01/26 KAVITHA BOPPANA 'CORE CONCEPTS OF MOLECULAR ...



01/26 Kavitha Boppana "Core concepts of Molecular NanoTechnology" - Ralph Merkle 2

01/26 Kalyani Komarasetti "Unbounding the Future: The NanoTechnology Revolution" - Eric Drexler, Chris Peterson and Gayle Pergamit 3

01/28 Arun Yenumula, Srikanth Reddy Singireddy "Inside Intel" 4

01/30 Habes Wardat "Nickel hardening" 8

01/30 Gopal Bharathwaj "Molecular NanoTechnology" 9

02/02 Shubhra Karmakar "Computing Mega Future with Electronic NanoTechnology" 10

02/02 Nazneen Sait "Nano Robotics" 16

02/04 Yingjie Wei "Nanocomputer Architecture" 18

02/04 Edward Mulimba "Nanoscale structures in integrated circuits " - Peter Fairley 19

02/06 Srivatsan Ramanujam "NanoTechnology and Homeland Security" 20

02/09 Bindu Katragadda and Siva Desaraju "Quantum Computers" 22

02/11 Manusri Edupuganti "Quantum Computers (cont'd)" 23

02/11 Suchitha Koneru "NanoTechnology in the field of Medicine" 24

02/13 Pallavi Unkule, Rohit Bansal and Ivan Arkhipov"Nano and BioTechnology research at NASA Ames" 26

02/16 Umamaheshwari Ethirajan "Respirocytes: A Mechanical Artificial Red Cell: Exploratory design in Medical NanoTechnology " - Robert A. Freitas Jr. 28

02/16 Sri Lakshmi Hasti "Bio-NanoTechnology" 29

02/18 Vijay Rajesh Ammanamanchi "Nano Sensors" 30

02/18 Sireesha Meka "Microbivores" - Robert A. Freitas 31

02/23 Vikram Simha Reddy Jogi "The Ethics of Nanotechnology" 32

02/23 Sridhar Reddy Banoori "Here come the Nanites! " - Thomas Caldwell 33

03/8 Vijay Viswanathan and Srinivasan Prasanna "Nano-BioTechnology - Carbon Nanofibers" 34

01/26 Kavitha Boppana "Core concepts of Molecular NanoTechnology" - Ralph Merkle

1. Describe CVD methods to synthesize diamond.

2. Give some properties needed for a positional control tool.

01/26 Kalyani Komarasetti "Unbounding the Future: The NanoTechnology Revolution" - Eric Drexler, Chris Peterson and Gayle Pergamit

1. Give similarities and differences between graphite and diamond.

2. How does a STM work?

3. How does an AFM work?

4. What is a gene reader?

01/28 Arun Yenumula, Srikanth Reddy Singireddy "Inside Intel"

1. What is moore’s Law?

Ans: Intel co-founder Gordon Moore made this famous observation in 1965, just four years after the first planar integrated circuit (IC) was discovered. The press called it "Moore's Law”. He observed, “Moore stated that the transistor density in Integrated Circuits (ICs) doubles every couple of years.

This exponential growth and ever-shrinking transistor size will result in increased performance and decreased cost.”

It still holds true today. The aim of Intel’s technology development team is to continue to break down barriers to Moore's law.

2. When was the world’s first microprocessor built and by whom?

Ans: Founded in 1968 to build semiconductor memory products, Intel introduced the world's first microprocessor in 1971.

3. How many transistors were there on Intel chips in 1970 compared with 2000?

Ans: 4004 1971 2,250

8008 1972 2,500

8080 1974 5,000

8086 1978 29,000

286 1982 120,000

386™ processor 1985 275,000

86™ DX processor 1989 1,180,000

Pentium® processor 1993 3,100,000

Pentium II processor 1997 7,500,000

Pentium III processor 1999 24,000,000

Pentium 4 processor 2000 42,000,000

Itanium 2 processor 2003 410 million

-----x-------------x--- 2007 1 billion (expected)

4. Describe the two model-based image sequence and analysis techniques

Ans: There are two model-based techniques:

1. Image reconstruction

2. Feature detection and classification

In model-based image analysis, a geometric model is matched against the acquired image data. Examples of such models are models of human bones in MRI scans, or a human face model. Driven by the image data, the model

|[pic] |

|Right: Noisy image from a direct-write |

|nano-machining tool, showing |

|sub-micrometer silicon structures. Left: |

|De-noised real-time reconstruction of the |

|image by nonlinear spatio-temporal |

|filtering techniques. |

parameters are optimized by minimizing a cost function. This makes it possible to estimate position and shape of features in the image.

