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Joe SleneyWhat leads people to become radicalised?This essay is to document the ways?which people can be radicalised to carry out acts that go against human nature or society. There will be a collection of case studies that examine different forms of radicalisation to see what influences people through to radical action. The term radical is defined as; ‘’by believing?or?expressing?the?belief?that there should be?great?or?extreme?social or?political?change’’ (Cambridge Dictionary)This essay is to establish the way people take on certain routes to radicalisation. Examining all different sides of informative representation, public relations/propaganda techniques, vulnerabilities and agenda will be crucial in establishing key factors that contribute to the radicalisation process.It will be important to evaluate the way which social media and the internet has influenced the impact of radical information over the last twenty years and in which cases has it led people to commit violent outcomes. In current society we have an ever-present form of terrorism in ISIS, which lights up in the mainstream media that we surround ourselves with. It has become a popular topic to inform people of how they radicalise and get their followers to perform violent atrocities. In many cases it happens from information presented online, even managing to radicalise people in the UK and Europe. Although ISIS is a very dangerous pathway, they aren’t the only radical group who express their agendas in order to manipulate people through radical ideas and information. This essay will identify the fundamental reasons which researchers have found to be the underlying factors that lead people to extreme social or political change. ‘‘Even if you are in a minority of one, the truth is still the truth’’. (Mohandas Gandhi’’- (Matthew Owen 2010)As the above statement suggests, it is hard to determine what types of radicalisation are deemed morally right when a person believes something to be the truth. It is argued that ideology is an underlying factor from where radical action forms. Ideology has many varying terms other than just religious;?‘’I suggest we think about ideologies in terms of the?functions?they provide, that is the mental frameworks – the languages, concepts, categories, and systems of representation – by which different social groups regulate and identify themselves and each other and make sense of the world. Thinking in this way, we can see that ideologies can be religious or secular, nationalist or anarchist, they nevertheless perform a similar function for groups and individuals.’’ (Matthew Francis July 2015)Violent radical action doesn’t always have to be aligned with faith but also social and political unjust such as revolution. Social revolution would be deemed a radical idea but in Marxist theory a necessary one to go against political corruption; ‘’the violent and historically necessary transition from one system of production in a society to the next’’ (Karl Marx 1848)As the quote one above describes, the ideology of something goes far deeper than just a religious overview, so if radicalisation has ideological backing it can stem not just from manifesto’s like ISIS. Causes that have a moral backing such as going against dictatorship may be a radical idea but possibly a necessary one. As the quote below by Michael Hallett points out, deeming radicalisation as just religious Islamic terror is an overly narrow view;‘’Radicalisation is often equated with religious extremism in general and Islam in particular. This is an overly narrow view. While the path of radicalisation always leads to violence, it is not necessarily always religious violence’’ (Michael Hallett 2015)The quote above could be contradicted in the way it says radicalisation always leads to violence, there are many forms of non – violent radicalisation such as Ghandi’s demonstrations and Dr Martin Luther King going against law enforcement on black people; ‘’inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King and Gene Sharp (among others), that has elevated the principle of using only peaceful means to achieve political ends to a political philosophy of “non-violence”. (Alex Schmid 2014)The quote below further supports the claim of non – violent radicalisation and shows the actions that people take whilst in the radicalisation process but without violence. ‘’Such non-violence as an activist strategy goes beyond passive, peaceful resistance: it involves an array of direct political actions, both individual and collective, such as hunger-strikes, demonstrations, sit-ins, blockades, acts of civil disobedience etc’’ (Alex Schmid 2014)Going back to ideology, this tends to be one of the major contributors associated to radicalisation. Some have suggested that what is needed is also a path of violence beforehand that leads a person to commit radical terror, as both quotes below describe;‘’There is something else that connects the young people involved in recent terrorist attacks. A large majority of the perpetrators had a known criminal background and most of them had spent time in prison. Most importantly, almost all had experience with violence before they eventually endorsed terror.’’ (Manni Crone 2016)Groups like ISIS target individuals from vulnerable backgrounds, ones which may have seen violence and persecution before and looking for a new path in life;‘’It is no secret that most people who engage in terrorist violence today come from marginalised neighbourhoods or ghettos.’’ (Manni Crane 2016)Even when it comes to targeting people overseas, the ones who have come to cause extremist violence were located types of areas, such as the slums of Paris in regard to the Charlie Hebdo attack and Brussels. These vulnerable individuals are therefore given a purpose by engaging in extremist violence, an ideology that holds meaning at times of uncertainty;‘’By engaging in radical violence they are not doomed to silence, but can take action to change their situation.’’ (Manni Crane 2016)Once again as below states, a combination of local grievances and rehearsed narratives would help to lure people into the radical way of thinking. General insecurities at times of uncertainties tend to be one of the most popular ways to target people as suggested by Adam Deen, an ex ISIS member;‘’I know how radicalisation works – I used to do it. I would target people, just like I was targeted, and then use a deadly combination of local grievances and rehearsed narratives to lure them deeper into a complex, insular and disturbing world.’’ (Adam Deen 2016)An important link to consider is the way psychoanalysis plays a vital role in evaluating the way we as humans do things. The reason for its inclusion links with propaganda and how political and social organisations used public relation experts to express their agendas to the masses. A documentary called ‘The culture of the self’ looks into the research done by Sigmund Freud with an in-depth analysis of psychoanalysis and the influence his nephew Edward Bernays had on shaping American consumerism. Freud came up with a new theory on studying the human mind and our behaviour. He said; ‘’I have discovered primitive sexual and aggressive forces hidden deep inside the minds of all human beings, forces that if not controlled lead individuals and societies into chaos and destruction.’’ (Adam Curtis 2016)The previous quotes by Manni Crane have relevance here as mentioned, violent backgrounds are a commonplace for radicalisation. Targeting aggressive forces for political agenda is a way to give an individual purpose. Appealing to these inner desires through ideological propaganda can therefore be effective when you have such people in these vulnerable stages of life. Bernays thought how he could used his Uncle Freuds ideas about these inner desires to cause mass persuasion for peace terms such as consumer needs that were not violent, but appealed to people’s inner desires through advertising;‘’Propaganda got to be a bad word because of the German’s using it, so what I did was to try and find some other words so I founded the council on public relations, I realised that if you could use propaganda for war, then you could most certainly use it for peace’’ (Adam Curtis 2016)Bernay’s was a man who knew how to control the masses by having many areas of media covered to spread whatever type of propaganda/advertising campaign he worked under;“The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organised habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country.” (Edward Bernays 1928)If the above quote is anything to go by, the media could be considered one of the most powerful contributors to social and political radicalisation. They are the ones who present us with stories that illuminate our lives through social media, TV and the internet, sometimes brandishing the same messages over and over and hindering certain individuals critical thinking. The book ‘An Introduction to Political Communication’ by Brian Mcnair, emphasises the point that whoever is in control has influence on mass society through media sources; ‘’Political communication, as already noted, is largely mediated, communication, transmitted through the print and electronic media. The media alter the message, in their roles as reporters of and commentators on it. They are therefore political actors in their own right’’ (Brian Mcnair 1995) Who therefore controls the aspects of media tends to have a lot of influence in society according to Brian Mcnair. That is important because a further quote by Edward Bernays in his book on Propaganda states his reasons for the office of public relations and how people needed to be manipulated in order to consent to propaganda. Read under Noam Chomsky;‘’We have learned that intelligent minorities can engineer consent through the use of manipulation, propaganda and control and we should do it for the benefit of the public and we should control them and engineer consent.’’ (Noam Chomsky 2017)Noam Chomsky – ‘’The department on public relations was to control attitudes, beliefs, to marginalise people and to drive them towards the superficial things in life like fashionable consumption, that keeps them out of the public arena’’ (Noam Chomsky 2017)One notable job he had was to create a campaign, presented by ‘The American Tobacco Corporation under George Hill, the President. There was a taboo against women smoking in public said Hill, what can you do about it? Bernays sought out the expertise of psychoanalysis researcher Abraham Brill who for a large fee told Bernays that cigarettes were a symbol of male sexual power. He said if he could find a way to connect cigarettes to challenging male power, then women would smoke because they would have their own penises. On the Easter day parade 31st March 1929, he paid a group of rich debutants to hide cigarettes under their clothing, then they should join the parade and then from a given by Bernay’s they were to light up their cigarettes dramatically.