Name: ____________________________ Date: _______ Period



The Tools of a Historian Name: ____________________

Date: _______ Period: ________

Read pages TOOLS-TOOLS3

Section One

The Tools of the Historian

PAGE TOOLS

Your book states that an archaeologist studies human and animal bones. This is actually the job of an anthropologist. In order to piece together a complete picture of history the historian, archaeologist, and anthropologist must all work together.

1. A historian studies written records (primary and secondary).

2. An archaeologist studies artifacts (human made objects).

3. An anthropologist studies human remains (bones).

Thought Question

1. Choose an item from your life (CD, baseball card, etc.) that you own and list its characteristics. What might this item tell future archaeologists and historians about life in the 21st century?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Section Two

Measuring Time

Main Idea- Historians rely on calendars and dating of events to measure time.

Read PAGE TOOLS 1-3and complete the matching activity.

___1. Calendar ___ 2. B.C. (Before Christ) ___ 3. A.D. (Anno Domini)

___4. Century ___5. Prehistory ___ 6.time line

A. “In the year of the Lord.” The years that follow the birth of Christ

B. The period of time before the invention of writing

C. Before Christ

D. dating systems, to measure time

E. diagram that shows the order of events within a period of time

F. A period of 100 years

Other important vocabulary words

Astronomy- The science of the universe in which the stars, planets, etc., are studied

Solar Year- The time it takes the earth to revolve around the sun- 365 ¼ days

Lunar Year-There were some people in history who have used the moon to tell time. 12 cycles of the moon is equal to one lunar year. People do not use this anymore because it is not as accurate as a solar year.

WHAT DO YOU THINK?

Discussion questions

1. Why has it always been so important for people of the earth to measure time?

2. Would your life be any different if we didn’t measure time?

3. Why were astronomers often considered magicians in ancient civilizations?

Section 3-Timelines and B.C. and A.D. Worksheet

1. On the time line given below, place a dot where these dates are found: (be sure to label using the letter.)

A. The year of Jesus’ birth

B. A.D. 500

C. A.D. 700

D. A.D. 350

E. 300 B.C.

F. 1650 B.C.

2000BC 1500BC 1000BC 500BC 1AD 500AD 1000AD

2. On the time line given below, please place a dot where these dates are found:

A. 500 years before the birth of Jesus

B. A.D. 36

C. 900 B.C.

D. 2100

E. 1492

F. 30 B.C.

1000BC 500BC 1 500 1000 1500 2000

3. On the time line given in question #2, shade in the years of your life (up to today).

4. Which years came first? Place a check next to the year that is farthest back in time.

_____ A.D. 54 or _____ A.D. 36

_____ 376 B.C. or _____ 532B.C.

_____ A.D. 1436 or _____ 1435

_____ 1000B.C. or _____ A.D. 1000

_____ 1 B.C. or _____ 15 B.C.

_____ 37 or _____ 32

_____ 1976 or _____ A.D. 1978

_____ 653 B.C. or _____ 553 B.C.

_____ 2000 or _____ 1853 B.C.

_____ 3 B.C. or _____ 3100 B.C.

5. How Long Ago? It is a very simple math operation to determine how long ago a particular year was. If the year is an A.D. year, subtract that year number from the number of the present year. If the year is a B.C. year, add that year number to the number of the present year.

1. A.D. 1066

2. 3000B.C.

3. A.D. 777

4. 56 B.C.

5. A.D. 3

6. 327 B.C.

7. 122 A.D.

8. 1884 A.D.

Section 4

History and Geography

Main Idea- Historians try to understand how climate, landforms, and human activities have shaped past events.

Read PAGES TOOLS 6-7

1. Location: Define the following

a. Absolute location- ________________________________________________

b. Relative location- _________________________________________________

2. Place: What are the physical features and human characteristics that describe a place?

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

3. Human/Environment Interaction: Give an example of human/environment interaction.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Movement: Through the movement of people and goods people exchange ________ and __________

5. Region: How would you define the region that you live in?

________________________________________________________________________

Section 5

1. Custom- a usual practice or a habitual way of behaving.

Give one example of a custom that you practice.

________________________________________________________________________

2. Tradition- customs passed down from one generation to another.

Give one example of a tradition that you practice.

________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the definition of oral tradition? Answer in a complete sentence.