Image Reconstruction:

It is the process of generating an image from the raw data, or set of unprocessed measurements, made by the imaging system. In general, there is a well-defined mathematical relationship between the distribution of physical properties (e.g. density, acoustic impedance, magnetization) in an object and the measurements made by the imaging system. Image reconstruction is the process, which inverts this mathematical process to generate an image from the set of measurements.

Feature Detection and classification:

|[pic] |

|Detection of a wire in noisy data. Color. |

|Noisy image of wire. Grey: Estimated |

|position based upon statistical model. |

Even if a nano-structure image can be reconstructed, currently the tool operator must make a decision — such as determining when a certain structure of interest is visible in the noisy image. Automated visual feedback requires quantitative data analysis supported by model knowledge of the observed structures. Probabilistic techniques are being explored for automatically detecting and classifying nano-features, to assist users and to reduce the risk of human error. By rigorously exploiting domain knowledge information can be extracted from degraded images beyond the limits of human perception

|[pic] |

| |

|A mask, such as the one pictured |

|above, is a highly intricate and |

|complex stencil used to direct create|

|patterns of light onto a silicon |

|wafer. The light that does not get |

|blocked by the mask etches |

|microscopic geometric shapes onto the|

|wafer's surface. |

5. What is EUV Lithography? And how is it useful in making chips?

Ans: Intel has made major strides in the next generation process known as Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. EUV lithography uses a series of mirrors to direct light with a wavelength of 13.4nm to print exceptionally small features (transistors) below 45nm.

Making computer chips using EUV light may lead to microprocessors that are 10x more powerful than today's most advanced chips, and memory chips with similar increases in storage capacity.

Intel developed and delivered the first industry-standard format photo masks (also called "masks") for Extreme Ultra Violet (EUV) lithography. EUV light is absorbed in the atmosphere and by most materials. Therefore, EUV masks must reflect rather than transmit light. To achieve this, a special low thermal expansion substrate is coated with multiple layers of ultra-thin silicon and molybdenum using a novel fabrication process was developed. This special substrate creates a highly reflective mirror, which is tuned to match the frequency of the EUV exposure light. Transistor patterns are then created on these special "mask blanks." The EUV masks delivered to the EUV LLC will print a minimum feature size of 50nm.

6. What is the projected processor speed using the 65nm logic process technology?

Ans: Processors built using EUV technology are expected to reach speeds of up to 10 GHz in 2005-2006. At present, the fastest Pentium 4 processor today is 2.4 GHz.

7. What is Raman BioAnalyser System (RBAS)? How does it work?

Ans: Intel built an Intel Raman Bioanalyzer System at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. The instrument beams lasers onto tiny medical samples, such as blood serum, to create images that reveal the chemical structure of molecules. The goal is to determine if this technology, previously used to detect microscopic imperfections on silicon chips, can also detect subtle traces of disease.

RBAS is based on a technique known as Raman spectroscopy; By shining a laser beam at an object, molecules within the substance are stimulated to give off a spectrum that can be detected by sensors in a Raman spectrometer. Because every substance has a unique chemical composition, every substance produces a unique Raman spectrum - the equivalent of a chemical barcode tag.

8. What is Intel research helpful in monitoring Alzheimer’s disease?

Ans: Intel's Proactive Health strategic research project is developing in-home technology prototypes to test applications that address the needs of the world's aging population. An example of this technology is a wireless "sensor network" made up of thousands of small, sensing devices that could someday be embedded throughout the home to monitor important behavioral tendencies such as sleep and eating patterns, location and also send prompts to a person such as reminders to take medication. The data collected by the sensor network could help in the detection and prevention of dementia or other medical conditions, as well as help a caregiver locate a patient in need.