‘’Bernay’s informed the press that a group of suffragettes were preparing to protest by lighting up what they called ‘torches of freedom’ he knew there would be an outcry, he placed photographers there to capture this moment and so he was ready with this phrase torches of freedom’’ (Stuart Ewen 2016)“What’s on all American coins, Liberty, she’s holding up the torch and all of this comes together, emotion, memory, rational phrase that works in a rational way’’ (Stuart Ewan 2016)It becomes clear that if you can appeal to your audience, giving them rational ideas through manifesto, you will then appeal to these inner desires. Who at the end of the day wants to feel like they’re not free? Women therefore could feel equal to men, all done through Edward Bernay’s use of psychoanalysis and the way he staged his propaganda. Joseph Goebbels had an interest in these theories of mass control and how he could use them to benefit the Nazi party’s agenda;‘’In the 1920s, Joseph Goebbels became an avid admirer of Bernays and his writings – despite the fact that Bernays was a Jew. When Goebbels became the minister of propaganda for the Third Reich, he sought to exploit Bernays’ ideas to the fullest extent possible. For example, he created a “Fuhrer cult” around Adolph Hitler.’’ (Richard Gunderman 2016)Bernays learned that the Nazis were using his work in 1933, from a foreign correspondent for Hearst newspapers. He later recounted in his 1965 autobiography;‘’They were using my books as the basis for a destructive campaign against the Jews of Germany. This shocked me, but I knew any human activity can be used for social purposes or misused for antisocial ones.’’ (Richard Gunderman 2016)These techniques are an important part in establishing how governments and the media form social control and public opinion. Whatever group is trying to get you radicalised they must have media outlets, information within their manifesto’s and beliefs so they can bring you round to their way of thinking.The Nazi party ran a campaign that radicalised the whole of Germany in a way the world had never seen. They managed to do this in unprecedented time and gave the German people a manifesto that sought to solve Germany’s financial demise;‘’They won over millions of Germans to their extremist goals in a democracy by branding their movement with powerful symbols and images of their leader, engaging in niche marketing, and crafting messages that appealed to a public disheartened by the economic dislocation of the Great Depression.’’ (Steven Luckert 2016)Joseph Goebbels chief propagandist, sought to control every sector of German society so the manifesto of the Nazi party could be fully implemented;‘’He held huge rallies in order to forge the minds of the nation into a unity of thinking, feeling and desire.’’ (Adam Curtis 2016)There is certain footage from ‘Century of the Self' of Joseph Goebbels speaking about America’s election of President Roosevelt and how he thinks that a more state controlled democracy was better than the previous autocratic control;‘’We are dealing with the greatest social problems ever known, millions of unemployed must get their jobs back, this cannot be left to private initiative, it’s the government who must tackle the problem’’ (Adam Curtis 2016)Statements like this are one way of looking at radicalisation, this is speaking to those who are vulnerable, the poor and the people left out of a supposedly democratic society. The Nazi’s made the masses blame certain groups such as the Jews for causing the reparations placed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles. Research by suggests;‘’Hogg and Blaycott and others have shown that often people and groups select more radical ideas at times of uncertainty such as losing a job. That person might then join a group that scapegoat’s immigrants as being responsible for taking all the jobs’’ ( 2016)The social implications of radicalisation are some of the most crucial factors of how a person takes the step to committing action. The people we grow up around and those represented to us through media have an influence on how we carry ourselves in society. One form of radicalisation influenced by social issues was that of Elliot Rodger who shot and killed six individuals and injured fourteen in Santa Barbara on the 23rd of May 2014. He claimed in his manifesto and videos on YouTube that the reasons for his actions were down to how he was victimised at his campus for being a virgin;“For the last eight years of my life, ever since I hit puberty, I’ve been forced to endure an existence of loneliness, rejection and unfulfilled desires all because girls have never been attracted to me. Girls gave their affection, and sex and love to other men but never to me.” (Michael Hallett 2015)The process that a person goes through to become radicalised depends on which side of social or political you look. In a case such as above there are no propaganda pieces that have made this man do what he did, but various social conditions. Michael Hallett speaks about these;‘’Inquiries into the psychological basis of radicalisation focus on words such as alienation, frustration, discrimination and humiliation. These are not random words. There is a sequence to them, each with its own end point. It’s a series of emotional pit-traps that a person plummets through on the way to radicalisation’’ (Michael Hallett 2015)He then goes on to describe the rest of these as being Victimisation, Rejection, Alienation, Indoctrination and Perpetration. Elliott Rodger’s life went through a number of these definitions from his parent’s divorce onwards according to Michael Hallett and therefore only fuelled his radicalised persona as time went by;‘’The key threads of his life—the fantasy violence, his fantasist notions of barring others from having sex and his own inability to get laid—coalesced into a process of self-indoctrination.’’ (Michael Hallett 2015)All this played a part in his self-indoctrinated radicalisation, the more he was victimised by friends and girls and the more time spent alienated gave these thoughts a place to congregate in his own head, without having anybody to talk to and express his feelings. Hallett’s final word on the topic is;‘’The path of radicalisation comprises a million seemingly trivial slights and a handful of more significant events. They finally?propel emotionally vulnerable people to a place where violence appears the only option.’’ (Michael Hallett 2015)From this information it appears that people who are emotionally vulnerable and alienated are susceptible to radicalisation, they are people who aren’t fulfilled in general society. In Elliott Rodger’s case, sex became a massive part of what he wanted from life. Not granted that it festered within him over time, finally leading to violent radical action. Rodgers wasn’t indoctrinated into an ideology of sort, but a victim of his own thoughts through his alienation in the society he grew up in. Hallett identifies a relation between Rodgers and jihadist radicalisation below; ‘’On the surface, Elliot Rodger has little to do with Syrian runaways, the Islamic State and the curriculums of Birmingham schools. He was non-religious and apolitical. His family worked in a prestigious industry. He attended the red-carpet premieres of?Star Wars?prequels. Yet, emotionally, he followed the same pathway to alienation as ‘Jihadi John’, the Dawood sisters and every other wannabe jihadist.’’ (Michael Hallett 2015)What does somebody like Elliott Rodger have in common with a person indoctrinated by ISIS if anything at all? The route to being radicalised is a completely individual one, it has no form of religion behind it, but does have discrimination and victimisation elements in common. Continuing with the propaganda techniques, ISIS in the modern era has far more reach with social media than the Nazi party could ever have dreamed of. The platform of social media enables them to spread their message on a global scale and not just within the confinements of occupied areas;‘’The Islamic State recognised the power of digital media early on when it’s brutish progenitor, Jordanian jihadist Abu Musab al – Zarqawi, discovered the utility of uploading grainy videos of his atrocities to the internet’’ (Brendan Koerner 2016)Also, to touch on appealing to those inner violent desires discussed earlier regarding Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalysis discoveries. This article from the quote above talks about how ISIS’s propaganda is made to be violently appealing to a blood thirsty cause. Talking about a beheading video that was staged over a Roman monument;‘’That message, like so many other pieces of Islamic State propaganda, was crafted not just to stir the hearts of potential recruits but also to boost the organisations ghastly brand – to reinforce Westerners perception of the Islamic State and its devotees as ruthless beyond comprehension ‘’ (Brendan Koerner 2016)ISIS has almost become this blood thirsty radical group that even Al Qaeda condemns in the way they do things. They have an image that appeals to its devotees who can access this information through social media platforms online;‘’An October 2015 report by the Quilliam Foundation, the organisation releases, on average, 38 new items per day, 20-minute videos, full length documentaries, photo essays, audio clips and pamphlets in languages ranging from Russian to Bengali.’’ (Brendan Koerner 2016)It shows that the more sources you have and the fact the internet can move information faster than any other means, gives a group like ISIS the chance of influencing people with their ideology and propaganda on a global scale.‘’The group’s closest peers are not just other terrorist organisations, but also the Western brands, marketing firms and publishing outfits, from PepsiCo to Buzzfeed who ply the internet with memes and messages in the hopes of connecting with customers’’ (Brendan Koerner 2016)The above statement links together the way that non – violence and violent radicalisation are similar. You have forms of propaganda and advertising that’s agenda based being shown to you through the platforms you choose. Marketing firms have more direct access to your sub conscious and conscious thoughts, but ISIS have certain underground connections that enable them to spread their propaganda and beliefs. While you would think ISIS only puts out the violent side of it’s organisation, there is also reasons to suggest there is much more content that shows a more diplomatic side to entice a different kind of mindset into the cause;‘’Only a fraction of the Islamic State’s online output depicts the kind of sadism for which the group is notorious. Far more common are portrayals of public works projects, economic development and military triumphs, frequently aimed at specific Muslim enclaves throughout the world’’ (Brendan Koerner 2016)Regarding ISIS it is clear to see from the above point, that there is this vast blood thirsty section of ISIS’s branding, which is to put out these disturbing execution videos and violent messages condemning all none believers. On the other hand, they have ways of reaching people from a less violent