The New York Public Library



BLACK HISTORY DECADE BY DECADE

1910 - PRESENT

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

• This Resource Packet contains images that may enhance an already existing curriculum, by stimulating and igniting new ideas through students’ group observation of images.

• Teaching through images is an educational method that is based on a pedagogy called “Visual Thinking Strategies” (VTS). For more information, go to:

• Students’ observation can be guided and grounded by the inquiry questions that accompany each image.

• Research has shown that including images in teaching improves critical thinking and clarifies communication and visual literacy skills.

2. Images - Primary Source images are from:

• The Digital Gallery of the New York Public Library

• Digital Schomburg

3. Questions/Image Descriptions and Facts

• Image based inquiry questions

• Did you know?...

4. Classroom Activity

• Questions and activities that relate to the images in the packet

5. Additional Resources for Students and Educators

• Vocabulary list

• Guide to access NYPL online databases

• Books, Academic Journals, Web resources

• Annotated Bibliography

THE GREAT MIGRATION – 1910s

Image Title: Moving North

Digital Schomburg: #1168439 (World War I)

Link to Image:

Image Description: Did you know?: “Between 1914 and 1920, roughly 500,000 black southerners packed their bags and headed to the North, fundamentally transforming the social, cultural, and political landscape of cities such as Chicago, New York, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and Detroit.”

The Great Migration - 1910

|What do you see in this picture? |What questions do you want to ask the people in this picture? |

|What are the facial expressions, how people are dressed, what other | |

|observations can you make? | |

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HARLEM RENAISSANCE – 1920s

Image Title: King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band

Digital Schomburg: #1953622  

Link to Image:

Image Description: Did you know?: “Band members, like those in King Oliver's (1885-1938) band, were often southern born. They traveled to northern cities to play, occasionally in integrated clubs but more often in segregated ones.”

Left to right, standing: King Oliver (cornet), Bill Johnson (bass).

Left to right, seated: Baby Dodds (drums), Honore Dutrey (trombone), Louis Armstrong (second cornet), Johnny Dodds (clarinet), Lil Hardin (piano).

The Harlem Renaissance – 1920s

|What do you notice about these musicians, their instruments, the band members? |Who do you think this music is being played for? What might it sound like? |

|What other observations can you make about this image? | |

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INTERNATIONALISM - JOSEPHINE BAKER – 1930s

Image Title: Josephine Baker

Digital Schomburg: #74886  (Black Internationalism)

Link to Image:

Image Description: Did you know?: “African-American entertainer Josephine Baker left the United States in 1925 to pursue her stage career in Paris and became a French citizen in 1937. Upon her return to the United States following World War II, Baker refused to perform for segregated audiences, an act that helped to integrate venues in Miami and Las Vegas.”

Josephine Baker – 1930s

|How would you describe the person in this picture? |What do you know about this artist from looking at this image? What would you|

| |like to learn? |

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|Why do you think there is writing on this picture? | |

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WORLD WAR II – 1940s

Image Title: Rushing the SS George Washington Carver to completion.  

NYPL Digital Id number: Image ID: 1260356

Image Description: Miss Anna Bland, an African American woman, working on the SS George Washington Carver, April 1943] World War II – 1940s.

Did you know?: In 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed an Executive Order, No: 8802, which declared that all Americans including African Americans were allowed to work in the war effort “without discrimination because of race, creed, color…”

Robertson, Naomi. "Executive Order 8802." The American Mosaic: The African American Experience. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 3 Feb. 2012.

World War II – 1940s

|What is happening in this picture? |What kind of job do you think she has? Can you tell this from observing the |

| |image? |

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THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

Rosa Parks – 1950s

Image title: Booking Photo of Rosa Parks, February 22, 1956

AP Montgomery County Sheriff’s office

Link to Image:

Image Description: Did you Know?: “Rose Parks (1913-2005) was already involved with the NAACP and voter registration activities when she refused to move from her seat in the “colored section” on a Montgomery Alabama bus to make room for whites on December 1, 1955. This action led to the formation of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) with Martin Luther King, as President, and a 381 day bus boycott.”