01/30 Habes Wardat "Nickel hardening"

1. What is a 2-Theta Scan?

Ans: 2 theta scan is a method that used to study the characteristic peak of materials, which means, when we noticed the particles on our TEM and STM samples we used 2 theta scan to see weather these particles are siliconcarbide or not.

2. During the preparation of the nanocarbide sample, where did the Fe and Cu particles come from?

Ans: These particles came from the coper ring that was used to hold the small sample.

3. Describe the steps for the production of nano particles.

Ans: [pic]

As you see solid material undergoes heating process and reacted with a reacting gas, in this case it was CO, then molecular clusters undergoes cooling process to produce nano crystals

01/30 Gopal Bharathwaj "Molecular NanoTechnology"

1. What is a Stewart platform?

2. What is a double tripod stand?

3. What is a crank?

4. What is a 5-struts crank?

02/02 Shubhra Karmakar "Computing Mega Future with Electronic NanoTechnology"

Q # 1:- Explain Moore’s Law with respect to

• Mechanical Relays

• Transistors

• CMOS

Answer

[pic]

As can be seen the number of operations per seconds in Mechanical Relays doubled every 8 years during the early stages of device development.

Interestingly, the same capability of transistors has been doubling every 2 years and for CMOS every 1 year. In order to keep up with this pace of development in operational efficiency, it is predicted that by the year 2030, nanoelectronic devices OPS/sec capability will double every few months

Q # 2:- What are the two paths to nano-electronic devices?

There are going to be two prime paths to nanoelectronic devices.

1. The first path is to develop nano-scale descendents of present day solid-state devices.

2. The second path considered to be more radical, is to fabricate nano-devices from molecules. The second approach is called “Molecular Electronics Approach”

Path-1

Over the last few decades computer power has grown at an amazing rate, doubling every couple of years. This increase is essentially due to the continual miniaturization of the computer's most elementary component, the transistor. As transistors became smaller more could be integrated into a single microchip, and so the computational power increased. However this miniaturization process is now reaching a limit, a quantum threshold below which transistors will cease to function. Present ‘state-of-the-art’ components possess features only a few hundreds of nanometers across (a nanometer is a thousandth of a micron, or a billionth of a meter).

Depicted below is the first technique to get nano-electronic devises

[pic]

|The transition from micro technology to Nanotechnology. The structure on the right is a single-electron transistor |

|(SET), which was carved by the tip of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). According to classical physics, there |

|is no way that electrons can get from the 'source' to the 'drain', because of the two barrier walls either side of |

|the 'island'. But the structure is so small that quantum effects occur, and electrons can, under certain |

|circumstances, tunnel .through the barriers (but only one electron at a time can do this!). Thus the SET wouldn't |

|work without quantum mechanics. |

Path-2

The second path considered to be more radical, is to fabricate nano-devices from molecules. The second approach is called “Molecular Electronics Approach”

Molecular electronics uses covalently bonded molecules to act as devices. Molecules by virtue of their size are natural nano-scale structures. Molecular electronics will bring the ultimate revolution in computing as: -

a. 1 trillion such devices can be packed into a single chip

b. And the memory capacity in a terabyte level

Also because of their small size, the primary advantage of molecular devices is that they can be fabricated in large numbers. The present day challenge however is to develop methods to incorporate these devices in circuits

Depicted below is the second technique to get nano-electronic devises

[pic]

|From an SET (on the left) to the ultimate computer element: a molecule! Although both these structures use quantum |

|mechanics, only the one on the right could be employed in a true 'quantum computer'. |

Q # 3:- Three disadvantages of scaling down of CMOS ?

As we all know, the current VLSI systems relies heavily on CMOS technology and with miniaturization, it is predicted that by the year 2012, a CMOS will have 1010 transistors.

Consequently, the operating speed will surge to 10-15 GHz.

The path to scale down nano-CMOS is not going to be an easy one.

