SUMMARY OF REACTION PATHWAYS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
SUMMARY OF REACTION PATHWAYS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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You need to know the equations, conditions, reagents and type of reaction for all these reactions.
You need to know the mechanism for some of them.
1. Alkane ( chloroalkane
reagents: Cl2
conditions: UV light
mechanism: free radical substitution
equation: RH + Cl2 ( RCl + HCl
2. Alkene ( polyalkene
Conditions: low T, high p.
Equation:
[pic]
Type of reaction: addition polymerisation (free radical)
3. Alkene ( bromoalkane
Reagent: HX(g)
Conditions: room T
Equation:
[pic]
Type of reaction: electrophilic addition
4. Alkene ( dibromoalkane
Reagent: Br2 in water or in an organic solvent
Conditions: room T
Equation:
[pic]
Mechanism: electrophilic addition
5. Alkene ( alkylhydrogensulphate
Reagent: concentrated sulphuric acid
Conditions: cold
Equation:
[pic]
Mechanism: electrophilic addition
6. Alkylhydrogensulphate ( alcohol
Reagent: water
Conditions: warm
Equation:
[pic]
Type of reaction: hydrolysis
7. Alkene ( alcohol
Reagent: steam
Conditions: 300 oC, 60 atm, H3PO4 catalyst
Equation:
[pic]
Type of reaction: hydration
8. Haloalkane ( alcohol
Reagent: NaOH(aq) or KOH(aq)
Conditions: warm under reflux
Equation: R-X + OH- ( R-OH + X-
Type of reaction: nucleophilic substitution
9. Haloalkane ( nitrile
Reagent: KCN in aqueous ethanol
Conditions: boil under reflux
Equation: R-X + CN- ( R-CN + X-
Type of reaction: nucleophilic substitution
10. Haloalkane ( Amine
Reagent: ammonia in ethanol in a sealed tube
Conditions: heat
Equation: R-X + 2NH3 ( R-NH2 + NH4X
Type of reaction: nucleophilic substitution
11. Haloalkane ( alkene
Reagent: KOH in ethanol
Conditions: heat
Equation:
[pic]
Type of reaction: elimination
12. Primary alcohol ( aldehyde
Reagent: potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid
Conditions: warm, distillation
Equation: RCH2OH + [O] ( RCHO + H2O
Type of reaction: mild oxidation
13. Secondary alcohol ( ketone
Reagent: potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid
Conditions: heat, distillation
Equation: R1CH(OH)R2 + [O] ( R1COR2 + H2O
Type of reaction: oxidation
14. aldehyde ( carboxylic acid
Reagent: potassium dichromate and dilute sulphuric acid
Conditions: heat, reflux
Equation: R-CHO + [O] ( R-COOH
Type of reaction: oxidation
15. Alcohols ( alkenes
Reagent: concentrated sulphuric acid
Conditions: heat
Equation:
[pic]
Type of reaction: elimination
16. glucose ( ethanol
reagent: yeast
conditions: 35 – 55 oC, no air
equation: C6H12O6 ( 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
type of reaction: fermentation
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