Grade 8 Grammar - Language Arts 8 - Home

[Pages:352]GLENCOE LANGUAGE ARTS

Grammar and Language Workbook

GRADE 8

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

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Contents

Handbook of Definitions and Rules .........................1 Troubleshooter ........................................................23

Part 1 Grammar ......................................................45 Unit 1 Subjects, Predicates, and Sentences 1.1 Kinds of Sentences: Declarative and

Interrogative ................................................47 1.2 Kinds of Sentences: Exclamatory and

Imperative....................................................49 1.3 Sentence Fragments ....................................51 1.4 Subjects and Predicates: Simple and

Complete......................................................53 1.5 Subjects and Predicates: Compound ..........55 1.6 Simple and Compound Sentences .............57 Unit 1 Review ..........................................................59 Cumulative Review .................................................60

Unit 2 Nouns 2.7 Nouns: Proper and Common ......................61 2.8 Nouns: Concrete and Abstract ...................63 2.9 Nouns: Compounds, Plurals,

and Possessives ...........................................65 2.10 Nouns: Collective ........................................67 2.11 Distinguishing Plurals, Possessives, and

Contractions ................................................69 2.12 Appositives..................................................71 Unit 2 Review ..........................................................73 Cumulative Review: Units 1-2 ................................74

Unit 3 Verbs 3.13 Action Verbs................................................75 3.14 Verbs: Transitive and Intransitive ..............77 3.15 Verbs with Indirect Objects ........................79 3.16 Linking Verbs and Predicate Words ..........81 3.17 Present and Past Tenses..............................85 3.18 Main Verbs and Helping Verbs...................89 3.19 Verb Forms: Present Progressive

and Past Progressive....................................91 3.20 Perfect Tenses: Present and Past ................93 3.21 Expressing Future Time..............................95 3.22 Active and Passive Voices ..........................97 3.23 Irregular Verbs I...........................................99 3.24 Irregular Verbs II .......................................101 Unit 3 Review ........................................................105 Cumulative Review: Units 1-3 ..............................106

Unit 4 Pronouns 4.25 Pronouns: Personal ...................................107 4.26 Pronouns and Antecedents.......................109 4.27 Using Pronouns Correctly.........................111 4.28 Pronouns: Possessive and Indefinite........113 4.29 Pronouns: Reflexive and Intensive...........115 4.30 Pronouns: Interrogative and

Demonstrative ...........................................117 Unit 4 Review ........................................................119 Cumulative Review: Units 1-4 ..............................120

Unit 5 Adjectives and Adverbs 5.31 Adjectives ..................................................121 5.32 Articles and Proper Adjectives.................123 5.33 Comparative and

Superlative Adjectives ..............................125 5.34 Demonstratives..........................................127 5.35 Adverbs......................................................129 5.36 Comparative and Superlative Adverbs ....131 5.37 Using Adverbs and Adjectives .................133 5.38 Avoiding Double Negatives ......................135 Unit 5 Review ........................................................137 Cumulative Review: Units 1-5 ..............................138

Unit 6 Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections 6.39 Prepositions and Prepositional

Phrases .......................................................141 6.40 Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions ........143 6.41 Prepositional Phrases as Adjectives

and Adverbs ..............................................145 6.42 Conjunctions: Coordinating and

Correlative .................................................147 6.43 Conjunctive Adverbs and Interjections....149 Unit 6 Review ........................................................151 Cumulative Review: Units 1-6 ..............................152

Unit 7 Clauses and Complex Sentences 7.44 Sentences and Main Clauses ...................155 7.45 Complex Sentences and

Subordinate Clauses..................................157 7.46 Adjective Clauses ......................................159 7.47 Essential and Nonessential Clauses .........161 7.48 Adverb Clauses..........................................163 7.49 Noun Clauses.............................................165 Unit 7 Review ........................................................167 Cumulative Review: Units 1-7 ..............................168

Unit 8 Verbals 8.50 Participles and Participial Phrases...........171 8.51 Gerunds and Gerund Phrases ...................175 8.52 Infinitives and Infinitive Phrases .............179 Unit 8 Review ........................................................183 Cumulative Review: Units 1-8 ..............................184

Unit 9 Subject-Verb Agreement 9.53 Making Subjects and Verbs Agree ............187 9.54 Locating the Subject..................................189 9.55 Collective Nouns and Other