1 As we scale down devices will become

a. More variable and faulty

1. Also fabrication will become

a. More expensive

b. Constrained

2. The design is also expected to become

a. Complicated

b. Expensive

[pic]

Q # 4:- What are Resonating Tunneling Diodes (RTD’s) ?

Resonant-tunneling devices

Here, we focus primarily on explaining the operation of resonant tunneling devices, because they employ quantum effects in their simplest form [1]. Presently, these devices usually are fabricated from layers of two different III/V semiconductor alloys, such as the pair GaAs and AlAs. The simplest type of resonant tunneling device is the resonant tunneling diode (RTD). As depicted in Figure 2(a), a resonant-tunneling diode is

made by placing two insulating barriers in a semiconductor, creating between them an island or potential well where electrons can reside. Resonating tunneling diodes are made with center islands approximately 10 nanometers in width. Whenever electrons are confined between two such closely spaced barriers, quantum mechanics restricts their energies to one of a finite number of discrete "quantized" levels. This energy quantization is the basis for the operation of the resonant-tunneling diode. The only way for electrons to pass through the device is to However, when the energy of the incoming electrons aligns with that of one of the internal energy levels, as shown in Figure 2(c), the energy of the electrons outside the well is said to be "in resonance" with the allowed energy inside the well. Then, current flows through the device--i.e., the device is switched "on." By adding a small gate electrode over the island of an RTD one may construct a somewhat more complex resonant tunneling device called a resonant tunneling transistor (RTT). In this three-terminal configuration, a small gate voltage can control a large current across the device. Because a very small voltage to the gate can result in a relatively large current and voltage across the device, amplification or "gain" is achieved. Thus, an RTT can perform as both switch and amplifier, just like the conventional bulk-effect transistor. Unlike conventional bulk effect transistors, which usually have only two, switching states, "on" and "off," resonant tunneling devices like RTDs and RTTs can have several switching states.

[pic]

Q # 5:- Disadvantages and Advantages of Resonating Tunneling Diodes (RTD’s)

1. The advantages of RTDs are

a. Multiple logic stages are possible

b. These are semiconductors based devices capable of large scale fabrications

2. The same scaling limitations (disadvantages) as CMOS exist.

These devices are currently in production

Q # 6:- What are Spintronics and what is it based on? Give 2 devices based on Spintronics?

The terms Spintronics, Spin-Electronics and Magneto-Electronics are synonymous. IBM commercialized this concept in 1997, which uses the spin of electrons rather than charge to store information. Information is stored into spins as a particular spin orientation (either UP or DOWN).

All Spintronic devices act according to the simple scheme: (1) information is stored (written) into spins as a particular spin orientation (up or down), (2) the spins, being attached to mobile electrons, carry the information along a wire, and (3) the information is read at a terminal. Spin orientation of conduction electrons survives for a relatively long time (nanoseconds, compared to tens of femtoseconds during which electron momentum decays), which makes Spintronic devices particularly attractive for memory storage and magnetic sensors applications.

Two devices based on Spintronics:-

• MRAM

• MCPU

Magnetic RAM is a more imminent development than a magnetic CPU, because CPUs involve more complex hardware.

Magnetic Random Access Memory:-

An obvious application is a magnetic version of a random access memory (RAM) device of the kind used in your computer. The advantage of magnetic random access memory (MRAM) is that it is 'non-volatile' - information isn't lost when the system is switched off. MRAM devices would be smaller, faster, cheaper, use less power and would be much more robust in extreme conditions such as high temperature, or high-level radiation or interference.

Magnetic Central Processing Unit:-

In the distant future, programmable magnetic logic elements could be configured to form magnetic central processing units (MCPUs) — the brains of the computer. An MCPU could be reprogrammed on the fly so that the architecture of the machine optimally matches the subtask at hand.

02/02 Nazneen Sait "Nano Robotics"

1. What is Nanorobotics?

Ans: Nanorobotics is an emerging field that deals with the controlled manipulation of objects with nanometer-scale dimensions. As an atom has a diameter of a few Ångstroms (1 Å = 0.1 nm = 10-10 m), and a molecule´s size is a few nanometers, nanorobotics is concerned with interactions with atomic- and molecular-sized objects, and is sometimes called molecular robotics.

