Chapter 4 Reading Guide - Get Psyched!
Unit 5 Reading Guide
States of Consciousness
Directions: While reading the assigned pages of the chapter, complete the reading guide below. Feel free to add additional information to the guide as you see fit.
Module 22: Understanding Consciousness and Hypnosis (pg. 217-224)
• Consciousness:
• List 5 examples of different states of mind. (hint: see chart on pg. 219)
• Hypnosis:
• Feel free read this section on hypnosis, but nothing to write down (
Module 23: Sleep Patterns and Sleep Theories (pg. 225-233)
• What machine do they use to study sleep?
• Circadian Rhythm:
• What 2 things can change our circadian rhythm?
• How long does a full sleep cycle last?
• How many stages of sleep do you go through during that cycle?
• REM Sleep:
• Awake: Alpha Waves:
• Sleep:
• Explain what happens in each stage of sleep:
o Stage 1 (NREM-1):
o Hallucinations:
o Stage 2 (NREM-2):
o Sleep Spindles:
o Stages 3 (NREM-3) and 4:
o Delta Waves:
o REM Sleep characteristics:
• How long does a sleep cycle last again?
• What happens to NREM-3 sleep as the night goes on?
• How much of an average night’s sleep do we spend in REM?
• How much do newborns sleep per night?
• How much do most adults sleep per night?
• Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN):
• List the 5 reasons that sleep may have evolved:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Module 24: Sleep Deprivation, Sleep Disorders, and Dreams (pg. 234-245)
• What are some of the effects of getting too little sleep? Be sure to have at least 3.
• Do you think sleep deprivation has had any effect on you? Explain an example of it in your own life or the life of someone you know.
A. Sleep Disorders
• Insomnia:
o What makes insomnia worse?
o What are the quick fixes for insomnia? Do they work?
• Narcolepsy:
o What is the cause of narcolepsy?
• Sleep Apnea:
o What are the causes/warning signs of sleep apnea?
• Night Terrors:
o Who do night terrors usually affect?
o During what stage of sleep do night terrors happen?
• During what stage of sleep does sleepwalking happen?
B. Dreams
• Tell me about your dreams! Do you remember your dreams every night? Do you have any common dreams? If so, what are they about? Etc…..
• Dream:
• What is the difference between daydreams and REM dreams?
• What can happen to sensory stimuli that occur while you are sleeping?
• Before reading this section on dreams, predict: why do you think people dream?
• Why do we dream?!?
• To satisfy our own wishes
o Who is responsible for this theory?
o What are dreams’ purpose according to Freud?
o Manifest content:
o Latent content:
o What do most psychologists believe today about Freud’s dream theories?
• To file away memories
• Information-processing perspective:
• To develop and preserve neural pathways
• To make sense of neural static
• To reflect cognitive development
• What happens if you deprive yourself of REM sleep for many days in a row? (called REM rebound)
Module 25: Psychoactive Drugs (everyone’s fav! () (pg. 246-258)
• Substance Use Disorder:
• Looking at the table on pg. 247, what four symptoms must you meet to be diagnosed with a substance use disorder?
• Psychoactive Drugs:
• A drug’s overall effect depends on what two things?
• Tolerance:
• Addiction:
• Withdrawal:
A. Types of Psychoactive Drugs—the chart on pg. 256 is a helpful review to study from!
• Depressants:
o Alcohol:
▪ Is alcohol a stimulant in small doses?
▪ What does it mean that alcohol is a disinhibitor?
▪ Why, biologically, does alcohol relax the drinker?
▪ What effect does alcohol have on memory?
▪ Alcohol Use Disorder (Alcoholism):
▪ How does Alcohol effect your self-control?
▪ What effect does expectancy have on drinking?
o Barbiturates (tranquilizers):
▪ What are barbiturates commonly used for?
▪ What is the effect of large doses?
o Opiates:
▪ Examples of opiates:
▪ What is the long term price of opiates?
▪ When you take an opiate, what does your brain stop producing?
▪ Remember from the Brain chapter—what is that used for?
• Stimulants:
o Amphetamines:
▪ What do people use stimulants for?
o Nicotine:
o Cocaine:
▪ What neurotransmitters are effected by cocaine?
o Methamphetamine:
▪ What neurotransmitters does meth trigger?
o Ecstasy (MDMA):
▪ What does Ecstasy physically do to your brain?
• Hallucinogens (psychedelics):
o LSD:
o Marijuana (THC):
▪ What are the nicknames for synthetic marijuana? (Very dangerous= DON’T EVER DO!)
▪ What are some of the effects of Marijuana?
▪ What diseases is medical marijuana used for?
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