Special Subjects ........................................191 9.56 Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects ...............193 9.57 Agreement with Compound Subjects.......195 Unit 9 Review ........................................................197 Cumulative Review: Units 1-9 ..............................198

Unit 10 Diagraming Sentences 10.58 Diagraming Simple Subjects

and Predicates ...........................................201

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Table of Contents iii

10.59 Diagraming Direct and Indirect Objects and Predicate Words....................203

10.60 Diagraming Adjectives and Adverbs ........205 10.61 Diagraming Prepositional Phrases............207 10.62 Diagraming Compound Sentence Parts....209 10.63 Diagraming Compound Sentences ..........211 10.64 Diagraming Complex Sentences with

Adjective or Adverb Clauses ....................213 10.65 Diagraming Noun Clauses.........................215 10.66 Diagraming Verbals ...................................217 10.67 Diagraming Infinitives ..............................219 Unit 10 Review ......................................................221 Cumulative Review: Units 1-10 ............................222

Part 2 Usage Glossary ...........................................225 Unit 11 Usage Glossary 11.68 Usage: accept to a lot ................................227 11.69 Usage: beside to less..................................229 11.70 Usage: formally to teach ...........................231 11.71 Usage: leave to sit......................................233 11.72 Usage: than to you're.................................235 Unit 11 Review ......................................................237 Cumulative Review: Units 1-11 ............................238

Part 3 Mechanics ...................................................241 Unit 12 Capitalization 12.73 Capitalization of Sentences,

Quotations, and Salutations .....................243 12.74 Capitalization of Names and

Titles of Persons ........................................245 12.75 Capitalization of Names of Places ............247 12.76 Capitalization of Other Proper Nouns

and Adjectives...........................................249 Unit 12 Review ......................................................251 Cumulative Review: Units 1-12 ............................252

Unit 13 Punctuation 13.77 Using the Period and Other

End Marks..................................................255 13.78 Using Commas to Signal Pause

or Separation .............................................257 13.79 Using Commas with Clauses ...................259 13.80 Using Commas with Titles, Addresses,

and Dates ...................................................261 13.81 Using Commas with Direct Quotes, in

Letters, and for Clarity ..............................263 13.82 Using Semicolons and Colons ..................265 13.83 Using Quotation Marks and Italics...........267 13.84 Using the Apostrophe ...............................269 13.85 Using the Hyphen, Dash,

and Parentheses.........................................271 13.86 Using Abbreviations..................................273 13.87 Writing Numbers.......................................275 Unit 13 Review ......................................................277 Cumulative Review: Units 1-13 ............................278

Part 4 Vocabulary and Spelling ...........................281 Unit 14 Vocabulary and Spelling 14.88 Building Vocabulary: Learning

from Context..............................................283 14.89 Building Vocabulary: Word Roots............285 14.90 Building Vocabulary: Prefixes

and Suffixes...............................................287 14.91 Building Vocabulary: Synonyms and

Antonyms ..................................................289 14.92 Building Vocabulary: Homographs and

Homophones .............................................291 14.93 Basic Spelling Rules I ..............................293 14.94 Basic Spelling Rules II ..............................295 Review: Building Vocabulary ..............................297 Review: Basic Spelling Rules ...............................299

Part 5 Composition................................................301 Unit 15 Composition 15.95 The Writing Process: Prewriting...............303 15.96 The Writing Process: Drafting...................307 15.97 The Writing Process: Revising..................311 15.98 The Writing Process: Editing ....................315 15.99 The Writing Process: Presenting...............319 15.100 The Writing Process: Outlining ................321 15.101 Writing Effective Sentences......................323 15.102 Building Paragraphs..................................327 15.103 Paragraph Ordering ...................................331 15.104 Personal Letters: Formal ...........................335 15.105 Personal Letters: Informal.........................337 15.106 Business Letters: Letters of

Request or of Complaint ...........................339 15.107 Business Letters: Stating