A nanorobot is a specialized nanomachine designed to perform a specific task or tasks repeatedly and with precision. Nanorobots have dimensions on the order of nanometers (a nanometer is a millionth of a millimeter, or 10-9 meter).

2. What is a fractal robot?

Ans: Fractal robot is a new kind of robot made from motorized cubic bricks that move under computer control. These cubic motorized bricks can be programmed to move and shuffle themselves to change shape to make objects likes a house potentially in a few seconds because of their motorized internal mechanisms.

3. What is the projected power of fractal OS?

Ans:The fractal operating system plays a crucial role in making the integration of the system seamless and feasible even if there are billions of CPUs in the collective.

A fractal operating system converts parallel fractally written code to execute in parallel order or serial order seamlessly by virtue of the fractal organisation of the data and programs. This allows increases in CPU horsepower to be automatically exploited when needed without having to rewrite code.

A fractal operating system uses a number of features to achieve these goals.

a. Seamless integration of software, data and hardware

b. Transparent data communications.

c. Data compression at all levels including communications

d. Awareness of built in self repair

4. How will self repair work in fractal robots?

Ans: An advantage of the fractal operating system is that self repair feature is aware of failures and has routing built in to avoid faulty hardware.

There are three different kinds of self repair that can be employed in a fractal robot.

1) Cube replacement: The easiest to implement is cube replacement. Instead of discarding the cubes, the robot could reconfigure into a different machine and carry the broken parts within it. The faulty parts are moved to places where their reduced functionality can be tolerated.

2) Usage of plates to construct the cubes: If any robotic cubes are damaged, they can be brought back to the assembly station by other robotic cubes, dismantled into component plates, tested and then re-assembled with plates that are fully operational. Potentially all kinds of things can go wrong and whole cubes may have to be discarded in the worst case. But based on probabilities, not all plates are likely to be damaged, and hence the resilience of this system is much improved over self repair by cube level replacement.

3) Using smaller fractal machines to affect self repair inside large cubes: The third scheme for self repair involves smaller robots servicing larger robots. Since the robot is fractal, it could send some of its fractally smaller machines to affect self repair inside large cubes. This form of self repair is much more involved but easy to understand. If the smaller cubes break, they would need to be discarded - but they cheaper and easier to mass produce. With large collections of cubes, self repair of this kind becomes extremely important. It increases reliability and reduces down time.

02/04 Yingjie Wei "Nanocomputer Architecture"

1. What is nanocomputer?

Ans: a computer with circuitry so small that it can only be seen through a microscope.

2. How many types in future computers?

Ans: Mechanical, Electronic, Chemical/Biochemical, Quantum computers.

3. CMOS has what kind of limitation?

Ans: when we scale down CMOS, it has

- Defect and reliability limits.

- Wiring delay

-

4. What are the emerging research architecture?

Ans: There are 6 types of architecture in the emerging research.

- 3D integration

- Quantum cellular automata

- Defect-tolerant

- Molecular

- Cellular nonlinear networks

- Quantum computing

02/04 Edward Mulimba "Nanoscale structures in integrated circuits " - Peter Fairley

1. What are the actual/predicted transistor sizes in 1995, 2000, 2004, 2010?

2. What us EUV lithography?

3. What is electron beam lithography?

4. What is maskless lithography?

5. What is Moore’s second law?

6. What are the advantages of molecular chip making?

7. Describe IBM’s "molecular ring".

8. What is “constructive destruction”?

9. How are germs used to construct circuits?

02/06 Srivatsan Ramanujam "NanoTechnology and Homeland Security"

1. How can nanotechnology be used for protection of soldiers?

Ans:- Nanotechnology enhanced fabrics that are totally resistant to the penetrationof liquids that combimes the property of comfortable cotton fibres and repelling liquids.

- Incorporating Nanotube fibers into an open-weave cloth that is 17times stronger than (currently used) Kevlar

2. What is Kevlar?

Ans:- A polymer whose shape is rigid when compared to many other polymers that is currently been used to make most bullet proof vests.