overview by promoting actions such as economic development, to entice those who will not be persuaded by violent terrorism. Just like Hitler and Goebbels did at first, they set up certain schemes and ways to help the German people come together with the establishment of ‘Work and Bread’ and recognising the unemployment figures were over six million people. The Nazi Party didn’t need to be violent in its radicalisation at first, but they needed something to blame for the unemployment. This was in their publications the ‘greedy bankers’ who put the sanctions on Germany after the first world war, driving the country into an eventual depression. Goebbels wanted to unite the German people not by aggression but by making them believe the party was out to help them. Goebbels said;‘‘It may be a good thing to hold power based on guns, it is however better and more gratifying to win and champion the hearts of the people.’’ (Joseph Goebbels 1935 – The Triumph of the Will)Radicalisation is a process that people go through at times of uncertainty as previously touched upon in a quote from , from researching the Nazi party. Their main policies were to remove people from this uncertainty of unemployment and as that amounted to over 6 million, they had quite an audience already willing to listen. You can look back to cases such as Elliott Rogers and see that in this case, one mans radicalisation came from his own outlook on life, mixed in with bullying, victimisation, loneliness etc. This is a case where one man has gone all out on his own accord, committing murder down to his own mental state of mind. It does not however stem from the fact that he spent a lot of time online, expressing his views about women and congregating his hate with others who may have been in a comparable situation as himself. Political radicalisation seems to be a lot easier to pin point as it generally targets a mass amount of people and is funded by donators to give the best possible outcome for the radical group. Certain groups like ISIS have learnt how the West uses social media and how they can manipulate it to its fullest; ‘’So far, most attempts to neutralise the Islamic State’s media juggernaut has proved inept. This is because the architects of our countermeasures fail to grasp what makes the organisations content and distribution method so distinctive. We must admit, however grudgingly, that the Islamic State’s propagandists are now as adept at social media as we are.’’ (Brendan Koerner 2016)Social media and certain apps seem to be the way for ISIS to now spread their messages, it is of course a very important way for them to be able to communicate and stir up political opinion across all borders. The techniques ISIS use are ones set out to hype these blood thirsty people and appeal to their violent desires, conjured up through the radicalisation process;‘’GoPro cameras have been affixed to AK-47’S and sniper rifles, resulting in first person scenes that seem plucked from Call of Duty’’ (Brendan Koerner 2016)‘’To persuade foreigners to emigrate to the caliphate, the Islamic State produces – in addition to martyrdom videos – literature and videos that emphasise its alleged utopian aspects, particularly the freedom from any trace of religious persecution.’’ (Brendan Koerner 2016)Yet again you have that term ‘freedom’ which takes us back to ‘torches of freedom’. Right at the other end of the scale you have Edward Bernays using freedom to make women want to smoke. With ISIS it is about appealing to Muslims who may have received religious prejudices, freeing them of this oppressive attitude if they come over to ISIS territories. In another sense your able to compare the way ISIS pass their message across social media to that of a celebrity blogger or fashionista. If you look at the Kardashian family, their constant use of this new age platform has propelled them to millionaire status by manipulating the masses, who wish to carry their style and attitude. ISIS have their very own tweeters and bloggers who have developed their online presence;‘’The Islamic State has fuelled the growth of it’s social media freelancers by parsing out information in a strategic manner. The group permits select (and presumably trusted) people within the caliphate to form relationships with Western supporters, usually through the messaging apps Telegram or Surespot’’ (Brendan Koerner 2016)The ability to pass information develops every day and in the last ten or twenty years with the innovations in technology, terror organisations now have an easy propaganda tool to radicalise all over the world. The look of a political party or a radical organisation is something that may be overlooked in why people become radicalised. The importance of branding is that it provides the consumer with how they want to be perceived. Whether this is through slogans or images, it is a way for a company or organisation to express their policies. People buy items that suit their needs and design tastes, features that set them apart from other brands in the same field. The Nazi’s created a whole branding guidelines booklet that was over 500 pages, depicting the Nazi style from the uniforms they wore, to the badge style of each section of the Nazi party. Being socialist as the Nazi’s claimed would mean that the people were the ones in control of production, another benefit the German people would have acknowledged during such times of uncertainty. They had all these statements that were there to give back to the people, mixed in with a strong propaganda campaign that gave the impression of strength, alliance and trust in a party that wanted to get six million people out of unemployment. The look had this strong bold logo with the uniforms designed by Hugo Boss and caps with golden eagle badges on them. It is suggested that Goebbels knew what he was doing when it came to fashion;‘’Senior Nazi and Reich Minister of Propaganda?Joseph Goebbels?knew all about the power of appearance. He knew that scruffy combat fatigues instil very little fear in people. But pristine uniforms tailored to make the wearer look as tall, broad, and imposing as possible have an intense impact.’’ (Dean Stephens 2017)Having a strong look and co ordination enabled the Nazi’s to withhold that fear in the masses with the menacing presence in their brand style;‘’By insisting on having such a recognisable look, Goebbels was instilling in the?Nazis?a strong brand presence. Never before had military aggression and fashion come together so forcefully.’’ (Dean Stephens 2017)The shock and awe of Nazi branding has flowed through time, used by people who hold a more anti-establishment view;‘’They repurposed it, and the swastika has been stigmatised ever since. Such is the simple design’s ability to offend on mere glimpse, it is sometimes used by people who wish simply to shock an audience.’’ (Dean Stephens 2017)It shows that the powerful look of the Nazi’s helped to give off that fear element which also showed strength mixed in with fashionable design, logo’s and symbols in helping to radicalise the German people. One last thing to look at was how the Germans developed their hatred of the Jewish community and how they further stirred hatred towards them in addition to ‘The great depression’; ‘’In the summer of 1941, following the German invasion of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Goebbels sent teams of cameramen to film the discovery of the corpses of Ukrainians, Latvians, and others who had been tortured, mutilated, and finally murdered in prisons by the Soviet secret police prior to the arrival of the German army.’’ (Steven Luckert 2016)‘’Nazi propaganda thus had to incite hatred of the Jews and emphasise a “real” Soviet threat to European society.’’ (Steven Luckert 2016)The Nazi’s used violent images and footage to incite their hatred of communists and the Jews to radicalise. This is just like what ISIS do when they justify their murders of people who have come from a place which has contributed to killing innocent Muslims. ISIS members are easily able to say look what the West is doing to our people, the bombings which cause innocents to die, using this reality as a propaganda technique to radicalise members to commit violent acts.ConclusionWhilst this essay looks to many different outlets of radicalisation, it has become clear that the techniques used by these radical groups no matter what time - frame we are talking about, all have similarities in how they create public opinion. Edward Bernays became a substantial chunk of this essay as he was an innovator of propaganda, influencing public opinion with clever strategies and messages that appealed to people’s inner desires such as ‘torches of freedom’. Even though this was not a violent campaign, it stirred people to think that somehow smoking was freedom, using manipulative language in order to make women take action. How information is represented to us and what we choose to read must be one of the most influential parts of radicalisation. This does depend on the way we have access to radical materials but also the enforcement of it from political and media agenda. The Nazi’s had ultimate control of all media and enforced their beliefs from every angle. ISIS can indoctrinate followers from thousands of miles away due to the benefits of social media to share propaganda. These political or social movements then have a wide variety of manifesto’s that look to appeal to people’s inner desires, using the individual’s vulnerabilities to radicalise. Other situations can arise such as that of Elliot Rogers in which his vulnerable state of mind, isolation, humiliation and other factors led him down a progressive violent path. Radicalisation to conclude can come from many factors but propaganda and social control tend to be most effective in creating mass opinion. However, an individual’s state of mind at times of uncertainty, just like the masses is an ever-identifiable contributor to the radicalisation process. Ideology is also a route cause of radicalisation, whether that be ideas about religion or social issues, people are susceptible to making radical changes if these ideas can be justified, with religious or social backing from a radical preacher for example. The way which someone can convey a message of radicalisation that has moral backing has been another important find from this essay. The quote early on from Karl Marx insists radicalisation to be a violent but necessary change from one production system to the next. Therefore, if you have a great leader that can justify the actions of becoming radical as a necessary change, backing the ideology can quickly become mass public opinion. Bibliography Century of the self – documentary by Adam Curtis (2016)Propaganda - Edward Bernays 1928An introduction to political communication (Brian Mcnair)Chomsky on Edward Bernays Father of Propaganda Ewen (Historian of public relations) The Century of the self – documentary by Adam Curtis (2016) of the Will (Nazi propaganda film 1935) HYPERLINK "" HYPERLINK "" ................
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