Your Opinion ............................................341

Index ...................................................................343

TAE Tests Unit 1: Subjects, Predicates, and Sentences.......349 Unit 2: Nouns ......................................................351 Unit 3: Verbs........................................................353 Unit 4: Pronouns .................................................357 Unit 5: Adjectives and Adverbs..........................359 Unit 6: Prepositions, Conjunctions,

and Interjections .....................................361 Unit 7: Clauses and Complex Sentences ............365 Unit 8: Verbals.....................................................369 Unit 9: Subject-Verb Agreement .........................371 Unit 10: Diagraming Sentences.............................373 Unit 11: Usage .......................................................375 Unit 12: Capitalization ..........................................377 Unit 13: Punctuation .............................................379 Unit 14: Vocabulary and Spelling ........................381 Unit 15: Composition ............................................383

Answer Key ..........................................................387

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iv Grammar and Language Workbook, Grade 8

Handbook of

Definitions and Rules

Handbook 1

Handbook

SUBJECTS AND PREDICATES

1. The simple subject is the key noun or pronoun that tells what the sentence is about.

A compound subject is made up of two or more simple subjects that are joined by a

conjunction and have the same verb.

The lantern glows.

Moths and bugs fly nearby.

2. The simple predicate is the verb or verb phrase that expresses the essential thought about the subject of the sentence. A compound predicate is made up of two or more verbs or verb phrases that are joined by a conjunction and have the same subject. Rachel jogged down the hill. Pete stretched and exercised for an hour.

3. The complete subject consists of the simple subject and all the words that modify it. Golden curly hair framed the child's face. The soft glow of sunset made her happy.

4. The complete predicate consists of the simple predicate and all the words that modify it or complete its meaning. Lindy ate a delicious muffin for breakfast. The apple muffin also contained raisins.

5. Usually the subject comes before the predicate in a sentence. In inverted sentences, all or part of the predicate precedes the subject. (You) Wait for me at the corner. (request) Through the toys raced the children. (inverted) Is the teacher feeling better? (question) There are seats in the first row.

Copyright ? by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

PARTS OF SPEECH

Nouns

1. A singular noun is a word that names one person, place, thing, or idea.

aunt

meadow

pencil

friendship

A plural noun names more than one person, place, thing, or idea.

aunts

meadows

pencils

friendships

2. To help you determine whether a word in a sentence is a noun, try adding it to the

following sentences. Nouns will fit in at least one of these sentences:

He said something about ________.

I know something about a(n) ________.

He said something about aunts.

I know something about a meadow.

3. A common noun names a general class of people, places, things, or ideas.

sailor

city

holiday

music

A proper noun specifies a particular person, place, thing, event, or idea. Proper nouns

are always capitalized.

Captain Ahab

Rome

Memorial Day

Treasure Island

Handbook 3

Handbook

Copyright ? by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill

4. A concrete noun names an object that occupies space or that can be recognized by any

of the senses.

leaf

melody

desk

aroma

An abstract noun names an idea, a quality, or a characteristic.

peace

health

strength

contentment

5. A collective noun names a group. When the collective noun refers to the group as a whole, it is singular. When it refers to the individual group members, the collective noun is plural. The family eats dinner together every night. (singular) The council vote as they wish on the pay increase. (plural)

6. A possessive noun shows possession, ownership, or the relationship between two nouns.

Monica's book

the rabbit's ears

the hamster's cage

Verbs

1. A verb is a word that expresses action or a state of being and is necessary to make a

statement. A verb will fit one or more of these sentences:

He _________. We _________.

She ________ it.

He knows.

We walk.

She sees it.

2. An action verb tells what someone or something does. The two types of action verbs are

transitive and intransitive. A transitive verb is followed by a word or words--called the

direct object--that answer the question what? or whom? An intransitive verb is not

followed by a word that answers what? or whom?

Transitive: The tourists saw the ruins.

The janitor washed the window.

Intransitive: Owls hooted during the night.

The children played noisily.

3. An indirect object receives what the direct object names. Marcy sent her brother a present.

4. A linking verb links, or joins, the subject of a sentence with an adjective or nominative. The trucks were red. (adjective) She became an excellent swimmer. (nominative)

5. A verb phrase consists of a main verb and all its auxiliary, or helping, verbs. We had been told of his arrival. They are listening to a symphony.

6. Verbs have four principal parts or forms: base, past, present participle, and past

participle.

Base: I talk.

Present Participle: I am talking.

Past: I talked.

Past Participle: I have talked.

Regular verbs form their past form and past participle by adding -ed to the base form.

4 Grammar and Language Workbook, Grade 8

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