Discuss materials research at

a. The unit of Texas at Dallas

Ray Baughman's group Incorporate Nanotube fibers into an open-weave

cloth that is 17times stronger than (currently used) Kevlar

b. MIT

Researchers here are exploring a potential of making an uniform that not

only reacts to chemical or biological toxins, but can stiffen and act as

ballistic threats such as bullets.

3. How could nanotechnology be used for protection of buildings (give 2 ways)?

Ans:- Considering the structural issues where a building uses a flexible central mast to support it. These masts are made of nanocomposite materials.

- Nanocomposites can also be used to replace steel thereby significantly improving building protection.

4. What is a Photo Catalytic Self Cleaning (PSC) nanolayer?

Ans:- PSC nanolayer consists of a nano-thin layer of material that can break down various contaminants wen exposed to ligt. They have already been developed by GE, Pilkington Glass and few other groups in Japan.

5. Discuss research of stupp group at North Western University?

Ans:- This research deals with Man-Machine interface and has been applied to healing/bridging fractures. This consists of injecting the site of a fracture with small molecules that assemble themselves into bone-like fibers that bridge a fracture.

6. What is the nanotechnology research and development act?

Ans:- Act that which authorizes funding for nanotechnology research and development (R&D) over four years, starting in FY 2005.

a. When was it signed?

03-Dec-2003

b. How much?

3.7 Billion

c. Name 2 recipient agencies

NSF, NASA

02/09 Bindu Katragadda and Siva Desaraju "Quantum Computers"

1. Give the complexity of the Grover’s algorithm for searching the unordered list of elements?

Ans: n ½

2. How do we represent a Qubit?

Ans: By nuclear spin

3. Define entanglement?

Ans: The way the particles of energy/matter can become correlated to predictably interact with each other regardless of how far apart they are.

4. What is an ancilla bit?

Ans: Extra scratch qubits used in quantum computations

5. Name the building blocks of a quantum computer?

Ans: Quantum ALU, Quantum memory, Dynamic scheduler.

6. Why do we need refresh units in quantum memory?

Ans: Qubits couple to the surrounding environment and tend to decohere, refresh units are used to perform the periodical error correction and recovery on these logical qubits.

7. Qubits can be cloned.(True/False)

Ans: False

8. What is teleportation?

Ans: Transmitting a quantum state between two points without actually transmitting quantum data.

02/11 Manusri Edupuganti "Quantum Computers (cont'd)"

1. Give the classification of quantum computers?

Ans: Liquid quantum computers, solid quantum computers

2. Alanine is used in building liquid quantum computers?

3. NMR stands for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance.

4. List the challenges faced in building quantum computers

Ans: Fabrication, decoherence, error correction

5. Give the applications of quantum computers?

Ans: Cryptography, Teleportation

02/11 Suchitha Koneru "NanoTechnology in the field of Medicine"

1. What are Cell Repair Machines? What fundamental change will they bring about in the field of Medicine?

Ans: Cell repair machines comprise a system of nanocomputers and molecular scale sensors and tools, programmed to repair damage to cells and tissues, as the cell repair machines will be able to build molecules and cells from the scratch they will be able to repair even cells damaged to the point of inactivity, there fore they will bring about a fundamental break through: by freeing medicine from its reliance on self repair as the only path to healing.

2. How can they be powered? How do they accomplish navigation and Communication and bio Compatibility?

Ans: Powering of cell repair machines can be done locally by metabolizing local glucose and oxygen for energy. In clinical environment

Acoustic power which is externally provided can be used for powering cell repair machines.

Navigation could be achieved by means of a navigational network with station keeping navigational elements providing high positional accuracy to all passing by cell repair machines that interrogate them, wanting to know their location.

