THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK • THE STATE ...
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THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK ? THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT ? ALBANY, NY 12234
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ PHYSICS
2006 Edition
List of Physical Constants
Name Universal gravitational constant Acceleration due to gravity Speed of light in a vacuum Speed of sound in air at STP Mass of Earth Mass of the Moon Mean radius of Earth Mean radius of the Moon Mean distance--Earth to the Moon Mean distance--Earth to the Sun Electrostatic constant 1 elementary charge 1 coulomb (C) 1 electronvolt (eV) Planck's constant 1 universal mass unit (u) Rest mass of the electron Rest mass of the proton Rest mass of the neutron
Symbol G g c
k e
h me mp mn
Value 6.67 ? 10?11 N?m2/kg2 9.81 m/s2 3.00 ? 108 m/s 3.31 ? 102 m/s 5.98 ? 1024 kg 7.35 ? 1022 kg 6.37 ? 106 m 1.74 ? 106 m 3.84 ? 108 m 1.50 ? 1011 m 8.99 ? 109 N?m2/C2 1.60 ? 10?19 C 6.25 ? 1018 elementary charges 1.60 ? 10?19 J 6.63 ? 10?34 J?s 9.31 ? 102 MeV 9.11 ? 10?31 kg 1.67 ? 10?27 kg 1.67 ? 10?27 kg
Prefixes for Powers of 10
Prefix tera giga mega kilo deci centi milli micro nano pico
Symbol T G M k d c m ? n p
Notation 1012 109 106 103 10?1 10?2 10?3 10?6 10?9 10?12
Approximate Coefficients of Friction
Rubber on concrete (dry) Rubber on concrete (wet)
Rubber on asphalt (dry) Rubber on asphalt (wet)
Rubber on ice Waxed ski on snow
Wood on wood Steel on steel Copper on steel Teflon on Teflon
Kinetic 0.68 0.58
0.67 0.53
0.15 0.05
0.30 0.57 0.36 0.04
Static 0.90
0.85
0.14 0.42 0.74 0.53
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Wavelength in a vacuum (m) 10?13 10?12 10?11 10?10 10?9 10?8 10?7 10?6 10?5 10?4 10?3 10?2 10?1 100 101 102 103 104
Gamma Rays
X rays
Ultraviolet
Infrared
Microwaves
TV, FM
AM
Radio Waves
Long Radio Waves
1021 1020 1019 1018 1017 1016 1015 Frequency (Hz)
1014 1013 1012 1011 1010 109 108 107 106 105
Violet
Visible Light (not to scale)
Blue Green Yellow Orange Red
7.69 ? 1014 6.59 ? 1014 6.10 ? 1014 5.20 ? 1014 5.03 ? 1014 4.82 ? 1014 3.84 ? 1014
Absolute Indices of Refraction
(f = 5.09 ? 1014 Hz) Air 1.00
Corn oil 1.47 Diamond 2.42 Ethyl alcohol 1.36 Glass, crown 1.52 Glass, flint 1.66 Glycerol 1.47
Lucite 1.50 Quartz, fused 1.46 Sodium chloride 1.54
Water 1.33 Zircon 1.92
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Physics 2006 Edition
Page 2
Energy Level Diagrams
Hydrogen
Mercury
Level
n= n=6 n=5 n=4
n=3
Ionization
n=2
Energy (eV)
0.00 ?0.38 ?0.54 ?0.85 ?1.51
?3.40
Level
Energy (eV)
Ionization j
i h g f e
d c b
0.00
?1.56 ?1.57 ?2.48 ?2.68 ?3.71
?4.95 ?5.52 ?5.74
n=1
Ground State
?13.60
Energy Levels for the Hydrogen Atom
Ground State a
?10.38
A Few Energy Levels for the Mercury Atom
Classification of Matter
Matter
Hadrons
Leptons
Baryons Mesons
three quarks
quark and antiquark
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Physics 2006 Edition
Particles of the Standard Model
Quarks
Name
up
charm
top
Symbol
u
c
t
Charge
+23 e
+
2 3
e
+
2 3
e
down
d
?
1 3
e
Leptons
electron e ?1e
strange
s
?
1 3
e
muon ? ?1e
bottom
b
?
1 3
e
tau ?1e
electron neutrino
e 0
muon neutrino
? 0
tau neutrino
0
Note: For each particle, there is a corresponding antiparticle with a charge opposite that of its associated particle.
Page 3
Electricity
Fe =
kq1q2 r2
E=
Fe q
V=
W q
q I= t
R=
V I
L R= A
P = VI = I2R =
V2 R
W
=
Pt
=
VIt
=
I2Rt
=
V2t R
Series Circuits I = I1 = I2 = I3 = . . . V = V1 + V2 + V3 + . . . Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + . . .
Circuit Symbols
cell battery switch V voltmeter A ammeter resistor variable resistor lamp
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Physics 2006 Edition
A = cross-sectional area E = electric field strength Fe = electrostatic force I = current k = electrostatic constant L = length of conductor P = electrical power q = charge R = resistance Req= equivalent resistance r = distance between centers t = time V = potential difference W = work (electrical energy) = change = resistivity
Parallel Circuits
I = I1 + I2 + I3 + . . .
V = V1 = V2 = V3 = . . .
1 Req
=
1 R1
+
1 R2
+
1 R3
+ . . .
Resistivities at 20?C
Material Aluminum Copper Gold Nichrome Silver Tungsten
Resistivity (?m) 2.82 ? 10?8 1.72 ? 10?8 2.44 ? 10?8 150. ? 10?8 1.59 ? 10?8 5.60 ? 10?8
Page 4
Waves
v = f
T=
1 f
i = r
n=
c v
n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2
n2 n1
=
v1 v2
=
1 2
Modern Physics
Ephoton = hf =
hc
Ephoton = Ei ? Ef
E = mc2
Geometry and Trigonometry
Rectangle A = bh
Triangle
A=
1 2
bh
Circle A = r 2 C = 2r
Right Triangle
c2 = a2 + b2
sin
=
a c
cos
=
b c
tan = a b
Reference Tables for Physical Setting/Physics 2006 Edition
c = speed of light in a vacuum f = frequency n = absolute index of refraction T = period v = velocity or speed = wavelength = angle i = angle of incidence r = angle of reflection
c = speed of light in a vacuum E = energy f = frequency h = Planck's constant m = mass = wavelength
A = area b = base C = circumference h = height r = radius
a
c
90?
b
Page 5
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