Understanding the Implications of Online Learning
Understanding the Implications of Online Learning
for Educational Productivity
U.S. Department of Education
Office of Educational Technology
Prepared by:
Marianne Bakia
Linda Shear
Yukie Toyama
Austin Lasseter
Center for Technology in Learning
SRI International
January 2012
This report was prepared for the U.S. Department of Education under Contract number ED01-CO-0040 Task 0010 with SRI International. The views expressed herein do not
necessarily represent the positions or policies of the Department of Education. No official
endorsement by the U.S. Department of Education is intended or should be inferred.
U.S. Department of Education
Arne Duncan
Secretary
Office of Educational Technology
Karen Cator
Director
January 2012
This report is in the public domain. Authorization to reproduce this report in whole or in part
is granted. While permission to reprint this publication is not necessary, the suggested citation
is: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Technology, Understanding the
Implications of Online Learning for Educational Productivity, Washington, D.C., 2012.
This report is available on the Department¡¯s Web site at
On request, this publication is available in alternate formats, such as Braille, large print, or computer
diskette. For more information, please contact the Department¡¯s Alternate Format Center at (202)
260-0852 or (202) 260-0818.
Technical Contact:
Bernadette Adams
Senior Policy Analyst
Office of Educational Technology
bernadette.adams@
Contents
Exhibits ................................................................................................................................ ii
Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iii
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................. v
Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 1
Overview of Online Learning for Secondary Education .................................................... 1
Purpose of this Report ..................................................................................................... 3
Introduction to the Measurement of Educational Productivity ............................................... 5
Estimating Program Costs ............................................................................................... 8
Documenting Context and Implementation .................................................................... 10
Measuring Program Outcomes ...................................................................................... 10
Cost-Effectiveness Research Requirements .................................................................. 12
The Productivity Potential of Online Learning .................................................................... 15
Opportunities to Reduce Educational Costs Through Online Learning ........................... 25
Implications ....................................................................................................................... 33
The Need for Transformation ......................................................................................... 34
Suggestions for Future Research .................................................................................. 35
Appendix A: Additional Resources ................................................................................... A-1
General Productivity in Education ................................................................................ A-2
Productivity and Educational Technology..................................................................... A-3
Key Resources on Types and Prevalence of Online Learning.................................... A-13
Quality Standards for Online Learning Programs ....................................................... A-15
References .................................................................................................................... A-17
i
Exhibits
Exhibit 1: Components of Educational Productivity Analyses ............................................... 7
Exhibit 2: Comparison of Per-Pupil Spending .................................................................... 26
ii
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