Communication : the physician could broadcast acoustic messages using a device similar to ultra sound probe which could be perceived by the nano robots by means of acoustic sensors , feedback is given to the physician via the inter communication network

3. What are the various applications of Cell Repair machines?

Answer:-

□ Drug delivery can be done in sophisticated ways

▪ Target Specific: - since the drug delivered directly aims at the target, by the virtue of this approach lower doses and stronger doses of the medicine could be used which was not possible earlier

▪ Trigger Based: - medicine could be delivered into the blood stream when ever needed , for example a cell repair machine which is introduced for the purpose of injecting insulin , will sense the glucose levels of the blood stream and if it found to be above normal level it will release insulin

□ Correcting Genetic Disorders:-

▪ By Changing the order of nucleotides within a defective DNA with respect to the correct order found in a healthy DNA, genetic disorders could be rectified.

□ Healing the disease of aging

□ Anesthesia plus: - involves interrupting metabolism of the body for hours, days or years resulting in a condition of bio statis( a stoppage or stable state) , thereby the physicians can get more time in examining the patient

4. What is the limitation to the operation of the cell repair machine?

Ans: Cell repair machines use healthy tissue structure as the basis while repairing the diseased tissue, when the structure of healthy tissue is lost due to obliteration, then by no means can the cell repair machines repair the defected tissue, the fundamental limitation to cell repair machines is loss of tissue structure due to obliteration.

02/13 Pallavi Unkule, Rohit Bansal and Ivan Arkhipov"Nano and BioTechnology research at NASA Ames"

1. Write 3 applications of CNT?

Ans: Electrode development

Biosensor (cancer diagnostics)

Chemical sensor

Logic Circuits

Chemical functionalization

Gas Absorption

Device Fabrication

2. How can CNT be used as quantum wires, FE?

Ans: A CNT is expected to be an ideal quantum wire. Ballistic transport through a nanotube would yield a low bias resistance of 6K(. The best measurements to date for single wall nanotubes have been shown to be in the range of 20-50 K(.

The unique electronic properties of CNT have led to the fabrication of the first CNT-based field effect transistor (FET) by research groups at IBM and Delft University.

3. Give 3 properties of protein NT.

Ans: Diameter is about 15 nm

Length is several microns long

Stable up to 100°C (depending on the pH factor)

4. What is a neural tree?

Ans: It is a structure built using carbon nanotube Y-junctions, which in turn are built using defects in molecular connections in carbon nanotubes.

[pic]

Properties:

• Branching and switching of signals at each junction similar to what happens in biological neural network

• Neural tree can be trained to perform complex switching and computing functions

5. What is the significance of Y junctions?

Ans: Y-junctions have robust ballistic switching and rectification behaviour.

6. What are the applications of neural trees?

▪ Not restricted to only electronic signals; possible to use acoustic, chemical or thermal signals

▪ In the future artificial nanoscale dendritic trees made of carbon nanotubes, would serve as biomimetic models of computing architecture base on dendritic neurons in a biological system.

02/16 Umamaheshwari Ethirajan "Respirocytes: A Mechanical Artificial Red Cell: Exploratory design in Medical NanoTechnology " - Robert A. Freitas Jr.

1. What is the size of a molecular sorting rotor?

Ans: 7nm x 14nm x 14nm.

2. What does it sort?

Ans: The molecular sorting rotor sorts gas molecules (ie. oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, glucose) of 20 or fewer atom.

3. What are the speed and memory requirements of the onboard computer?

Ans: Speed-104 bits/sec

Memory- 105 bits of internal memory.

4. How long does a maximum dosage last in a person at rest and under exertion?

Ans: In a person at rest: 3.8 hours

Under exertion: 12 minutes.

5. Name 3 applications?

Ans: Transfusions, treatment of anemia and respiratory diseases.

6. How many times more oxygen is delivered than the natural RBC’s?

Ans: Respirocytes deliver 236 times more oxygen than the natural RBC’s.

7. How to envision communication with Respirocytes?

Ans: The physicians sends signals to the Respirocytes, these are modulated compressive pressure pulses that are captured by the mechanical transducers on the surface of the Respirocytes.

02/16 Sri Lakshmi Hasti "Bio-NanoTechnology"

1. What are Ferro Electric Materials?

2. What is nonvolatile RAM?

3. What is a voltage inverter?

4. How are nanorings used for data storage?

5. How much memory is on smart cards?

6. What are smart cards?

02/18 Vijay Rajesh Ammanamanchi "Nano Sensors"

1. What is a nanosensor?

Ans: Nanosensors are the sensors that are operating on the scale of atoms and molecules.

