Chapter 4 Reading Guide - Get Psyched!



Unit 5 Reading Guide

States of Consciousness

Directions: While reading the assigned pages of the chapter, complete the reading guide below. Feel free to add additional information to the guide as you see fit.

Module 22: Understanding Consciousness and Hypnosis (pg. 217-224)

• Consciousness:

• List 5 examples of different states of mind. (hint: see chart on pg. 219)

• Hypnosis:

• Feel free read this section on hypnosis, but nothing to write down (

Module 23: Sleep Patterns and Sleep Theories (pg. 225-233)

• What machine do they use to study sleep?

• Circadian Rhythm:

• What 2 things can change our circadian rhythm?

• How long does a full sleep cycle last?

• How many stages of sleep do you go through during that cycle?

• REM Sleep:

• Awake: Alpha Waves:

• Sleep:

• Explain what happens in each stage of sleep:

o Stage 1 (NREM-1):

o Hallucinations:

o Stage 2 (NREM-2):

o Sleep Spindles:

o Stages 3 (NREM-3) and 4:

o Delta Waves:

o REM Sleep characteristics:

• How long does a sleep cycle last again?

• What happens to NREM-3 sleep as the night goes on?

• How much of an average night’s sleep do we spend in REM?

• How much do newborns sleep per night?

• How much do most adults sleep per night?

• Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN):

• List the 5 reasons that sleep may have evolved:

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Module 24: Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Disorders, and Dreams (pg. 234-245)

• What are some of the effects of getting too little sleep? Be sure to have at least 3.

• Do you think sleep deprivation has had any effect on you? Explain an example of it in your own life or the life of someone you know.

A. Sleep Disorders

• Insomnia:

o What makes insomnia worse?

o What are the quick fixes for insomnia? Do they work?

• Narcolepsy:

o What is the cause of narcolepsy?

• Sleep Apnea:

o What are the causes/warning signs of sleep apnea?

• Night Terrors:

o Who do night terrors usually affect?

o During what stage of sleep do night terrors happen?

• During what stage of sleep does sleepwalking happen?

B. Dreams

• Tell me about your dreams! Do you remember your dreams every night? Do you have any common dreams? If so, what are they about? Etc…..

• Dream:

• What is the difference between daydreams and REM dreams?

• What can happen to sensory stimuli that occur while you are sleeping?

• Before reading this section on dreams, predict: why do you think people dream?

• Why do we dream?!?

• To satisfy our own wishes

o Who is responsible for this theory?

o What are dreams’ purpose according to Freud?

o Manifest content:

o Latent content:

o What do most psychologists believe today about Freud’s dream theories?

• To file away memories

• Information-processing perspective:

• To develop and preserve neural pathways

• To make sense of neural static

• To reflect cognitive development

• What happens if you deprive yourself of REM sleep for many days in a row? (called REM rebound)

Module 25: Psychoactive Drugs (everyone’s fav! () (pg. 246-258)

• Substance Use Disorder:

• Looking at the table on pg. 247, what four symptoms must you meet to be diagnosed with a substance use disorder?

• Psychoactive Drugs:

• A drug’s overall effect depends on what two things?

• Tolerance:

• Addiction:

• Withdrawal:

A. Types of Psychoactive Drugs—the chart on pg. 256 is a helpful review to study from!

• Depressants:

o Alcohol:

▪ Is alcohol a stimulant in small doses?

▪ What does it mean that alcohol is a disinhibitor?

▪ Why, biologically, does alcohol relax the drinker?

▪ What effect does alcohol have on memory?

▪ Alcohol Use Disorder (Alcoholism):

▪ How does Alcohol effect your self-control?

▪ What effect does expectancy have on drinking?

o Barbiturates (tranquilizers):

▪ What are barbiturates commonly used for?

▪ What is the effect of large doses?

o Opiates:

▪ Examples of opiates:

▪ What is the long term price of opiates?

▪ When you take an opiate, what does your brain stop producing?

▪ Remember from the Brain chapter—what is that used for?

• Stimulants:

o Amphetamines:

▪ What do people use stimulants for?

o Nicotine:

o Cocaine:

▪ What neurotransmitters are effected by cocaine?

o Methamphetamine:

▪ What neurotransmitters does meth trigger?

o Ecstasy (MDMA):

▪ What does Ecstasy physically do to your brain?

• Hallucinogens (psychedelics):

o LSD:

o Marijuana (THC):

▪ What are the nicknames for synthetic marijuana? (Very dangerous= DON’T EVER DO!)

▪ What are some of the effects of Marijuana?

▪ What diseases is medical marijuana used for?

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