Rosa Parks – 1950s

|What is happening in this picture? |Why do you think Rosa Parks is sometimes called the “Mother of the Civil |

| |Rights Movement”? |

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|Who took this picture? How do you think this may have influenced the events | |

|following Rosa Park’s arrest? | |

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Civil Rights Movement - Malcolm X and Martin Luther King – 1960s

Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Pictures -1960s

|What is happening in these pictures? |What do you think these pictures communicate about these important leaders in|

| |our World History? |

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|Image #1: | |

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|Image #2: | |

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SHIRLEY CHISHOLM – FIRST BLACK WOMAN TO RUN FOR PRESIDENT – 1970s

Image Title: Shirley Chisholm

Digital Schomburg: #1225990  

Link to Image:

Image Description: Did you know? “Born in Brooklyn of Barbadian and Guyanese parents, Chisholm (1924-2005) began work as a schoolteacher. Her political career was launched in 1964 when she won a seat in the New York State Assembly where she authored legislation establishing the SEEK program to provide college funding for disadvantaged youth. Continuing to serve her Brooklyn community, she won election to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1968, becoming the first black congresswoman. Chisholm was the first African-American woman to campaign for the presidency with her run for the Democratic nomination in 1972.”

Shirley Chisholm – 1970s

|Can you think of a time when you ever tried something, not knowing that you |What do you think Shirley Chisholm meant with this candidacy speech? |

|would lose or win but were willing to try your best anyway? | |

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| |“I am not the candidate of black America, although I am black and proud. I'm|

| |not the candidate of the women's movement of this country, although I am a |

| |woman and I'm equally proud of that. I'm not the candidate of any political |

| |bosses or fat cats or special interests. I am the candidate of the people. |

| |And my presence before you now symbolizes a new era in American political |

| |history.” |

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Public Enemy– 1980s

Image Title: Public Enemy

Digital Schomburg: #1953542  

Link to Image:

Image Details: Did you know?: “Public Enemy is a hip-hop group established in Long Island, New York. Consisting of Chuck D, Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, the S1Ws, and DJ Lord (who replaced Terminator X in 1999), Public Enemy brought to the forefront a number of issues that plagued the black community. Moreover, their lyrics exposed and criticized structural and institutional racism. Pictured are Chuck D and Flavor Flav in concert.”

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Public Enemy

#1953542   View Printable Image

AP Photo/Raymond Bonar

Public Enemy is a hip-hop group established in Long Island, New York. Consisting of Chuck D, Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, the S1Ws, and DJ Lord (who replaced Terminator X in 1999), Public Enemy brought to the forefront a number of issues that plagued the black community. Moreover, their lyrics exposed and criticized structural and institutional racism. Pictured are Chuck D and Flavor Flav in concert

Public Enemy - 1980s

|What is happening in this picture? |*What do you think the title “Black Panthers of Rap” or “Black CNN” means? |

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* Referring to the Black Panthers Party and CNN News

NELSON MANDELA AND CORETTA SCOTT KING – MAE JEMISON – 1990s

Image Title: Nelson Mandela's Victory

Digital Schomburg: #A02

Link to Image:

Did you know?: “Nelson Mandela received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 and was elected president in 1994. On May 2, Coretta Scott King sings and dances alongside the president-elect at a victory celebration on the day of the country's first integrated elections.”

Image Title: Mae C. Jemison

Digital Schomburg: # US01 AP Photo/NASA

Link to Image:

africana/images.html

Did you know?: “… Mae C. Jemison (b. 1956) became the first African-American woman in space. Born in Decatur, Alabama, and raised in Chicago, Jemison earned a bachelor's in chemistry from Stanford University (1977) and a doctoral degree in medicine from Cornell (1981)…Throughout her career, Jemison made significant contributions to the advancement of medicine and technology throughout the world. In addition, she has supported and established educational programs that encourage young people to embrace the sciences and technology.

Nelson Mandela – End of Apartheid and Mae C. Jemison, Astronaut – 1990s

|What do you notice is happening in these pictures? |What do you think these pictures communicate about this time in history? |

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BARACK OBAMA

2008-Present

Barack Obama – From Senator and Presidential Candidate to President

Democratic Presidential Candidate Sen. Barack Obama,

D-Ill, June 3rd 2008, in St. Paul Minn.

Link to Image:

Barack Obama – 2008 to Present

| What are some of the messages from President Obama’s Presidential campaign? |What does the “Change” in his message mean to you? |

|How does this message tie back to history and to the images on the previous | |

|pages? | |

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Vocabulary

Apartheid: A political system in South Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s that separated the different peoples living there and gave privileges to those of European origin.

Boycott: To cease or refuse to deal with something such as an organization, a company, or a process, as a protest against it or as an effort to force it to become more acceptable.

Diaspora: A dispersion of a people, language, or culture that was formerly concentrated in one place.

Grievances: A formal complaint made on the basis of something that somebody feels is unfair.

Integrate: To make a group, community, place, or organization and its opportunities available to everyone, regardless of race, ethnicity, religion, gender, or social class.

