A Python Book: Beginning Python, Advanced Python, and ...
A Python Book
A Python Book: Beginning Python, Advanced Python, and Python Exercises
Author: Dave Kuhlman
Contact: dkuhlman@
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Page 1
A Python Book Revision
1.3a Date
December 15, 2013 Copyright
Copyright (c) 2009 Dave Kuhlman. All Rights Reserved. This document is subject to the provisions of the Open Source MIT License . Abstract This document is a selflearning document for a course in Python programming. This course contains (1) a part for beginners, (2) a discussion of several advanced topics that are of interest to Python programmers, and (3) a Python workbook with lots of exercises.
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A Python Book
Contents
1 Part 1 Beginning Python...........................................................................................10 1.1 Introductions Etc...................................................................................................10 1.1.1 Resources.......................................................................................................11 1.1.2 A general description of Python....................................................................12 1.1.3 Interactive Python..........................................................................................15 1.2 Lexical matters......................................................................................................15 1.2.1 Lines..............................................................................................................15 1.2.2 Comments......................................................................................................16 1.2.3 Names and tokens..........................................................................................16 1.2.4 Blocks and indentation..................................................................................16 1.2.5 Doc strings.....................................................................................................17 1.2.6 Program structure..........................................................................................17 1.2.7 Operators.......................................................................................................18 1.2.8 Also see.........................................................................................................19 1.2.9 Code evaluation.............................................................................................19 1.3 Statements and inspection preliminaries...........................................................20 1.4 Builtin datatypes.................................................................................................21 1.4.1 Numeric types................................................................................................21 1.4.2 Tuples and lists..............................................................................................21 1.4.3 Strings............................................................................................................24 1.4.3.1 The new string.format method...............................................................26 1.4.3.2 Unicode strings......................................................................................27 1.4.4 Dictionaries....................................................................................................29 1.4.5 Files...............................................................................................................32 1.4.6 Other builtin types........................................................................................35 1.4.6.1 The None value/type..............................................................................35 1.4.6.2 Boolean values.......................................................................................36 1.4.6.3 Sets and frozensets.................................................................................36 1.5 Functions and Classes A Preview......................................................................36 1.6 Statements.............................................................................................................37 1.6.1 Assignment statement....................................................................................37 1.6.2 import statement............................................................................................39 1.6.3 print statement...............................................................................................41 1.6.4 if: elif: else: statement...................................................................................43 1.6.5 for: statement.................................................................................................44 1.6.6 while: statement.............................................................................................48
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A Python Book
1.6.7 continue and break statements.......................................................................48 1.6.8 try: except: statement.....................................................................................49 1.6.9 raise statement...............................................................................................51 1.6.10 with: statement.............................................................................................52
1.6.10.1 Writing a context manager...................................................................52 1.6.10.2 Using the with: statement....................................................................53 1.6.11 del................................................................................................................54 1.6.12 case statement..............................................................................................55 1.7 Functions, Modules, Packages, and Debugging....................................................55 1.7.1 Functions.......................................................................................................55 1.7.1.1 The def statement...................................................................................55 1.7.1.2 Returning values....................................................................................55 1.7.1.3 Parameters..............................................................................................56 1.7.1.4 Arguments..............................................................................................56 1.7.1.5 Local variables.......................................................................................57 1.7.1.6 Other things to know about functions....................................................57 1.7.1.7 Global variables and the global statement.............................................58 1.7.1.8 Doc strings for functions.......................................................................60 1.7.1.9 Decorators for functions........................................................................60 1.7.2 lambda...........................................................................................................61 1.7.3 Iterators and generators.................................................................................62 1.7.4 Modules.........................................................................................................67 1.7.4.1 Doc strings for modules.........................................................................68 1.7.5 Packages........................................................................................................68 1.8 Classes...................................................................................................................69 1.8.1 A simple class................................................................................................69 1.8.2 Defining methods..........................................................................................70 1.8.3 The constructor..............................................................................................70 1.8.4 Member variables..........................................................................................70 1.8.5 Calling methods.............................................................................................71 1.8.6 Adding inheritance........................................................................................71 1.8.7 Class variables...............................................................................................72 1.8.8 Class methods and static methods.................................................................72 1.8.9 Properties.......................................................................................................74 1.8.10 Interfaces.....................................................................................................75 1.8.11 Newstyle classes.........................................................................................75 1.8.12 Doc strings for classes.................................................................................77 1.8.13 Private members..........................................................................................77 1.9 Special Tasks.........................................................................................................77 1.9.1 Debugging tools.............................................................................................77
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A Python Book
1.9.2 File input and output......................................................................................78 1.9.3 Unit tests........................................................................................................80
1.9.3.1 A simple example..................................................................................80 1.9.3.2 Unit test suites........................................................................................81 1.9.3.3 Additional unittest features....................................................................83 1.9.3.4 Guidance on Unit Testing......................................................................85 1.9.4 doctest............................................................................................................85 1.9.5 The Python database API..............................................................................87 1.9.6 Installing Python packages............................................................................88 1.10 More Python Features and Exercises..................................................................89 2 Part 2 Advanced Python............................................................................................90 2.1 Introduction Python 201 (Slightly) Advanced Python Topics.......................90 2.2 Regular Expressions..............................................................................................90 2.2.1 Defining regular expressions.........................................................................90 2.2.2 Compiling regular expressions......................................................................91 2.2.3 Using regular expressions..............................................................................91 2.2.4 Using match objects to extract a value..........................................................92 2.2.5 Extracting multiple items..............................................................................93 2.2.6 Replacing multiple items...............................................................................94 2.3 Iterator Objects......................................................................................................96 2.3.1 Example A generator function....................................................................98 2.3.2 Example A class containing a generator method......................................100 2.3.3 Example An iterator class.........................................................................102 2.3.4 Example An iterator class that uses yield.................................................104 2.3.5 Example A list comprehension.................................................................105 2.3.6 Example A generator expression..............................................................105 2.4 Unit Tests............................................................................................................106 2.4.1 Defining unit tests........................................................................................106 2.4.1.1 Create a test class.................................................................................106 2.5 Extending and embedding Python......................................................................109 2.5.1 Introduction and concepts............................................................................109 2.5.2 Extension modules.......................................................................................110 2.5.3 SWIG...........................................................................................................112 2.5.4 Pyrex............................................................................................................115 2.5.5 SWIG vs. Pyrex...........................................................................................120 2.5.6 Cython.........................................................................................................120 2.5.7 Extension types............................................................................................122 2.5.8 Extension classes.........................................................................................122 2.6 Parsing.................................................................................................................122 2.6.1 Special purpose parsers...............................................................................123
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