:
➢ Click on table menu.
➢ Click on table auto format command.
➢ Table Auto format dialog box will display.
➢ Select the format from the dialog box.
➢ Click on apply button.
➢ Click on ok button.
Sort:- This command is used to arrange the information in selected rows or lists alphabetically, numerically or by date.
Step:
➢ Click on table menu.
➢ Click on Sort command.
➢ Sort dialog box will display.
➢ Select the column for width you want to sort.
➢ Select the type (Text, Number or Date.)
➢ Select Ascending or Descending order from the dialog box.
➢ Click on ok button.
Some shortcut keys used in ms-word.
|Alt+F4 |: |To close application |
|Ctrl+N |: |New |
|Ctrl+O |: |Open |
|Ctrl+P |: |Print |
|Ctrl+S |: |Save |
|F12 |: |Save As |
|Ctrl+C |: |Copy |
|Ctrl+X |: |Cut |
|Ctrl+V |: |Paste |
|Ctrl+A |: |Select All |
|Ctrl+F |: |Find |
|Ctrl+G |: |Go to |
|Ctrl+Z |: |Undo |
|Ctrl+Y |: |Redo |
|Ctrl+H |: |Replace |
|Ctrl+Shift+A |: |All caps |
|Ctrl+B |: |Bold |
|Ctrl+I |: |Italic |
|Ctrl+U |: |Underline |
|Ctrl+Shift+D |: |Double underline |
|Ctrl+Educaion |: |Center alignment |
|Shift+F3 |: |Change Case |
|Ctrl+Shift+W |: |Word only underline |
|Ctrl+Shift+F |: |Font |
|Ctrl+Shift+P |: |Font Size |
|Ctrl+shift+> |: |Font Increase |
|Ctrl+Shift+< |: |Font Decrease |
|Ctrl+J |: |Justify |
|Ctrl+L |: |Left Alignment |
|Ctrl+R |: |Right alignment |
|Ctrl+1 |: |Single Line Spacing |
|Ctrl+2 |: |Double line Spacing |
|Ctrl+5 |: |1.5 line Spacing |
|Ctrl+= |: |Subscript |
|Ctrl+Shift+= |: |Superscript |
|Ctrl+Shift+Q |: |Symbol font |
|Alt+F8 |: |Macro |
|Win+D |: |All minimize |
|Alt+Tab |: |maximize |
EXCEL
MICROSOFT EXCEL IS AN ADVANCED ELECTRONIC BASED SPREADSHEET PACKAGE DEVELOPED BY MICROSOFT CORPORATION OF AMERICA. IT IS A MOST POWERFUL TOOL TO DEVELOP A TABULAR FORMAT'S DATA WHERE YOU CAN EVEN MAKE COMPLICATED CALCULATION. IN THIS SOFTWARE, YOU CAN'T DEVELOP ANY COMPREHENSIVE DOCUMENT BUT NUMERICAL DATA AS WELL AS CHART, DIAGRAM, ORGANIZATION CHART ETC. ITS FILE FORMAT IS *.XLS.
Spreadsheet : The sheet which accept auto calculation, mathematical function, and logical function is known as Spreadsheet.
Excel has all those features and option that can be done on spreadsheet that's why it is called as Spreadsheet Package.
Technically, Excel's files are called by Workbook as in Ms-word it's file called as Document. Workbook means a collection of different worksheet. A single workbook can have up to 255 worksheets.
A worksheet is really a large table having 256 columns and 65536 rows. Worksheet is also known as Sheet a large number of pages.
To Start Ms-Excel
1. Click on Start button.
2. Choose Program.
3. Click on Microsoft Excel
Or,
1. Click on Start button.
2. Click on Run, then run dialog box will appear.
3. Type Excel at the Run box.
4. Click on Ok.
Then you will direct enter into the Ms-Excel Program and see the following dialog box.
Cursor cell movement:
|( Or, Tab Key |To move one cell right. |
|( Or, Shift + Tab key |To move one cell left. |
|( Or, Enter key |To move one cell down. |
|( Or, Shift + Enter key |To move one cell up. |
|Page Down |To move one page (Screen) down. |
|Page Up |To move one page (Screen) up |
|Alt + Page Down |To move one page (Screen) right. |
|Alt + Page Up |To move one page (Screen) left. |
|Ctrl + Page Down |To move one worksheet right. |
|Ctrl + Page Up |To move one worksheet left. |
|Ctrl + End |Last active cell. |
|Ctrl + Home |First Active cell. |
|Ctrl + ( |Last row of the worksheet. |
|Ctrl + ( |First row of the worksheet. |
|Ctrl + ( |Last column of the worksheet. |
|Ctrl + ( |First column of the worksheet. |
Formula:
Formula is the sequential structure of the functions and/or operators, which are used to perform any types of calculation. There are various functions and operators are used to make an appropriate structure of the formula.
Formula is a in-built-function of Ms-Excel which is used to calculate mathematical problems and logical operations. Each and every formula has its own sequence and order, which has to be followed. For eg. SUM is a function used to add a range of cells.
Operators:
Operators are the single or group of arithmetic or logical indicators (signs). Operators are the elements of the formula, used to specify a required operation. There are basically two types of Operators.
Operator tells the Excel what to do. It makes the formula meaningful.
60÷6=10
Here, 60 and 6 is Operand ÷ and = is operator and 10 is Result
1. Numerical (Arithmetic) Operator, and
2. Logical Operator
Numerical Operators:
These operators are used to perform some arithmetic operation like: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Division, Percentage, and Exponential etc.
Some Numeric Operators:
1. + (Plus) = For Addition
2. – (Minus) = For Subtraction.
3. * (Asterisk or Star mark) = For Multiplication
4. / (Slash) = For Division
5. % (Percentage) = To calculate percentage.
6. ^ (Exponent) = To calculate square, cube, 4th times …..of any value.
Logical Operators:
These operators are for Decision-Making. Various Logics are used while solving any problems. These operators compare more than two conditions and give one logical value True or False.
Some Logical Operators:
1. = (Is equal to)
2. > (Greater than)
3. >= (Greater than and equal to)
4. < (Less than)
5. ................
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