Mainstream: The ideas, actions, and values that are most widely accepted by a group or society, e.g. in politics, fashion, or music.

Renaissance: A rebirth or revival, e.g. of culture, skills, or learning forgotten or previously ignored.

Segregate: To keep different groups within a population separate, especially different ethnic, racial, religious, or gender groups.

Venue: A place where an event such as a sports competition or a concert is held.

Find it!

NYPL Digital Databases on African American Civil Rights, Newspapers and Black Studies

African American Experience

Full-text digital resource exploring the history and culture of African Americans, and Black Diaspora.

African American Newspapers: The 19th Century

Searchable full-text of the major African-American newspapers published in US during the 19th century.

Atlanta Daily World (1931-2003)

The Atlanta Daily World had the first black White House correspondent and was the first black daily in the nation in the 20th century

Black Studies Center

This fully cross-searchable gateway to Black Studies combines: Schomburg Studies on the Black Experience, International Index of Black Periodicals (IIBP), and The Chicago Defender. Includes scholarly essays, recent periodicals, and historical newspaper articles.

Brainpop

Animated Science, Health, Technology, Math, Social Studies, Arts & Music and English movies, quizzes, activity pages and school homework help for K-12 kids.

International Index to Black Periodicals

Full Text includes current and retrospective citations

and abstracts from scholarly journals and newsletters from the U.S., Africa and the Caribbean--and full-text coverage of core Black Studies periodicals.

Los Angeles Sentinel (1934-2005)

First hand coverage of the grass-roots struggle against the racially restrictive housing covenants of the 1940s. Considered to be the major newspaper of the Black community in Los Angeles during the 20th century. The oldest and largest black newspaper in the western United States and the largest African-American owned newspaper in the U.S.

ProQuest Historical African American Newspapers

Atlanta Daily World (1931-2003), Chicago Defender (1910-1975), Los Angeles Sentinel (1934-2005), NY Amsterdam News (1922-1993), and the Pittsburgh Courier (1911-2002).

Slavery and Anti-Slavery: A Transnational Archive

A historical archive that embraces the scholarly study of slavery in a comprehensive, conceptual and global way.

Twentieth Century African American Poetry

The Database of Twentieth Century African-American Poetry is a collection of poetry written by important and influential African-American poets of the 20th century.

Additional NYPL Resources:

New York Public library Digital Gallery:

The NYPL Digital Gallery provides free and open access to over 700,000 images digitized from the New York Public Library's vast collections, including illuminated manuscripts, historical maps, vintage posters, rare prints, photographs and more.

Schomburg Library

“Relying on the expertise of distinguished curators and scholars, Digital Schomburg provides access to trusted information, interpretation and scholarship on the global black experience. Users worldwide can find, in this virtual Schomburg Center, exhibitions, books, articles, photographs, prints, audio and video streams, and selected external links for research in the history and cultures of the peoples of Africa and the African Diaspora.”

Schomburg African Images links:





The Following resources may be found on the NYPL Online databases

Find It!

Quick Guide to NYPL Databases

1. Go to

2. Click Find Books, DVDs & More

3. The next page will look like this:

4. Click GO under Articles & Databases

5. Now, your screen will look like this:

6. Type the database name in the Database title/description box

7. Press enter

8. Select your database on the next screen and start your search

Additional Research Databases:

The Great Migration

“In 1861, “91% of all African Americans lived in the South.” This article gives information about the Great Migration from the South. Learn more about The Great Migration by reading…

Adams, Luther J. "Causes of Great Migration." The American Mosaic: The African American Experience. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 30 Jan. 2012.

Harlem Renaissance

Did you know: “Some of the most notable musical and theatrical performers during the Harlem Renaissance were women.” Read this wonderful overview of the Harlem Renaissance to learn more…

NYPL Database: African American Experience

Beaulieu, Elizabeth. "Harlem Renaissance (Overview)." The American Mosaic: The African American Experience. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 30 Jan. 2012.

Josephine Baker

Did you know: That Josephine Baker adopted 12 children from all over the world forming her rainbow family. Two of her children run Chez Josephine Restaurant in NY’s Time Square area.

NYPL Database: Biography in Context

"Josephine Baker." Contemporary Musicians. Vol. 10. Detroit: Gale, 1993. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 30 Jan. 2012.

NYPL Database: African American Experience

Martone, Eric. "Josephine Baker." The American Mosaic: The African American Experience. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 30 Jan. 2012.

