The Romantic Era
The Romantic Era
1820-1900
I. The Times
A. General Characteristics
1. Age of extremes, Age of Unending Lyricism
2. “Romantic” – From the word “roman”
3. There is a certain amount of overlap between the Classical and Romantic periods. Beethoven is often seen as both the last important Classical composer and the first Romantic
Listening: Beethoven – String Quartet in Bb Major, Opus 130, 4th mvt.
4. The ideals of the Romantic age were liberty, equality and humanitarian issues.
5. These ideals stressed the importance of emotion, imagination and individuality.
6. This timeframe recognized the importance of nature.
B. Social and Political Influences
1. Industrialism
Occurred in Britain first
Power shifted from aristocratic landowners to middle class city dwellers.
Populations moved from an agrarian center to an urban center.
2. Inventions
3. Nationalism
4. Napoleon
II. The Arts in the Romantic Period
A. Stressed Individualism and Emotion
B. Breaking away from rules and convention
C. Glorification of Nature
D. Nostalgia
E. The Macabre and the Supernatural
F. Exotic Influences
G. Realism
III. Literature and Writing
Friedrich von Schiller (1759-1805)
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)
Victor Hugo (1802-1885)
Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
Karl Marx (1818-1883)
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
Listening: Art Song and Song Cycle
Franz Schubert (1787-1828)
Erlkönig (1815) poem by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Clara Wieck Schumann (1819-1896)
Romance
IV. Visual Art
A. Architecture
B. Sculpture
Francois Rude (1784-1855): “Departure of the Volunteers”,
Arc de Triomphe
Jean-Baptiste Carpeaux (1827-1875): “The Dance”, Opera Garnier
Auguste Rodin (1840-1917): The Gates of Hell, The Thinker, The Burghers of Calais, The Kiss
C. Painting
Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863)
Liberty Leading the People, 1831
Camille Corot (1796-1875)
View Near Volerra, 1838
Francisco Goya (1746-1828)
The Third of May, 1808
Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)
Burial at Ornans, 1850
Impressionists:
Claude Monet (1840-1926)
Impression Sunrise, 1872
Rouen Cathedral, 1894
Edouard Manet (1832-1883)
Dejeuner sur l’herbe, 1863 (Luncheon on the Grass)
Edgar Degas (1834-1917)
The Rehearsal, 1874
Pierre Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)
Le Moulin de la Galette, 1897
Post-Impressionists:
Georges Seurat (1859-1891)
Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, 1886
Vincent van Gogh (1853-1890)
Starry Night, 1889
Paul Gauguin (1848-1903)
Day of the Gods, 1894
V. Music
A. Musical Milieu
Funding of public concerts and subscription concerts
Founding of conservatories
Artists/Musicians Life
Virtuosic performers
The “conductor” emerged
Listening: Piano Compositions
Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849)
Nocturne in E-Flat Major, Op. 9, No. 2, 1830-1831
Franz Liszt (1811-1886)
Transcendental Etude No. 10 in F Minor, 1851
B. Music’s General Characteristics
1. Individuality
2. Expressive Aims and Subjects
3. Nationalism and Exoticism
4. Rise and importance of Program Music
C. Musical Elements
1. Melody
2. Harmony
3. Rhythm
4. Texture
5. Timbre/Instrumentation
i. Full exploration of the instrumental families.
ii. Strings
iii. Woodwinds
iv. Brass
v. Percussion
vi. Piano
6. Genres
i. Vocal - Opera/Music Drama, Mass, Art Song
Listening: Opera and Music Drama
Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901)
Rigoletto, 1851
Act III – La donna è mobile
Giacomo Puccini (1858-1924)
La Bohème 1896
Act I: Rodolfo and Mimi arias
Richard Wagner (1813-1883)
Die Walküre (The Valkyrie), 1856
Act I, Love Scene
ii. Instrumental: Absolute and Program genres; Character Pieces
Absolute music: Symphony, concerto, sonata, string quartet
Program music: Program symphony, Tone poem, Symphonic poem
Character Pieces
7. Dynamics
8. Form
D. Composers
1. From Patronage to Free Agent
2. Traditionalists, Progressives, Nationalists
Traditionalists
Composer Examples: Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Schumann, Mendelssohn, Franck, Schubert, Chopin, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Puccini, Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel, Clara Schumann
Listening: Johannes Brahms (1833-1897)
Symphony No. 4 in E Minor, 4th movement, 1885
Progressives
Composer Examples: Wagner, Liszt, Berlioz and Verdi
Listening: Hector Berlioz (1803-1869)
Symphonie fantastique, 1830
Fourth Movement: March to the Scaffold
Nationalists
Composer Examples: Smetana, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Wagner, Chopin, Verdi, Puccini, Liszt
Listening: Modest Mussorgsky (1839-1881)
Pictures at an Exhibition, 1874
Great Gate of Kiev
Bedřich Smetana (1824-1884)
Ma Vlast, 1874
The Moldau
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