________________________________________________________________________

Read page 9 then complete the following matching questions.

___4. Historian ___6. Prehistory ___8. Archaeologist ___10. Hypothesis

___5. Artifacts ___7. Culture ___9. Anthropologist

A. These people dig up and study artifacts to learn about the past.

B. Period of time before the invention of writing.

C. Weapons, tools, and other things made by humans.

D. An unproven theory tentatively accepted to explain certain facts

E. People in this profession study how humans developed by studying human remains.

F. A society’s way of life that is passed down from generation to generation.

G. People in this profession study how people lived in the past using written records.

Section 6

How Does A Historian Work?

Read PAGES TOOLS 4-5

Main Idea-Historians study a variety of sources to learn about the past.

1. Define primary source and provide examples on the lines below.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Define secondary sources and provide examples on the lines below.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Understanding Evidence Suppose a friend wanted to write the history of your life so far. What primary sources might he or she use to find evidence of your daily activities?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Historical Detection

Like a detective, the historian must evaluate the evidence (written records) to determine if it is reliable. Do records of a meeting between two officials tell us what was actually said? Who was taking notes? Was a letter writer really giving an eyewitness report or just passing on rumors? Could the letter be a forgery? The historian tries to find the answers. Historians must work hard to piece together a complete picture of history.

Directions: You will analyze primary and secondary sources through the historical detection process.

| |

|What is the article about? Explain. |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|Is the article a secondary or primary source? Why? |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|What facts are stated in the article? |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|What opinions are stated in the article? |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|When and where was the article written? |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|Is the article historically accurate? Why or why not? |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

Archaeological Detection

Like a detective, the historian must evaluate the evidence (written records) to determine if it is reliable. The historian tries to find the answers. An archaeologist goes through a very similar process. The major difference is that an archaeologist studies artifacts not written records. What is the artifact? Who used the artifact? What was the artifact used for? When was the artifact used? Historians and archaeologists must work together to piece together a complete picture of history.

| |

|Name of the artifact- _________________________________________________ |

|What is the artifact? Explain. |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|Who used the artifact? Explain |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|What was the artifact used for? Explain. |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|When was the artifact used? Explain. |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|Where was the artifact used? Explain. |

| |

| |

|Name of the artifact- _________________________________________________ |

|What is the artifact? Explain. |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|Who used the artifact? Explain |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|What was the artifact used for? Explain. |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|When was the artifact used? Explain. |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|___________________________________________________________________ |

|Where was the artifact used? Explain. |

| |

Label the Continents and Oceans of the World

Using Charts- Charts are important tools for social scientist, but they can be valuable tools for us when we need to organize many types of information. Charts also present information in a way that makes it easier to draw comparisons and conclusions. The chart below lists the world’s continents and their areas.

Study Guide for Quest on Time and Archaeology

Vocabulary terms: calendar / astronomy / solar year / lunar year / century /

Anno Domini (A.D.) / B.C. / B.C.E. / archaeology / anthropology / historian / custom / tradition / artifacts / prehistory / culture / hypothesis

Geography: be able to describe the 5 themes of geography.

Timeline: Be able to do how long ago questions…see your Timelines B.C. and A.D. worksheet / be able to identify which years came first…see your Timelines B.C. and A.D. worksheet.

Continents: Identify 7 major continents> North America, South America, Australia, Europe, Antarctica , Asia , and Africa

Oceans: Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean

You will have word bank for the Vocabulary portion of this test.

-----------------------

|Continents |Area in Square Miles |Area in Square Kilometers |

|Africa |11,688,000 |30,271,920 |

|Antarctica |5,100,000 |13,209,000 |

|Asia |16,999,000 |44,027,410 |

|Australia |2,966,000 |7,681,940 |

|Europe |4,017,000 |10,404,030 |

|North America |9,366,000 |24,257,940 |

|South America |6,881,000 |17,821,790 |

Using Your Skills

1. Why do you think the area in square miles is listed before square kilometers on the chart?

_______________________________________________________________________________

2. What can you conclude about the area of Europe when compared to other continents?

_______________________________________________________________________________

3. Which two continents’ areas added together equal about the area covered by the largest continent?

________________________________________________________________________________

4. Why is the chart helpful in making comparisons?

________________________________________________________________________________

5. Is there a better way to organize this chart? Explain.

________________________________________________________________________________

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