2. Give an example of physical and chemical sensors?

Ans: Physical sensor: world’s smallest balance

Chemical sensor: gas ionization detector

3. What is a sniffer star?

Ans: Sniffer star is light weight portable chemical detector that has a nanomaterial for sample collection and a MEMA based chemical lab-on-chip detector. They are useful in the field of defense and homeland security.

4. What is a nanothermometer?

Ans: Scientists from Japan have developed nanothermometer by filling liquid gallium in Carbon nanotubes (CNT), they work in air unlike the previous models in vacuum. It can be used in the field of micro environmental applications.

5. Describe some challenges in the field of Nanosensors?

Ans: The challenges in the field of nanosensors are as follows:

1) Risk and Economics

2) Flow control

3) Design problems

02/18 Sireesha Meka "Microbivores" - Robert A. Freitas

1. What is a microbivore? What is its size?

Ans: Microbivore is an artificial mechanical phagocyte of microscopic size whose primary function is to destroy microbiological pathogens found in the human bloodstream, using the "digest and discharge" protocol.

Size: It measures 3.4 microns in diameter along its major axis and 2.0 microns in diameter along its minor axis, consisting of 610 billion precisely arranged structural atoms in a gross geometric volume of 12.1 micron3.

2. What is septicemia? Name 3 types?

Ans: Septicemia, also known as blood poisoning, is the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the blood.

3 types of septicemia are:

a. Bacteremia.

b. Viremia.

c. Fungemia.

3. What is Bacteremia? What is Viremia?

Ans: Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the human bloodstream.

Viremia is the presence of virus particles in the bloodstream, usually a transient condition.

4. Give 2 advantages of microbivores over natural or antibiotic agents.

Ans:

a. Microbivores are up to ~1000 times faster-acting than either natural or antibiotic-assisted biological phagocytic defenses.

b. They are nearly 80 times more efficient as phagocytic agents.

02/23 Vikram Simha Reddy Jogi "The Ethics of Nanotechnology"

1. Which are the two major funding agencies?

2. What is grey goo anyway?

3. Who wrote about it and when?

4. Give 3 possible actions with respect to ethical issues and consequences.

02/23 Sridhar Reddy Banoori "Here come the Nanites! " - Thomas Caldwell

1. What is strong and weak nanotechnology?

Ans: Strong nanotechnology: It focuses on the general-purpose assembler: a micro robot that, with the proper programming, can build anything.

Weak nanotechnology: It is anything up to "strong," including the manipulation of matter at the atomic level

2. National Science Foundation (NSF) grant to create swarms of microscopic robots that can monitor potentially dangerous micro organisms in the ocean. Who are the recipients? How much worth?

Ans: Laboratory for Molecular Robotics at the University of Southern California School of Engineering.

A research grant worth $1.5 million.

03/8 Vijay Viswanathan and Srinivasan Prasanna "Nano-BioTechnology - Carbon Nanofibers"

1.

-----------------------

Graph:- This is a Reliability curve which shows the probability of failure versus number of operating years. There is a 50% failure rate after a period of 5 years.

Thus, as the voltage bias on an RTD is increased fr[pic]6789‰Š‹¤¥¦§¨©ª«¬ÇÈÉÊL M N ïãïйŸÐ”…”t…”…ÐbйÂHД…2[?]?jö[pic]háZhj'>*[pic]B*[?]U[pic]mHnHphÿu[pic]"hj'5?;?CJ\?aJmHnHu[pic] [?]?j{[pic]hj'U[pic]mHnom zero, where it is "off," the device initially switches "on" when the first energy level comes in resonance with the

incident electrons. Then, it switches off again as the bias is increased further, past resonance. However, if there is a second energy level in the quantum well, then the device

can switch on again as the bias voltage of the RTD (or the gate voltage of an RTT) is increased still further. This multistate switching behavior permits each device to

"count higher" and represent more logic states.

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