World War II: SS George Washington Carter

Did you know: Unlike the U.S. Army, Navy, or Coast Guard, the USMS was racially integrated: Black and white crew members served on the same ships…At least seventeen ships were named in honor of well-known black Americans, including the Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, Booker T. Washington (Mulyac's ship), and George Washington Carver.” Learn more by reading…

NYPL Database: History in Context

"Production Miracles." American Home Front in World War II. Ed. Allison McNeill, et al. Vol. 1: Almanac. Detroit: UXL, 2005. 17-35. Gale U.S. History In Context. Web. 30 Jan. 2012.

Rosa Parks

Did you know: That Rosa Parks is often called the Mother of the Civil Rights Movement.

NYPL Database: History in Context:

Miller, Laura M. "The Arrest of Rosa Parks (1 December 1955)." Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd ed. Vol. 9. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 445-446. Gale U.S. History In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2012.

Shirley Chisholm

Did you know: Shirley Chisholm was the first African American woman to run for the presidency? The following articles describe a woman who remains an inspiration to us today.

NYPL Database: African American Experience:

O'Brien, Steven G. "Shirley Chisholm." The American Mosaic: The African American Experience. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 30 Jan. 2012.

NYPL Database: History in Context:

Njoki-Wa-kinyatti,. "Shirley Chisholm." Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives, Thematic Series: Sports Figures. Ed. Arnold Markoe and Kenneth T. Jackson. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. Gale U.S. History In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2012.

Public Enemy

Did you know: “Public Enemy has sought to be a force of social change but also to create music that is danceable and entertaining.”

NYPL Database: The African American Experience

Gould, Katherine. "Public Enemy." The American Mosaic: The African American Experience. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 1 Feb. 2012.

NYPL Database: History in Context

Pendergast, Sara and Pendergast, Tom " St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Ed. Detroit: St. James Press, 2000. Gale Biography In Context. Web. 26 Jan. 2012.

Nelson Mandela

Did you know: Nelson Mandela wrote about his 27 year experience in jail in his memoirs entitled Road to Freedom. He changed the face of South Africa and the world.

NYPL Database: Literature Resource Center.

Goodrich, Chris. "Agitating for Equality: A Political Activist Who Exchanged a Prison Cell for the Presidents Office." Los Angeles Times Book Review (8 Jan. 1995): 3. Rpt. in Literature Resource Center. Detroit: Gale, 2012. Literature Resource Center. Web. 1 Feb. 2012.

Mae Jemison

Did you know: “In September 1992 Mae Jemison became the first African-American woman in space when the space shuttle Endeavor lifted off beyond the earth's atmosphere…”

NYPL Database: Science Online

Oakes, Elizabeth H. "Jemison, Mae Carol." Science Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 1 Feb. 2012.

Barack Obama

NYPL Database: Ebsco Primary Search

Jones Z. Barack Obama. (cover story). Scholastic Action [serial online]. February 2, 2009;32(9):4. Available from: Primary Search, Ipswich, MA. Accessed February 1, 2012.

NYPL Database: Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-Present

Link to database:

Description: Provides biographical information on the more than 13,000 persons who have served in the United States Congress, including those who served in the Continental Congress.

Some recommended books on the NYPL Catalog…

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Of Thee I Sing Our Enduring Spirit Change We Can Believe in The Audacity of Hope

A Letter to My President Barack Obama's Barack Obama's Plan to Thoughts on Reclaiming

Daughters First Words to America Renew America's Promise the American Dream

By Obama, Barack, 2010 By Obama, Barack, 2009 By Obama, Barack, 2008 By Obama, Barack, 2006

• Completed [pic]

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To find more books, DVDs and more on the NYPL website. Go To .

Explore, find and create!

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Image 1: Malcolm X, wife Betty Shabazz and daughters Attallah and Qubilah, circa 1962

“The minister had married Betty X (Sanders) in 1958, and in 1962 they were living in East Elmhurst, Queens, with their daughters Attallah, Qubilah, and Ilyasah. Family life gave him the base from which to take his Nation mission to an ever wider world. First the broader black community and then mainstream America took increasing note of the bold message and leadership of the Nation—as did various local and national government intelligence agencies.”

Image ID: Malcolmbatch4b.jpg

Image 2: Martin Luther King, Jr. Selma to Montgomery March, 1965

“…Martin Luther King led a “symbolic” march to the bridge. Following by a ruling by Federal District Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr. that, “The Law is clear that the right to petition one’s government for the redress of grievances may be exercised in large groups,” about 3,200 marchers set out on the third Selma-to Montgomery March on Sunday, March 21. By the time they reached the capital on Thursday, March 25, there were 25,000. Less than 5 months later, President Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965.”

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